Biz Dr Rob Sladek mürekkep püskürtmeli gözcü kullanım için teşekkür ederim. Sağlık Araştırma (CIHR), Doğa Bilimleri ve mühendislik Araştırma Konseyi, Kanada (NSERC), Kanada Kanser Derneği Araştırma Enstitüsü ve Kanada Vakfı için son destek için yenilik (CFI) Kanadalı Enstitüleri üzerinden anıyoruz. DJ teşekkürler bir Kanada araştırma sandalyeden destekler.

1. imalat ve depolanmasını snap cips <ol><li>tek transfer yöntemi ( Şekil 1a) <ol><li>400 µg/mL antikorlar içeren Spot taksi çözümleri ve fosfat tamponlu tuz çözeltisi % 20 gliserol (PBS) bir nitroselüloz (ya da functionalized bir cam) üzerine tahlil slayt ile bağıl nem oranı % 60, bir mürekkep püskürtmeli Mikroarray gözcü 13 (1.2 nL her nokta için) 800 µm Merkezden merkeze boşluğu ile. Slaydı bir köşe göre gözcü güvertede sabit olduğundan emin olun (burada, sol alt köşedeki kullanılmıştır).</li>
		<li>%60 bağıl nem ile 1 h için oda sıcaklığında benekli tahlil slayt kuluçkaya.</li>
		<li>Bir slayt modülü conta 16 kuyu bölmek için tahlil slayt üzerinde 16 bölmeleri ile kelepçe. 80 µL % 0,1 içeren PBS ekleyerek üç kez sürgüyü durulama ara-20 (PBST) her iyi ve titreyen bir shaker, 5 min her zaman üzerinde 450 rpm'de.</li>
		<li>Her şey ve 450 rpm'de 1 h için sallamak için çözümler engelleme eklemek 80 µL.</li>
		<li>Conta kaldırmak ve tahlil slaydı bir akımı azot ile kuru.</li>
		<li>Bir transfer slayt gözcü güvertede düzeltmek ve slayt sol alt köşesinde gözcü güverte karşı sol alt köşesinde itin. Mürekkep püskürtmeli spot hizalama işaretlerini (polistiren mikro-boncuk bir çözüm) oluşan bir dizi ile bu aynı düzeninde kabinler için.</li>
		<li>Kuru hizalama işaretlerini izin. Transfer slayt flip ve belgili tanımlık dip sol köşe karşı sabitleme gözcü güverte üzerine oturtacak.</li>
		<li>20 µg/mL antikorlar, % 20 gliserol ve % 1 BSA içeren çözümler lekelenme dAb hazırlayın.</li>
		<li>Gözcü kullanarak &#39; s kamera, resim hizalama işareti bir. Bu resmi bir indirgeme olarak edindiği programa uygulamak ve görüntü tanıma sisteminin en üst sol işareti tanımlamak için mürekkep püskürtmeli gözcü olsun. Onun koordinat dAb dizi ilk spot kullanın. Nokta 8 nL damlacık ile 800 µm Merkezden merkeze aralığını başına.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Çift Kişilik aktarma yöntemi ( Şekil 1b) <ol><li>sol alt köşedeki karşı mürekkep püskürtmeli gözcü güvertede bir transfer Slayt 1 yerleştirin. Spot 400 µg/mL antikorlar, % 20 gliserol ve PBS % 1 BSA ile bir mürekkep püskürtmeli Mikroarray gözcü bağıl nem oranı % 60, slayda içeren kabinler Çözümleri (0,4 nL her nokta için ve ~ çapı 200 µm). Merkezden merkeze boşluk 400 µm olabilir.</li>
		<li>Taksi damlacıkları tahlil slayt üzerine aktarmak için bir ek aparatı ( Şekil 2) kullanarak transfer slayt ile kaplı bir nitroselüloz (ya da functionalized bir cam) tahlil slayt çekin.
		<ol><li>Dönüş tüm altı düğmeleri tarafında ek aparat çekin ve tüm itici açık konumda kilitlemek için 90 derece. Transfer Slayt Slayt tutucu, kabın içinde kırpılmış köşesi sabit pogo PIN bakacak ekleyin. Üç düğme itici altın pogo iğne ile serbest bırakmak ve slaytları hizalama pimleri karşı itti emin olmak için ilk kümesi açmak.</li>
			<li>Ek aparat ters 4 pogo çivi üzerine oturan nitroselüloz kaplı bir slayt ekleyin. İtici gümüş iğne ile serbest bırakmak ve slaytları hizalama pimleri karşı itti emin olmak için üç düğme ikinci kümesi açmak.</li>
			<li>Ek aparat hizalama sütunlar ve delik bir hassas konumlandırma için kullanarak slayt kutusunda üst kabuk koyarak kapatın.</li>
			<li>Kapalı ek aparat onun kafes yerleştirin ve kapatma sekmesinde tamamen microarrays uygun basınç uygularken yüz yüze getirmek için aşağı doğru itin. 1 dk. için kapalı tutmak</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Slaytları ayırın. Bağıl nem oranı % 60 ile 1 h için oda sıcaklığında tahlil slayt kuluçkaya. Yıkama, engellemek ve tahlil slayt adımlarda 1.1.3 - 1.1.5 açıklandığı gibi kuru.</li>
		<li>Başka bir transfer slayt mürekkep püskürtmeli gözcü güverte ve sol alt köşedeki karşı itme üzerine koyun. 50 ya da 100 µg/mL (bkz. Tablo 1) antikorları, % 20 gliserol ve PBS % 1 BSA içeren spot dAb çözümleri. Her spot 0,8 olduğundan emin nL ve noktalar arasındaki Merkezden merkeze boşluğu olduğunu 400 µm.</li>
		<li>Tahlil ve transfer slayt saklayın. Mühür nem içeren hava geçirmez bir torbada tahlil ve transfer slaytlar ve -20 ° C dondurucuya koydu.</li>
	</ol></li></ol> 2. Multiplexed ek fiş ile uzun <ol><li>Al dondurucu tahlil slayttan. Çantayı slayt oda sıcaklığına gelene için 30 dk kapalı bırakın.</li>
	<li>Hazırla 7 uçlu seri seyreltilmiş örnek çözümler proteinlerin % 0.05 içeren PBS spiking tarafından ara-20. 
	Not: Burada, bir 5-fold seyreltme faktörü kullanılır. Başlangıç konsantrasyonları her protein için tablo 1'de listelenen.</li>
	<li>Uygun olarak Prepare örnek çözümler. Örneğin, 4 kez içinde PBST tampon insan serumu sulandırmak.</li>
	<li>16-bölme conta tahlil slayt üzerinde kelepçe.</li>
	<li>Pipetting tarafından bir sütunun 8 wells 7 protein seyreltme çözümleri ve protein-Alerjik PBST arabellek çözüm ile doldurun. Aynı slaytta yer alan diğer 8 Wells örnek çözümler pipette. 
	Not: 80 µL çözümler her birinde uygun olabilir iyi. Daha fazla slayt ek örnekler gerektiğinde ölçmek için kullanılabilir.</li>
	<li>Örnekleri bir shaker gecede üç kez ile shaker 450 rpm'de 5 dk her zaman üzerinde PBST 4 ° c yıkama slayt veya oda sıcaklığında 1 h için 450 devirde üzerinde kuluçkaya. Conta kaldırmak ve azot gazı akışı altında slayt kuru.</li>
	<li>Parmak izleri ile transfer slayt dondurucudan almak. Çantayı, oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika kapalı tutun. Ardından, % 60 nem sabitleme boncuk rehidrasyon için 20 dk için içeren slayt kapalı Odası (örneğin boş ipuçları kutu) içinde kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Transfer slayt dAb damlacıkları aktarmak için bir ek aparatı ( Şekil 2) kullanarak tahlil slayt ile snap. 1.2.2 ek aparat çalışması için bkz.</li>
	<li>Slaytları ayırın. Tahlil slayt % 60 nem sabitleme boncuk 1 h. kelepçe bir 16 yuvası conta ile tahlil slayt içeren bir kapalı odasında kuluçkaya ve 4 kez sürgüyü durulama PBST bir shaker 450 rpm'de 5 dk her zaman kullanma.</li>
	<li>Pipet 80 µL PBS içinde her kuyuya 2,5 µg/mL streptavidin fluorophore içeren çözümler. Bir shaker 450 devirde üzerinde 20 dk için kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>450 devirde shaker üzerinde slayt 3 kez ile PBST ve bir kez distile su ile durulayın. Conta kaldırmak ve azot gazı kullanarak slayt kuru.</li>
</ol> 3. Slayt tarama ve veri analizi <ol><li>635 nm lazer kullanarak Floresans Mikroarray tarayıcıyla tahlil slayt tarama.</li>
	<li>Bir analiz yazılımı (örneğin dizi-pro Çözümleyicisi) 16 kullanarak her nokta net yoğunluğunu ayıklamak.</li>
	<li>Bir istatistik yazılım kullanarak her protein algılama (lod olarak) sınırını hesaplamak ve protein konsantrasyonları örneklerde belirlemek. 
	Not: Y-kesişim noktası standart cu LOD tanımlanırüç kez standart sapmasını tarafından üç bağımsız deneyleri için artan lezzetli.</li>
</ol>

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McGill Üniversitesi bir patent başvurusu bu iş Huiyan Li ve David Juncker ile bazı yönleri üzerinde mucitler şikayetçi oldu.

Bu çalışmada, araştırmacılar ile temel deneysel kurulum için çapraz-reactivity ücretsiz multiplex uzun yaygın olarak kullanılabilir duruma getirir bir ek çip teknolojisi sunulmuştur. Varolan antikor microarrays farklı, hiçbir Mikroarray gözcü son kullanıcılar için gereklidir. Hem tek hem de çift transfer yöntemleri gösterdi ve Çift Kişilik transfer affords üstün hizalama doğruluğu aşağı ~ % 98'i lekeli 63 µm14en büyük kayma için 40 mikron. Bir roman ek aparatı ...

Birden fazla protein oluşan biyolojik bir panel daha yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllük kanserleri1,2gibi karmaşık hastalıkların tanısında tek bir biyomarker daha sağlayabilir. Enzim bağlı immunosorbent assay (ELISA) klinik laboratuvarlar bir limit düşük pg/mL plazma, algılama, ama sınırları tahlil3,4,5başına bir hedefe ulaşmada kullanılan altın standart teknoloji olmuştur. Paralel bir tek mikroskop slayt6,7,8bin-in küçültülmüş deneyleri accomodating yürütülen için antikor microarrays geliştirilmiştir. Ancak, bu yöntemin çoğullama yeteneği parmak izleri, karışımı uygulamadan kaynaklanan reaktif tahrik olan ile sınırlıdır ve hedefleri9,10 giderek artan sayıda daha sorunlu hale gelir , 11. Pla ve ark. Sonuçta ortaya çıkan güvenlik açığı bir multiplex sandviç testin hedefleri12numarası N olan 4N(N-1) ölçekler belirttiler.
Antikor microarrays, antikor colocalization Mikroarray olan etkisini azaltmak için (ACM) bizim laboratuvar multiplex sandviç tahlil12için geliştirilmiştir. Yakalama antikorlar (taksi) bir substrat Mikroarray gözcü ile tespit. Sonra engelleme örnekleri yüzeye uygulanır ve sonunda bireysel dAbs taksi-antijen kompleksi aynı noktalar üzerinde gördü. Antikorlar antijenleri arasındaki tüm olan senaryoları ACM ile azaltılabilir ve algılama pg/mL, sınırlarını elde ettik. Ancak, tahlil Protokolü hazırlama ve bir yerinde Mikroarray gözcü yüksek hassasiyetle pahalı ve zaman alıcı hizalama amaç için kullanarak, bu teknoloji içinde geniş uygulama sınırlama deneyler sırasında parmak izleri tespit gerekir diğer laboratuvarlar. Ek çip adında bir el ACM için çapraz-reactivity ücretsiz geliştirilmiştir ve gözcü-Alerjik multiplex sandviç uzun13,14,15. Kabinler ve parmak izleri bir tahlil slayt ve sırasıyla Mikroarray biçiminde bir transfer slayt üzerine önceden tespit ve depolanır. Tahlil sırasında slaytlar alınır ve dAbs Mikroarray aktarılır topluca tahlil slayt sadece birlikte iki fiş şaklatarak. Bir ek aparatı güvenilir reaktif aktarımı için kullanılır. Nispeten büyük antikor Bağlama kapasitesi ile kaplı nitroselüloz slaytlar sıvı damlacıkları emmek için tahlil slaytlar olarak kullanılmış ve böylece reaktif transfer kolaylaştırıcı, ancak, slaytları normal cam slaytlar ve Mikroarray daha daha pahalıdır saydam olmayan slaytlar ile uyumlu tarayıcılar sinyal alımı için ihtiyaç vardır.
Bu çalışmada, multiplex sandviç immunoassay ek çip ile gerçekleştirme Protokolü göstermektedir. Bir roman ek aparatı Mikroarray Mikroarray daha rahat ve güvenilir reaktif transferi için geliştirilmiştir. Önemlisi, burada reaktif aktarma yöntemi ek çip ile normal cam slaytlar üzerine kurduk. 1024 noktalar başarıyla transfer ve bu teknolojinin en laboratuarlarında kullanımı önemli ölçüde genişleyen bir cam slayt üzerine hizalanmalıdır.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline tablet</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5246501EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin-conjugated Cy5</td>
			<td>Rockland</td>
			<td>s000-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>p1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>001-000-162</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution: BSA-free StabilGuard Choice Microarray Stabilizer</td>
			<td>SurModics, Inc</td>
			<td>SG02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose coated slides</td>
			<td>Grace Bio-Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>305116</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aminosilane coated slides</td>
			<td>Schott North America</td>
			<td>1064875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Snap Device</td>
			<td>Parallex BioAssays Inc.</td>
			<td>PBA-SD01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inkjet microarray spotter</td>
			<td>GeSiM</td>
			<td>Nanoplotter 2.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide module gasket</td>
			<td>Grace Bio-Laboratories, Inc</td>
			<td>204862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humidity Stabilization Beads</td>
			<td>Parallex BioAssays Inc.</td>
			<td>PBA-HU60</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Array-Pro Analyzer software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td>Version 4.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microarray scanner</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>SureScan Microarray Scanner</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biostatistics software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Prism 6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoglin capture antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB10972</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoglin protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1097-EN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoglin detection antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>BAF1097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6a (see Table 1)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IL-6b (see Table 1)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

snap chip for cross-reactivity-free and spotter-free multiplexed sandwich immunoassays

Çoğaltılmış protein analizi üstün tanılama hassasiyet ve doğruluk için tek proteinler karşılaştırıldığında göstermiştir. Antikor microarrays aynı anda tek bir yonga üzerinde gerçekleştirilen mikro ölçekli uzun binlerce sağlar. Sandviç tahlil biçimi her hedef iki antikorlar ile tespit ederek tahlil özgüllük artırır, ancak böylece çoğullama yeteneklerini sınırlayan reaktifler arasında olan muzdarip. Antikor colocalization Mikroarray (ACM) çoğaltılmış protein çapraz-reactivity ücretsiz algılama için geliştirilmiştir, ancak pahalı bir gözcü yerinde Mikroarray imalat deneyleri sırasında için gerektirir. Bu çalışmada, biz sadece dayama iki fiş birlikte, böylece hiçbir gözcü örnek kuluçka ve algılama antikor (dAbs) sonraki uygulama sırasında gerekli tarafından Mikroarray Mikroarray reaktif aktarır bir ek çip teknolojisi göstermek depolama öncesi benekli slayt, slayt hazırlama tahlil yürütme dissociating. Her iki tek ve Çift Kişilik transfer yöntemleri iki microarrays arasında doğru uyum elde etmek için sunulmaktadır ve slayt imalat yöntemleri açıklanmıştır. Sonuçları gösteriyor ki &#60; 40 mikron hizalama 625 noktalar/cm2bir dizi yoğunluğu ulaşan Çift Kişilik transferi ile elde. 50-plexed immunoassay çoğaltılmış protein analizi ek yongasında kullanılabilirlik göstermek için yapılmıştır. Sınırlar 35 proteinlerin algılama aralığı pg/mL vardır.

Hem tek hem de çift transfer yöntemleri için tahlil yordamı şekil 1' de gösterilen. Tek transfer, kabinler doğrudan tahlil slaytta lekeli ve dAbs kabinler (Şekil 1a) bir ayna model kullanımda üzerine tahlil slayda aktarılır. Tek bir aktarım yordam gereklidir, ancak esas olarak slaytla mürekkep püskürtmeli makas köprüsü (Şekil 2) arasındaki açısal kayma nedeniyle iki microarrays...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays at JoVE.com

Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays

Biz sadece iki slayt şaklatarak çoğaltılmış sandviç çapraz-reactivity ücretsiz uzun gerçekleştirmek için bir ek çip teknolojisi göstermek. Bir ek aparatı reaktifler Mikroarray Mikroarray güvenilir bir şekilde aktarmak için kullanılır. Ek çip olmadan Çapraz bulaşma farklı reaktifler colocalization gerektiren herhangi bir biyokimyasal reaksiyonlar için kullanılabilir.

Çip için çapraz-reactivity ücretsiz ve gözcü-Alerjik çoğaltılmış sandviç uzun snap

Multiplexed protein analysis has shown superior diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy compared to single proteins. Antibody microarrays allow for thousands ...

snap-chip-for-cross-reactivity-free-spotter-free-multiplexed-sandwich

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

6.4K Görüntüleme.  McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre. Biz sadece iki slayt şaklatarak çoğaltılmış sandviç çapraz-reactivity ücretsiz uzun gerçekleştirmek için bir ek çip teknolojisi göstermek. Bir ek aparatı reaktifler Mikroarray Mikroarray güvenilir bir şekilde aktarmak için kullanılır. Ek çip olmadan Çapraz bulaşma farklı reaktifler colocalization gerektiren herhangi bir biyokimyasal reaksiyonlar için kullanılabilir.

Video: Snap Chip for Cross-reactivity-free and Spotter-free Multiplexed Sandwich Immunoassays

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

Mikroakışkan damlacık platformları için Floresan algılama yöntemleri

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Biyomühendislik

On-chip Isotachophoresis for Separation of Ions and Purification of Nucleic Acids

Electrokinetic techniques are a staple of microscale applications because of their unique ability to perform a variety of fluidic and electrophoretic processes in simple, compact systems with no moving parts. Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a simple and very robust electrokinetic technique that can achieve million-fold preconcentration1,2 and efficient separation and extraction based on ionic mobility.3 For example, we have demonstrated the application of ITP to separation and sensitive detection of unlabeled ionic molecules (e.g. toxins, DNA, rRNA, miRNA) with little or no sample preparation4-8 and to extraction and purification of nucleic acids from complex matrices including cell culture, urine, and blood.9-12
ITP achieves focusing and separation using an applied electric field and two buffers within a fluidic channel system. For anionic analytes, the leading electrolyte (LE) buffer is chosen such that its anions have higher effective electrophoretic mobility than the anions of the trailing electrolyte (TE) buffer (Effective mobility describes the observable drift velocity of an ion and takes into account the ionization state of the ion, as described in detail by Persat et al.13). After establishing an interface between the TE and LE, an electric field is applied such that LE ions move away from the region occupied by TE ions. Sample ions of intermediate effective mobility race ahead of TE ions but cannot overtake LE ions, and so they focus at the LE-TE interface (hereafter called the "ITP interface"). Further, the TE and LE form regions of respectively low and high conductivity, which establish a steep electric field gradient at the ITP interface. This field gradient preconcentrates sample species as they focus. Proper choice of TE and LE results in focusing and purification of target species from other non-focused species and, eventually, separation and segregation of sample species.
We here review the physical principles underlying ITP and discuss two standard modes of operation: "peak" and "plateau" modes. In peak mode, relatively dilute sample ions focus together within overlapping narrow peaks at the ITP interface. In plateau mode, more abundant sample ions reach a steady-state concentration and segregate into adjoining plateau-like zones ordered by their effective mobility. Peak and plateau modes arise out of the same underlying physics, but represent distinct regimes differentiated by the initial analyte concentration and/or the amount of time allotted for sample accumulation.
We first describe in detail a model peak mode experiment and then demonstrate a peak mode assay for the extraction of nucleic acids from E. coli cell culture. We conclude by presenting a plateau mode assay, where we use a non-focusing tracer (NFT) species to visualize the separation and perform quantitation of amino acids.

Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a robust electrokinetic separation and preconcentration technique with applications ranging from toxin detection to sample preparation. We review the physical principles of ITP and the methodology of applying this technique to two specific example applications: separation and detection of small molecules and purification of nucleic acids from cell culture lysate.

İyonların ayrılması ve Nükleik Asit Saflaştırılması için on-chip Isotachophoresis

Electrokinetic techniques are a staple of microscale applications because of their unique ability to perform a variety of fluidic and electrophoretic ...

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective.
Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin.1-2 Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements.3-7,8
This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH,9 which are important metabolic indicators of disease states7,10-14 (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.15

This article details the construction of a multiplexed microneedle-based sensor. The device is being developed for in situ sampling and electrochemical analysis of multiple analytes in a rapid and selective manner. We envision clinical medicine and biomedical research uses for these microneedle-based sensors.

Multiplexed Transdermal Elektrokimyasal Algılama Hollow microneedle tabanlı Sensör

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals ...

A Microfluidic Chip for the Versatile Chemical Analysis of Single Cells

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this purpose, the cells are passively trapped in the middle of a microchamber. Upon activation of the control layer, the cell is isolated from the surrounding volume in a small chamber. The surrounding volume can then be exchanged without affecting the isolated cell. However, upon short opening and closing of the chamber, the solution in the chamber can be replaced within a few hundred milliseconds. Due to the reversibility of the chambers, the cells can be exposed to different solutions sequentially in a highly controllable fashion, e.g. for incubation, washing, and finally, cell lysis. The tightly sealed microchambers enable the retention of the lysate, minimize and control the dilution after cell lysis. Since lysis and analysis occur at the same location, high sensitivity is retained because no further dilution or loss of the analytes occurs during transport. The microchamber design therefore enables the reliable and reproducible analysis of very small copy numbers of intracellular molecules (attomoles, zeptomoles) released from individual cells. Furthermore, many microchambers can be arranged in an array format, allowing the analysis of many cells at once, given that suitable optical instruments are used for monitoring. We have already used the platform for proof-of-concept studies to analyze intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors and second messengers in either relative or absolute quantifiable manner.

In this article we present a microfluidic chip for single cell analysis. It allows the quantification of intracellular proteins, enzymes, cofactors, and second messengers by means of fluorescent assays or immunoassays.&#160;

Tek Hücrelerinin yönlü Kimyasal Analiz için mikroakışkan Chip

We present a microfluidic device that enables the quantitative determination of intracellular biomolecules in multiple single cells in parallel. For this ...

Stress-induced Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing on a Chip

We have developed a rapid microfluidic method for antibiotic susceptibility testing in a stress-based environment. Fluid is passed at high speeds over bacteria immobilized on the bottom of a microfluidic channel. In the presence of stress and antibiotic, susceptible strains of bacteria die rapidly. However, resistant bacteria survive these stressful conditions. The hypothesis behind this method is new: stress activation of biochemical pathways, which are targets of antibiotics, can accelerate antibiotic susceptibility testing. As compared to standard antibiotic susceptibility testing methods, the rate-limiting step -&#160;bacterial growth -&#160;is omitted during antibiotic application. The technical implementation of the method is in a combination of standard techniques and innovative approaches. The standard parts of the method include bacterial culture protocols, defining microfluidic channels in polydimethylsiloxane&#160;(PDMS), cell viability monitoring with fluorescence, and batch image processing for bacteria counting. Innovative parts of the method are in the use of culture media flow for mechanical stress application, use of enzymes to damage but not kill the bacteria, and use of microarray substrates for bacterial attachment. The developed platform can be used in antibiotic and nonantibiotic related drug development and testing. As compared to the standard bacterial suspension experiments, the effect of the drug can be turned on and off repeatedly over controlled time periods. Repetitive observation of the same bacterial population is possible over the course of the same experiment.

We have developed a microfluidic platform for rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing. Fluid is passed at high speeds over bacteria immobilized on the bottom of a microfluidic channel. In the presence of stress and antibiotic, susceptible strains of bacteria die rapidly. However, resistant bacteria can survive these stressful conditions.

Çip üzerinde Stres Kaynaklı Antibiyotik Duyarlılık Testi

We have developed a rapid microfluidic method for antibiotic susceptibility testing in a stress-based environment. Fluid is passed at high speeds over ...

A Microfluidic Chip for ICPMS Sample Introduction

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The chip produces monodisperse aqueous sample droplets in perfluorohexane (PFH). Size and frequency of the aqueous droplets can be varied in the range of 40 to 60 &#181;m and from 90 to 7,000&#160;Hz, respectively. The droplets are ejected from the chip with a second flow of PFH and remain intact during the ejection. A custom-built desolvation system removes the PFH and transports the droplets into the ICPMS. Here, very stable signals with a narrow intensity distribution can be measured, showing the monodispersity of the droplets. We show that the introduction system can be used to quantitatively determine iron in single bovine red blood cells. In the future, the capabilities of the introduction device can easily be extended by the integration of additional microfluidic modules.

We present a discrete droplet sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). It is based on a cheap and disposable microfluidic chip that generates highly monodisperse droplets in a size range of 40&#8722;60 &#181;m at frequencies from 90 to 7,000 Hz.

ICPMS Numune Giriş için mikroakışkan Chip

This protocol discusses the fabrication and usage of a disposable low cost microfluidic chip as sample introduction system for inductively coupled plasma ...

Sandwich-like Microenvironments to Harness Cell/Material Interactions

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. However in vivo, most of the cells are completely surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM), resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) distribution of receptors. This may trigger differences in the outside-in signaling pathways and thus in cell behavior.
This article shows that stimulating the dorsal receptors of cells already adhered to a 2D substrate by overlaying a film of a new material (a sandwich-like culture) triggers important changes with respect to standard 2D cultures. Furthermore, the simultaneous excitation of ventral and dorsal receptors shifts cell behavior closer to that found in 3D environments. Additionally, due to the nature of the system, a sandwich-like culture is a versatile tool that allows the study of different parameters in cell/material interactions, e.g., topography, stiffness and different protein coatings at both the ventral and dorsal sides. Finally, since sandwich-like cultures are based on 2D substrates, several analysis procedures already developed for standard 2D cultures can be used normally, overcoming more complex procedures needed for 3D systems.

The following protocol describes the procedure to assemble sandwich-like cultures to be used as an intermediate stage between bi-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cellular environments. The engineered systems can have applications in microscopy, biomechanics, biochemistry and cell biology assays.

Sandviç gibi mikroçevrelerde Hücre / Malzeme Etkileşimleri Harness

Cell culture has been traditionally carried out on bi-dimensional (2D) substrates where cells adhere using ventral receptors to the biomaterial surface. ...

Gradient Strain Chip for Stimulating Cellular Behaviors in Cell-laden Hydrogel

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single strain-induced cellular alignment on a cell-laden hydrogel by using complex experimental processes and mass controlling systems, which are usually associated with contamination issues. Thus, in this article, we propose a simple approach to building a gradient static strain using a fluidic chip with a plastic PDMS cover and a UV transparent glass substrate for the stimulation of cellular behavior in a 3D hydrogel. Overloading photo-patternable cell prepolymer in the fluidic chamber can generate a convex curved PDMS membrane on the cover. After UV crosslinking, through a concentric circular micropattern under the curved PDMS membrane, and buffer washing, a microenvironment for investigating cell behaviors under a variety of gradient strains is self-established in a single fluidic chip, without external instruments. NIH3T3 cells were demonstrated after observing the change in the cellular alignment trend under geometry guidance, in cooperation with strain stimulation, which varied from 15 - 65% on hydrogels. After a 3-day incubation, the hydrogel geometry dominated the cell alignment under low compressive strain, where cells aligned along the hydrogel elongation direction under high compressive strain. Between these, the cells showed random alignment due to the dissipation of the radical guidance of hydrogel elongation and the geometry guidance of the patterned hydrogel.

This article introduces a simple approach to providing non-continuous gradient static strains on a concentric cell-laden hydrogel to regulate cell alignment for tissue engineering.

Hücre yüklü hidrojel uyarıcı hücresel davranışları için degrade zorlanma çip

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single ...

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and directed within a layer of paper. Moreover, stacking multiple layers of patterned paper creates sophisticated three-dimensional microfluidic networks that can support the development of analytical and bioanalytical assays. Paper-based microfluidic devices are inexpensive, portable, easy to use, and require no external equipment to operate. As a result, they hold great promise as a platform for point-of-care diagnostics. In order to properly evaluate the utility and analytical performance of paper-based devices, suitable methods must be developed to ensure their manufacture is reproducible and at a scale that is appropriate for laboratory settings. In this manuscript, a method to fabricate a general device architecture that can be used for paper-based immunoassays is described. We use a form of additive manufacturing (multi-layer lamination) to prepare devices that comprise multiple layers of patterned paper and patterned adhesive. In addition to demonstrating the proper use of these three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices with an immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), errors in the manufacturing process that may result in device failures are discussed. We expect this approach to manufacturing paper-based devices will find broad utility in the development of analytical applications designed specifically for limited-resource settings.

We detail a method to fabricate three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for use in the development of immunoassays. Our approach to device assembly is a type of multilayer, additive manufacturing. We demonstrate a sandwich immunoassay to provide representative results for these types of paper-based devices.

İmmüno için üç boyutlu Paper-based mikroakışkan Cihazlar İmalat

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and ...

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to spatially fractionate the sample based on a biological property of interest. For the resultant spatial distribution to be used as the assay readout, microfluidic devices are often subjected to microscopic analysis requiring complex instrumentation with higher cost and reduced portability. To address this limitation, we have developed an integrated electronic sensing technology for multiplexed detection of particles at different locations on a microfluidic chip. Our technology, called Microfluidic CODES, combines Resistive Pulse Sensing with Code Division Multiple Access to compress 2D spatial information into a 1D electrical signal. In this paper, we present a practical demonstration of the Microfluidic CODES technology to detect and size cultured cancer cells distributed over multiple microfluidic channels. As validated by the high-speed microscopy, our technology can accurately analyze dense cell populations all electronically without the need for an external instrument. As such, the Microfluidic CODES can potentially enable low-cost integrated lab-on-a-chip devices that are well suited for the point-of-care testing of biological samples.

We demonstrate a microfluidic platform with an integrated surface electrode network that combines resistive pulse sensing (RPS) with code division multiple access (CDMA), to multiplex detection and sizing of particles in multiple microfluidic channels.

Parçacıkların Mekansal Takip için Çoklanmış Elektronik Algılama ile mikroakışkan Platformu

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to ...