Name: a common marmoset model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T12:20:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect at JoVE.com

We thank all members of the experimental animal department of Saitama Medical University. We appreciate Yamaguchi University and Tohoku University for their research support. This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP 16K10106, 17K18648, and 19K08305.

This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Saitama Medical University (2476).
1.&#160;Animals
<ol>
	<li>House a pair of parents with their first-time infants of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) who have no experience raising any infants in a light-sealed incubated cage, maintaining constant temperature (25-30 &#176;C), and a 12 h light/dark cycle). Set light intensity per cage at 750-930 lx during the light period and 0 lx during the ...

<ol>
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J., Sakala, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+support+for+women+during+childbirth.">Continuous support for women during childbirth.</a> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7 (7), (2013).</li><li>Liel, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+for+child+abuse,+neglect+and+exposure+to+intimate+partner+violence+in+early+childhood:+Findings+in+a+representative+cross-sectional+sample+in+Germany.">Risk factors for child abuse, neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence in early childhood: Findings in a representative cross-sectional sample in Germany.</a> Child Abuse &amp; Neglect. 106, 104487 (2020).</li><li>Liu, J., Leung, P., Yang, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breastfeeding+and+active+bonding+protects+against+children&#8217;s+internalizing+behavior+problems.">Breastfeeding and active bonding protects against children&#8217;s internalizing behavior problems.</a> Nutrients. 6 (1), 76-89 (2013).</li><li>Akman, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breastfeeding+duration+and+postpartum+psychological+adjustment:+Role+of+maternal+attachment+styles.">Breastfeeding duration and postpartum psychological adjustment: Role of maternal attachment styles.</a> Journal of Paediatrics &amp; Child Health. 44 (6), 369-373 (2008).</li><li>Balogun, O. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interventions+for+promoting+the+initiation+of+breastfeeding.">Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding.</a> Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (11), (2016).</li><li>Karino, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timing+of+changes+from+a+primitive+reflex+to+a+voluntary+behavior+in+infancy+as+a+potential+predictor+of+socio-psychological+and+physical+development+during+juvenile+stages+among+common+marmosets.">Timing of changes from a primitive reflex to a voluntary behavior in infancy as a potential predictor of socio-psychological and physical development during juvenile stages among common marmosets.</a> Journal of King Saud University-Science. 27 (3), 260-270 (2015).</li><li>Koshiba, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Socio-emotional+development+evaluated+by+Behaviour+Output+analysis+for+Quantitative+Emotional+State+Translation+(BOUQUET):+Towards+early+diagnosis+of+individuals+with+developmental+disorders.">Socio-emotional development evaluated by Behaviour Output analysis for Quantitative Emotional State Translation (BOUQUET): Towards early diagnosis of individuals with developmental disorders.</a> OA Autism. 1 (2), 18 (2013).</li><li>Koshiba, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psycho-cognitive+intervention+for+ASD+from+cross-species+behavioral+analyses+of+infants,+chicks+and+common+marmosets.">Psycho-cognitive intervention for ASD from cross-species behavioral analyses of infants, chicks and common marmosets.</a> CNS &amp; 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+mass+growth+in+common+marmosets:+Toward+a+model+of+pediatric+obesity.">Body mass growth in common marmosets: Toward a model of pediatric obesity.</a> American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 150 (1), 21-28 (2013).</li><li>The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=COMMITTEE+OPINION.+Term+and+post+term+pregnancy.">COMMITTEE OPINION. Term and post term pregnancy.</a> The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist. 20, 248-251 (2014).</li><li>Mimura, K. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitive+period+of+peer-social+learning.">Sensitive period of peer-social learning.</a> Journal of Clinical Toxicology. 3, 158 (2013).</li><li>Koshiba, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+susceptible+period+of+photic+day-night+rhythm+loss+in+common+marmoset+social+behavior+development.">A susceptible period of photic day-night rhythm loss in common marmoset social behavior development.</a> Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 14, 539411 (2021).</li><li>Shirakawa, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peer-social+network+development+revealed+by+the+brain+multivariate+correlation+map+with+10+monoamines+and+11+behaviors.">Peer-social network development revealed by the brain multivariate correlation map with 10 monoamines and 11 behaviors.</a> Journal of Clinical Toxicology. 3, 161 (2013).</li><li>Homberg, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+autism+and+other+neurodevelopmental+disorders+through+experimental+translational+neurobehavioral+models.">Understanding autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders through experimental translational neurobehavioral models.</a> Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 65, 292-312 (2016).</li><li>Koshiba, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=attachment+formation+by+systemic+redox+regulation+with+social+training+after+a+sensitive+period.">attachment formation by systemic redox regulation with social training after a sensitive period.</a> Scientific Reports. 3, 2503 (2013).</li><li>Koshiba, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Susceptible+period+of+socio-emotional+development+affected+by+constant+exposure+to+daylight.">Susceptible period of socio-emotional development affected by constant exposure to daylight.</a> Neurosci Res. 93, 91-98 (2015).</li><li>Senoo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+constant+daylight+exposure+during+early+development+on+marmoset+psychosocial+behavior.">Effects of constant daylight exposure during early development on marmoset psychosocial behavior.</a> Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 35 (6), 1493-1499 (2011).</li><li>Risueno-Segovia, C., Hage, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theta+synchronization+of+phonatory+and+articulatory+systems+in+marmoset+monkey+vocal+production.">Theta synchronization of phonatory and articulatory systems in marmoset monkey vocal production.</a> Current Biology. 30, 4276-4283 (2020).</li><li>Miller, C. T., Mandel, K., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+communicative+content+of+the+common+marmoset+phee+call+during+antiphonal+calling.">The communicative content of the common marmoset phee call during antiphonal calling.</a> American Journal of Primatology. 72, 974-980 (2010).</li><li>Z&#252;rcher, Y., Willems, E. P., Burkart, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trade-offs+between+vocal+accommodation+and+individual+recognisability+in+common+marmoset+vocalizations.">Trade-offs between vocal accommodation and individual recognisability in common marmoset vocalizations.</a> Scientific Reports. 11, 15683 (2021).</li><li>Branjerdporn, G., Meredith, P., Wilson, T., Strong, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infant+developmental+outcomes:+influence+of+prenatal+maternal&#8211;fetal+attachment,+adult+attachment,+maternal+well-being,+and+perinatal+loss.">Infant developmental outcomes: influence of prenatal maternal&#8211;fetal attachment, adult attachment, maternal well-being, and perinatal loss.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19, 2433 (2022).</li><li>Hildingsson, I., Rubertsson, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postpartum+bonding+and+association+with+depressive+symptoms+and+prenatal+attachment+in+women+with+fear+of+birth.">Postpartum bonding and association with depressive symptoms and prenatal attachment in women with fear of birth.</a> BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 22, 1-9 (2022).</li><li>Ishii-Kuntz, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Japanese+child+caring+men+(Ikumen)+and+achieving+work-life+balance.">Japanese child caring men (Ikumen) and achieving work-life balance.</a> Family Life in Japan and Germany. , (2019).</li><li>V&#225;zquez-Osorio, I. M., Vega-S&#225;nchez, R., Maas-Mendoza, E., Heller Rouassant, S., Flores-Quijano, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exclusive+breastfeeding+and+factors+influencing+its+abandonment+during+the+1st+month+postpartum+among+women+from+semi-rural+communities+in+Southeast+Mexico.">Exclusive breastfeeding and factors influencing its abandonment during the 1st month postpartum among women from semi-rural communities in Southeast Mexico.</a> Frontiers in Pediatrics. 10, 826295 (2022).</li><li>Madan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+human+chimeras:+A+review.">Natural human chimeras: A review.</a> European Journal of Medical Genetics. 63 (9), 103971 (2020).</li></ol>

Parental care of infants in diverse species requires mutual physiological and psychological considerations7,9,10,12,13,14,18,19,20,21,22,<sup...

The perinatal and neonatal periods are often stressful for parents. This is a particular problem in countries like Japan, where direct exposure to child rearing is limited given the countries&#39; low birthrate, aging population, and tendency to live in nuclear families. This situation is exacerbated by a lack of institutionally supported education regarding child rearing1. Against the background of this limited experience and the social problems associated with poverty, for instance, in younger couples, there is a high risk of postnatal growth failure related to breastfeeding issues in the presence of stress-related abuse and neglect by parents2.
The establishment of breastfeeding by mothers separated from their infants after delivery is crucial for attachment formation and &#34;the comparison between breastfeeding and formula feeding shows that the former has an effect on the development of rich emotions in newborns,&#34; suggesting a strong causal relationship between breastfeeding and attachment formation3. However, to improve early breastfeeding success and postnatal growth and development if there are medical problems in the infant or mother, it is often necessary to separate the infant from the mother to allow appropriate nutritional management of the newborn. Following the stabilization of the newborn, mothers must be provided guidance and support to successfully establish breastfeeding. Fathers, intimate partners, and other support individuals should be included in this instruction to learn how to nurture their child and provide appropriate support for breastfeeding4. Most of the available literature (e.g., &#34;Environment and Nursing Intervention from Immediately After Delivery to Establishment of Breastfeeding&#34;) focuses mainly on interventions and support for mothers5. It is expected to be better taught to midwifery and nursing students&#39; awareness and specific intervention skills to support breastfeeding that involves both the parents and child and that encourages interaction between the two.
Previously, we developed the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a small nonhuman primate model to explore the psychobiological basis of perinatal and neonatal interventions6. We designed a system that uses social scene-dependent changes7,8,9 and biomolecular activities10,11,12 to quantitatively identify developmental changes in the control of sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) perception in different environments. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we were able to extract multiple explanatory behavioral factors, which allowed us to reproduce the complex neural network responsible for social psychological function in these animals. The results of this Behavior Output analysis for Quantitative Emotional state Translation (BOUQUET) method suggested that social interaction between adult males and females could be visualized quantitatively based on familiarity-dependent features in the same evaluation system11. We hypothesized that differences in common marmoset behavior reflect each individual&#39;s psychocognitive learning in the past.
In this study, we compared animals in three conditions: siblings in a social environment where children interacted with each other, a single child that only experienced social interactions with their parent, and a situation similar to human foster care in which young were separated from any genetic family members. The BOUQUET analysis revealed quantitative differences in the time course of social response behavior development between groups, indicating that familial interactions (i.e., parents and siblings) during development influence the formation of social psychological functions13. In addition, we analyzed psychosocial development from postnatal day 15 to day 45 in marmosets using continuous infrared imaging in a situation replicating foster care in which formula was provided by the research staff. Data, including body surface temperatures, activity, and location preference, suggested the existence of unique age-dependent patterns. Further analysis indicated that experience during initial feeding periods may have significantly influenced behavioral rhythms after 1 month of development14. Circadian rhythms and their disruption are known to be closely related to mental functions that are required for human adaptability to an increasingly complex society, and their formation is influenced by early childhood experiences.
This report follows previous findings11,13,14&#160;to explore the feasibility of intervening in a case of breastfeeding failure in a common marmoset family displaying abuse-like behavior by the father and neglect-like behavior by the mother. While marmosets generally produce multizygotic multiples and are known for their communal raising of the offspring by not only the mother but also with the cooperation of the father and older siblings, this primate model involved a nuclear family, parents, and their only offspring, which aimed to mimic the current state of the human social condition. The first-time common marmoset parents exhibited disinhibited behavior followed by cessation of breastfeeding and infant abandonment, leading to the infant failing to thrive. The intervention and recovery process in this case of attachment dysfunction in a social feeding primate model was assessed through video records. The symptoms and treatment effects are indicated by an increase or decrease in body weight relative to the survival limit, referring to previously published criteria15,16. The larger goal of this study is to determine the efficacy of human clinical interventions for the education of mothers and fathers who implement breastfeeding and the midwives who support them. Although the abandonment of vulnerable offspring with some problems by natural selection might be categorized as normal behavior for common marmosets, this clinical model aims to explore human evolutionary strategies of supporting health and well-being for the dignity of all life.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Specification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Common Marmoset</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Self Breeding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Mother 
			5 year-old 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Father 
			5 year-old 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>infant 
			0-13 day-old 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formula Milk</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Lebens Haihai, Wakodo 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic glove</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>powder-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>1 mL 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video Cemera</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sony Handycam 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>iPhone camera 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weight Scale</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1 g increment 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a common marmoset model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect

Parents&#39; psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging populations, and shrinking family sizes. The increase in child abuse and neglect cases, most likely by inexperienced and insufficiently knowledgeable parents, necessitates education on childcare and intervention techniques in nursing and midwifery training. In particular, attachment formation early in life between mother and infant is crucial. To accurately teach sensitive and comprehensive information on intervention techniques for mother-child attachment formation, realistic videos, and educational materials are necessary. Although pseudoeducational materials are available, they might be limited in explaining complex realism, particularly to support breastfeeding that involves both parents and child and that encourages interaction between the two.
In a previous study in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model, we experimentally controlled infant feeding and nurturing through 24 h of constant sensing and collected 1 month of quantitative data on psychological indices that possibly translated to psychological development. Age-dependent dynamic visualization of these data by multivariate analyses inferred causal relationships between early parental feeding and psychobiological rhythm formation. In the same primate model, we identified a spontaneous case of breastfeeding failure in which the father inhibited his neonatal infant&#39;s feeding and the mother appeared to abandon nurturing, leading to clinically significant weight loss in the infant.
Thus, we explored intervention techniques to promote mother-infant interaction. The mother was trained to allow the infant to spontaneously explore her breast. Initially, the mother refused to display the feeding pose potentially due to pain associated with breast engorgement. Massage was used to soften the breast and feeding was reintroduced. We hypothesize that activation of instinctive attachment formation mechanisms by encouraging spontaneity in each parent and child is the key to successful feeding intervention.

Diagnosis of underweight and parental infant-rearing abnormality 
A pair of five-year-old common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) obtained from a colony at Saitama Medical University gave birth to their first set of offspring (twins) overnight in May 2019. This was a spontaneous vaginal birth. Only one of the offspring (a male) was found alive and embracing the mother&#39;s body. Another sibling was found dead, the birth weight (less than 25 g) and sex unclear, multiple hours after death. The...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect at JoVE.com

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

Here, we present a nonhuman primate model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect. The mate model video complements education to support primate and human caregivers with respect to infants with breastfeeding problems such as pain.

Parents&#39; psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging ...

This technique led us to discovery of a marmoset case where fathers intervention and mother's neglect led to breastfeeding failure and the infant rate lows. Through encouraging instinctive attachment methods in the training, successful feeding was reestablished. The increase of child abuse and neglect cases, most likely by inexperienced and insufficiently knowledgeable parents, this is the cases education, childcare, and intervention techniques in nursing and midwifery training.Also, this is a case report. These comprehensive intervention techniques may provide an examples of realistic parent-child interactions that may be used as educational material in references data for inexperienced caregivers. To begin, prepare a light sealed incubated cage to house healthy marmoset parents and their first time infants.Note the full term gestation period at birth and define birthdays as postnatal day zero or PD zero. To check the feeding volume, place the infant in a prepared box and record its body weight. Record the weight daily at the same time for standard comparison.The newborn's weight between day zero to two should surpass 27 grams and increase by one gram per day as documented for survival. Evaluate the milk intake volume by measuring the infant's weight before and after feeding. Next, measure the crown-rump length to determine the length from the top of the head to the base of the tail.To check the breastfeeding of the infant, first, check if the infant is sufficiently clinging to the mother's body. Then check if the mother encourages the infant to suckle when her breast gets taut. Gently press the sides of the breast with fingers to assess the mother's breast milk secretion.Observe the mother's facial expressions for any signs of pain, such as tears in her eyes and her upper and lower teeth closed and exposed. Next, check whether the father is carrying the infant excessively so much that it interferes with the mother's breastfeeding adequately and thus disrupts nursing. Keenly observe the family dynamics to identify any abnormal infant rearing behavior among the parents, such as excessive licking that could pose a high risk to the infant.If the infant is too weak to explore independently, feed it a minimal amount of formula administered through an oral syringe. Help the mother soften the heart and nipple area through a three step massaging technique, moving from the base of the areola towards the nipple. Exude some milk slightly for the odor to stimulate the infant's exploration.Now hold the mother's body softly and position the infant near her breast to encourage it to search for the nipple. Guide the mother to raise her arms to enhance nipple accessibility for the infant. The infant lost weight by day two, reaching about 23 to 24 grams.Three feeding interventions on day two helped the infant increase its weight by one gram. On day three, the infant lost two grams due to excessive parental interference. After paternal separation and feeding intervention, the infant weighed 25 grams by the evening of the same day.Without any feeding intervention, the infant weight increased to 26.8 grams on day four and 28 grams on day five. Regular breast massage and infant exploration encouragement resulted in steady weight gain over the next eight days. The primate model video may be a substitute for human caregivers education in breastfeeding disorders with parental problems.The claims in this video are derived from the observation of only one case of a single family unit with a single infant in the multi-parent species being different from human. In depth father studies are required to compare such results with observations in humans. It would be very difficult to evaluate future result.In contrast, our video must propose a preliminary, but indeed hypothetical intervention for crucial cares to be discussed.

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

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