Name: making gynogenetic diploid zebrafish by early pressure
Uploaded: 2009-06-30T00:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure at JoVE.com

Methods for in vitro fertilization and gynogenetic diploids were developed for zebrafish by Charline Walker in George Streisinger's lab at the University of Oregon in the 1970s and 1980s. The method described here is unchanged from Charline's protocols which are available in full in The Zebrafish Book3.Methods for in vitro fertilization and gynogenetic diploids were developed for zebrafish by Charline Walker in George Streisinger's lab at the University of Oregon in the 1970s and 1980s. The method described here is unchanged from Charline's protocols which are available in full in The Zebrafish Book3.

Overview of early pressure
Note: recipes for many of the reagents used in this protocol such as tricaine, fish water and Hanks saline are available online in chapter 10 of the Zebrafish Book3 (<a href="http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/zfbk.html">http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/zfbk.html</a>)
<ol>
<li>Produce embryos by in vitro fertilization using UV inactivated sperm.</li>
<li>Immediately transfer the fertilized eggs to a glass vial (with a plastic snap cap) filled to the brim w...

<ol>
	<li>Streisinger, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segregation+analyses+and+gene-centromere+distances+in+zebrafish.">Segregation analyses and gene-centromere distances in zebrafish.</a> Genetics. 112 (2), 311-311 (1986).</li><li>Streisinger, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+clones+of+homozygous+diploid+zebra+fish+(Brachydanio+rerio).">Production of clones of homozygous diploid zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio).</a> Nature. 291 (5813), 293-293 (1981).</li><li>Westerfield, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Zebrafish Book: A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). , (2000).</li><li>Johnson, S. L., Africa, D., Horne, S., Postlethwait, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Half-tetrad+analysis+in+zebrafish:+mapping+the+ros+mutation+and+the+centromere+of+linkage+group+I.">Half-tetrad analysis in zebrafish: mapping the ros mutation and the centromere of linkage group I.</a> Genetics. 139 (4), 1727-1727 (1995).</li><li>Beattie, C. E., Raible, D. W., Henion, P. D., Eisen, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+pressure+screens.">Early pressure screens.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 237 (71), 2575-25 (1999).</li><li>Johnson, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centromere-linkage+analysis+and+consolidation+of+the+zebrafish+genetic+map.">Centromere-linkage analysis and consolidation of the zebrafish genetic map.</a> Genetics. 142 (4), 1277-1277 (1996).</li><li>Trede, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zebrafish+mutants+with+disrupted+early+T-cell+and+thymus+development+identified+in+early+pressure+screen.">Zebrafish mutants with disrupted early T-cell and thymus development identified in early pressure screen.</a> Dev Dyn. 237 (9), 2575-2575 (1999).</li></ol>

It is important to make sure that embryos produced by this method are true gynogenetic diploids. As controls, generate a clutch of normal diploid eggs (by keeping aside some of the sperm without UV-inactivation) and a clutch of haploid embryos (by keeping aside a clutch of eggs fertilized with UV sperm without going through the EP procedure). At 1 day post fertilization haploid embryos have a short body axis, irregular brain and somite morphology. Haploids are not viable after 2-3 days. EP diploids should look like norma...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
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<td>Tricaine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Watch glass</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>French Press</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pressure cylinder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Instant ocean</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pasteur pipettes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Cut off the narrow end, fire polish</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UV cross-linker</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>microcapillaries</td>
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making gynogenetic diploid zebrafish by early pressure

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2 described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure at JoVE.com

Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure

This is a method for generating gynogenetic diploid zebrafish embryos (embryos whose only genetic contribution comes from the mother) by blocking the second meiotic division immediately after fertilization with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm. EP embryos are not fully homozygous due to recombination during the first meiotic division, however they are homozygous at all loci that have not been separated from their centromere by recombination.

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