Name: measuring the induced membrane voltage with di-8-anepps
Uploaded: 2009-11-19T20:00:00
Duration: 5 min 52 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Induced Membrane Voltage with Di-8-ANEPPS at JoVE.com

这项工作是支持由斯洛文尼亚Z2 - 9229项目和程序P2 - 0249的研究机构。这个视频代表的“电穿孔技术为基础的技术和处理”科学研讨会和研究生课程，组织，斯洛文尼亚卢布尔雅那大学电气工程学院每两年一次的补充材料。

第一部分：预备步骤<ol><li>在本实验中使用中国仓鼠卵巢细胞（CHO - K1）。实验室TEK二钱伯斯（2井，4厘米，每个2）（Nalge NUNC，德国）在0.7x10〜5细胞/毫升辅以8％胎牛血清的HAM - F12培养基，0.15 mg / ml的细胞均镀L -谷氨酰胺，16毫克/毫升的庆大霉素（Sigma - Aldrich公司，Steinheim，德国）和200个单位/毫升Crystacillin（Pliva公司，萨格勒布，克罗地亚），并在5％的CO 2在37 ° C 。此外，细胞也可以镀上玻璃盖单（0.13至0.16毫米厚）涂多聚赖氨酸，如蜂窝胶粘剂，。 </li><li>在其培养基培养的细胞。持续2至4小时产量细胞仍然大致呈球形，而是一个小部分，他们的膜牢固地附着在表面的孵化。另外，16日至20小时的潜伏期后，细胞完全附着在表面，并有更复杂的形状，但其中大部分仍不能分割。 </li><li>准备加入843μL二甲基亚砜（Sigma - Aldrich公司，Steinheim，德国）5毫克原Invitrogen公司小瓶染料，10毫米的DI - 8 - ANEPPS（Invitrogen公司，尤金，俄勒冈州，美国）股票的解决方案。在4 ° C原液可存储数个月，在一台冰箱。在开始实验之前，热身的解决方案，直到二甲基亚砜晶体溶解。 </li><li>有些细胞系可能需要使用的嵌段共聚物，以纾缓细胞膜的染料掺入。聚醚可购买20％DMSO（F - 127，Invitrogen公司，尤金，俄勒冈州，美国）原液，或相同浓度的原液，可以由溶解在DMSO嵌段准备。库存嵌段共聚物的解决方案，可在室温下保存。 </li></ol>第二部分：载入细胞与DI - 8 - ANEPPS <ol><li> 10毫米的DI - 8 - ANEPPS和2.5μL20％在1毫升的微调修改的最低限度的基本中等SMEM（钙耗尽版）（中等M8167或M4767，Sigma - Aldrich公司，德国Steinheim，嵌段共聚物混合3μL在1.5 mL Eppendorf管）。这就产生了“加载的解决方案”，包含约30微米的DI - 8 - ANEPPS和0.05％的嵌段共聚物。对于其他类型的细胞，其原生文化传媒可用于代替SMEM。 </li><li>替换为加载的解决方案在实验室- Tek腔室的培养基。传输室冰箱10分钟，在4 ° C。在此温度下，染料通过质膜的内化，在很大程度上抑制。 </li><li>染色后，轻轻洗净多余的染料纯SMEM两到三倍。 </li><li>保留在会议厅内的1.5毫升的SMEM。 </li></ol>第三部分：实验和图像采集<ol><li> （在我们的例子中，德国蔡司ZEISS AXIOVERT 200）与油浸物镜（x63，NA 1.4），单色（多彩四，Visitron，德国）和一个冷却CCD相机（VisiCam配荧光显微镜观察细胞1280，Visitron，德国）。 MetaFluor 7.1.1图像采集和处理MetaMorph 7.1.1（两个分子器件，Downingtown，PA，USA），但也可用于其他类似的数据采集软件。激发波长在490 nm处的采集软件设置，并选择一个适合ANEPPS排放过滤器，例如，一个带通滤波器，中心在605纳米（605/55m，分色565 DCXR，色度，罗金厄姆，佛蒙特州，美国）。如果单色不可用，在490 nm为中心的激发滤光片，可以用来代替。 </li><li>放置在显微镜舞台上的细胞室，在箱体底部位置的电极，将它们连接到脉冲发生器。介质覆盖的电极。 </li><li>为了保持细胞活力，减少加热，脉冲应该足够低的幅度和持续时间短。在本实验中使用的直流电源电压和一个定制的微处理器控制的切换装置与35 V幅度和持续时间50毫秒（足够低，以避免电）的方波产生。另外，商业的脉冲发生器，如33210A（安捷伦，美国加利福尼亚州圣克拉拉），连接到放大器或商业的刺激，如S88（草，西华威，扶轮社，美国），都可以使用。脉冲传递到两个并行的Pt / Ir电极丝，它们之间的0.8毫米直径4毫米的距离，创造一个电场的V /约88厘米之间的电极和诱导ΔΦ。在本实验中所用的电极之间的确切场分布描述[1]。 </li><li>找到感兴趣的细胞。套用单一的电脉冲或脉冲序列。每个脉冲，获取荧光图像：一个紧接脉冲（控制图像），并在脉冲（脉冲形象）。由于DI - 8 - ANEPPS的低反应，在荧光的变化是很难通过肉眼辨别，成为明显的ONLy在处理。必须同步脉冲传递图像采集，这是一个采集软件的功能。为了避免漂白和可能加热，光照可以限制脉冲持续时间。 </li></ol>第四部分：图像处理和分析<ol><li> MetaMorph软件中打开图像。每个脉冲，减，在控制和脉冲图像的背景。 </li><li>选择一个单元格，设置地区的利益，所以它对应的膜。沿着这个区域中的控制和脉冲图像测量的荧光强度，并转移到电子表格中的值。 </li><li>每个脉冲，脉冲数据减去控制数据，并除以控制数据结果来获得相对荧光的变化。如果一个脉冲序列，确定每个脉冲的相对荧光变化值可平均获得更可靠的测量。 </li><li>变换成ΔΦ相对使用荧光校准曲线的变化。一个粗略估计，这条曲线可以从文献中获得，但更高的精度，它必须为每个特定的安装测量。对于本实验所用的细胞和设置在荧光下降6％，相当于100ΔΦ[2] mV的增加。 </li><li>最后，情节的电压，或如Excel（微软公司雷德蒙，华盛顿州，美国），西格玛积（SYSTAT软件公司，美国加利福尼亚州圣何塞）在图形软件包的功能相对弧长原产地（OriginLab公司，北安普顿，马萨诸塞州，美国）。也可以使用一个合适的过滤器，如移动平均滤波器，平滑的曲线。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Maz&#232;res, S., &#352;el, D., Golzio, M., Pucihar, G., Tamzali, Y., Miklav&#269;i&#269;, D., Teissie, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non+invasive+contact+electrodes+for+in+vivo+localized+cutaneous+electropulsation+and+associated+drug+and+nucleic+acid+delivery.">Non invasive contact electrodes for in vivo localized cutaneous electropulsation and associated drug and nucleic acid delivery.</a> J. Control. Release. 134, 125-131 (2009).</li><li>Pucihar, G., Kotnik, T., Vali&#269;, B., Miklav&#269;i&#269;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Numerical+determination+of+transmembrane+voltage+induced+on+irregularly+shaped+cells.">Numerical determination of transmembrane voltage induced on irregularly shaped cells.</a> Annals Biomed. Eng. 34, 642-652 (2006).</li><li>Huang, C. J., Harootunian, A., Maher, M. P., Quan, C., Raj, C. D., McCormack, K., Numann, R., Negulescu, P. A., Gonzalez, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+voltage-gated+sodium-channel+blockers+by+electrical+stimulation+and+fluorescence+detection+of+membrane+potential.">Characterization of voltage-gated sodium-channel blockers by electrical stimulation and fluorescence detection of membrane potential.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 24, 439-446 (2006).</li><li>Bedlack, R. S., Wei, M., Fox, S. H., Gross, E., Loew, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+electric+potentials+in+soma+and+neurite+membranes.">Distinct electric potentials in soma and neurite membranes.</a> Neuron. 13, 1187-1193 (1994).</li><li>Cheng, D. K. L., Tung, L., Sobie, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonuniform+responses+of+transmembrane+potential+during+electric+field+stimulation+of+single+cardiac+cells.">Nonuniform responses of transmembrane potential during electric field stimulation of single cardiac cells.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 277, H351-H362 (1999).</li><li>Teissie, J., Eynard, N., Gabriel, B., Rols, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electropermeabilization+of+cell+membranes.">Electropermeabilization of cell membranes.</a> Adv. Drug. Del. Rev. 35, 3-19 (1999).</li><li>Sersa, G., Miklav&#269;i&#269;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemotherapy+of+tumours.">Electrochemotherapy of tumours.</a> JoVE. 22, (2008).</li><li>Kotnik, T., Bobanovi&#x0107;, F., Miklav&#269;i&#269;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitivity+of+transmembrane+voltage+induced+by+applied+electric+fields+a+theoretical+analysis.">Sensitivity of transmembrane voltage induced by applied electric fields a theoretical analysis.</a> Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 43, 285-291 (1997).</li><li>Schwan, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+properties+of+tissue+and+cell+suspensions.">Electrical properties of tissue and cell suspensions.</a> Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. 5, 147-209 (1957).</li><li>Gowrishankar, T. R., Weaver, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+approach+to+electrical+modeling+of+single+and+multiple+cells.">An approach to electrical modeling of single and multiple cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 3203-3208 (2003).</li><li>Joshi, R. P., Hu, Q., Schoenbach, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+studies+of+cell+response+to+ultrashort,+high-intensity+electric+fields+-+Implications+for+intracellular+manipulation.">Modeling studies of cell response to ultrashort, high-intensity electric fields - Implications for intracellular manipulation.</a> IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 32, 1677-1686 (2004).</li><li>Gross, D., Loew, L. M., Webb, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+of+cell+membrane+potential+changes+induced+by+applied+electric+fields.">Optical imaging of cell membrane potential changes induced by applied electric fields.</a> Biophys. J. 50, 339-348 (1986).</li><li>Fluhler, E., Burnham, V. G., Loew, L. M. S. p. e. c. t. r. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=membrane+binding,+and+potentiometric+responses+of+new+charge+shift+probes.">membrane binding, and potentiometric responses of new charge shift probes.</a> Biochemistry. 24, 5749-5755 (1985).</li><li>Loew, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-sensitive+dyes:+measurement+of+membrane+potentials+induced+by+DC+and+AC+electric+fields.">Voltage-sensitive dyes: measurement of membrane potentials induced by DC and AC electric fields.</a> Bioelectromagnetics Suppl. 1, 179-189 (1992).</li><li>Hibino, M., Shigemori, M., Itoh, H., Nagayama, K., Kinosita, K. . J. r. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+conductance+of+an+electroporated+cell+analyzed+by+submicrosecond+imaging+of+transmembrane+potential.">Membrane conductance of an electroporated cell analyzed by submicrosecond imaging of transmembrane potential.</a> Biophys. J. 59, 209-220 (1991).</li><li>Lojewska, Z., Franks, D. L., Ehrenberg, B., Loew, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+effect+of+medium+and+membrane+conductance+on+the+amplitude+and+kinetics+of+membrane+potentials+induced+by+externally+applied+electric+fields.">Analysis of the effect of medium and membrane conductance on the amplitude and kinetics of membrane potentials induced by externally applied electric fields.</a> Biophys. J. 56, 121-128 (1989).</li><li>Zhang, J., Davidson, R. M., Wei, M. D., Loew, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+electric+properties+by+combined+patch+clamp+and+fluorescence+ratio+imaging+in+single+neurons.">Membrane electric properties by combined patch clamp and fluorescence ratio imaging in single neurons.</a> Biophys. J. 74, 48-53 (1998).</li><li>Montana, V., Farkas, D. L., Loew, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-wavelength+ratiometric+fluorescence+measurements+of+membrane-potential.">Dual-wavelength ratiometric fluorescence measurements of membrane-potential.</a> Biochemistry. 28, 4536-4539 (1989).</li><li>Knisley, S. B., Justice, R. K., Kong, W., Johnson, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ratiometry+of+transmembrane+voltage-sensitive+fluorescent+dye+emission+in+hearts.">Ratiometry of transmembrane voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye emission in hearts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 279, H1421-H1433 (2000).</li><li>Pucihar, G., Miklav&#269;i&#269;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+time-dependent+numerical+model+of+transmembrane+voltage+inducement+and+electroporation+of+irregularly+shaped+cells.">A time-dependent numerical model of transmembrane voltage inducement and electroporation of irregularly shaped cells.</a> IEEE T. Biomed. Eng. 56, 1491-1501 (2009).</li></ol>

在不同的实验设置，如膜电压门控通道，动作电位的传播，刺激心肌细胞或细胞膜电[3，4，5，6，研究诱导膜（跨膜）电压，ΔΦ，测量也很重要， ，7]。通过简单的细胞形状，ΔΦ可以计算分析。例如，对于一个球形细胞，ΔΦ是由施万方程，哪些国家的电压是成正比的磁场强度和细胞大小和余弦函数如下沿膜[8，9]。对于更复杂的细胞形状，ΔΦ可以偏离很大的余弦，必须确定或者数字，用计算机[2，10，11]，或实验，使用一个电位染料[12，13，14，15]。 广泛用于这一目的的电位染料之一是DI - 8 - ANEPPS（DI - 8 -丁基 - 氨基 - 萘乙烯吡啶 - 丙基磺酸钠），依赖于膜电压的激发和发射光谱的快速染料，这使细胞膜上，来衡量其价值的ΔΦ变化的非侵入性观察。在这段视频中，我们将展示使用DI - 8 - ANEPPSΔΦ测定的实验方法。 染料由教授莱斯利勒夫和他的同事[13，14]在康涅狄格大学，属于快速反应染料类。 DI - 8 - ANEPPS nonfluorescent在水中，并成为强烈的荧光，当它结合到细胞膜的脂质双层。 ΔΦ结果在一个分子内的电荷分布和染料的荧光光谱分布和强度相应的变化的变化的变化。 DI - 8 - ANEPPS的荧光强度的变化成比例的改变ΔΦ;染料的响应线性电压，范围从-280 mV的到+250 MV [4，16]。荧光染料，膜染色不均，相对较小的变化和染料内化的DI - 8 - ANEPPS合适的膜电压，如休息组件的绝对测量，虽然这种努力也报道[17]。然而，它适用于在膜电压变化较大，如发病nonexcitable细胞暴露在外部电场引起的膜电压[12，13]，或在可兴奋细胞[4，5]的动作电位，测量。尽管这里不适用，DI - 8 - ANEPPS还允许ΔΦ决心比例测量荧光激发[18]或排放[19]，从而提高响应灵敏度，降低上述的影响。由于DI - 8 - ANEPPS渍膜，​​它也可以使用显然是作为一种膜标记[2]。 染料的弊端之一是，它是容易漂白，因此，应避免强光的长时间曝光。 （I）钾离子载体缬氨霉素和一组不同的钾浓度在外部介质进行校准染料[2,18]，或（ii）膜片钳电压钳模式[17]。 最后，ΔΦ球形细胞和更复杂的形状细胞的测量，视频演示ΔΦ的幅度和空间分布上的细胞形态的影响。因此，对于球形细胞ΔΦ接近余弦，在与施万的方程协议，而更复杂的细胞形态的空间ΔΦ分布是更复杂的[20] ...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>di-8-ANEPPS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>D-3167</td>
<td>potentiometric fluorescent dye</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pluronic</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>P3000MP</td>
<td>potassium ionophore</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DMSO</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>D2650</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>SMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>M8167 or M4767</td>
<td>Spinner modification of the Minimum Essential Medium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ham-F12</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>N4888</td>
<td>culture medium</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>fetal calf serum</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>F4135</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>L-glutamine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>G7513</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>crystacillin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pliva</td>
<td>625110</td>
<td>antibiotic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gentamicin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>G1397</td>
<td>antibiotic</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lab-Tek II</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nalge Nunc</td>
<td>155379</td>
<td>chamber</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>DC voltage supply</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Elektro-Automatik</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>microprocessor-controlled switcher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Custom made</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>electrodes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Custom made</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Pt/Ir</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

measuring the induced membrane voltage with di-8-anepps

到外部电场细胞的位置会导致本地的电荷再分配内和在细胞膜附近的细胞外，导致电压穿过细胞膜。这个电压，称为诱导的膜电压（也诱导的跨膜电压，或诱导的跨膜电位差）和ΔΦ表示，只存在只要外部磁场存在。如果休息电压是目前对膜，在其上的感应电压叠加（添加）。通过电位荧光染料，如DI - 8 - ANEPPS之一，它是可以观察细胞膜上的变化ΔΦ和非侵入性来衡量其价值。 DI - 8 - ANEPPS变得强烈荧光，当绑定到用的荧光强度成比例的改变ΔΦ的变化，细胞膜的脂质双层。该视频显示测量的协议ΔΦ使用DI - 8 - ANEPPS，还演示了细胞形态上的幅度和空间分布ΔΦ的影响。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Induced Membrane Voltage with Di-8-ANEPPS at JoVE.com

Measuring the Induced Membrane Voltage with Di-8-ANEPPS

外加电场诱导细胞膜上的电压，称为诱导膜电压（ΔΦ）。通过电位染料DI - 8 - ANEPPS，这是可能的非侵入性来衡量的ΔΦ。该视频显示测量的协议ΔΦ使用DI - 8 - ANEPPS。

诱导膜电压测量与DI - 8 - ANEPPS

Placement of a cell into an external electric field causes a local charge redistribution inside and outside of the cell in the vicinity of the cell ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

研究与基于荧光素酶的记者基因检测膜生源

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

科研

生物学

Measuring Near Plasma Membrane and Global Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Astrocytes

近质膜和全球星形胶质细胞内钙动力学测量

The brain contains glial cells.  Astrocytes, a type of glial cell, have long been known to provide a passive supportive role to neurons. However, ...

Measuring Plasma Membrane Protein Endocytic Rates by Reversible Biotinylation

衡量可逆的生物素的血浆膜蛋白吞价格

Plasma membrane proteins are a large, diverse group of proteins comprised of receptors, ion channels, transporters and pumps.  Activity of these proteins ...

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

Measuring Caenorhabditis elegans Life Span in 96 Well Microtiter Plates

测量线虫寿命在96孔板

Lifespan is a biological process regulated by several genetic pathways. One strategy to investigate the biology of aging is to study animals that harbor ...

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

在油脂介孔膜蛋白的结晶

Membrane proteins perform critical functions in living cells related to signal transduction, transport and energy transformations, and, as such, are ...

Examining the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Proteins in situ with Site-directed Fluorescence Labeling

Examining the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Proteins in situ with Site-directed Fluorescence Labeling

研究膜蛋白的构象动力学原位网站的荧光标记

Two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology (TEVC) is a powerful tool to investigate the mechanism of ion transport1 for a wide variety of membrane ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

该<em&gt;爪蟾</em&gt;卵母细胞切割开凡士林隙电压钳技术与荧光

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Imaging Plasma Membrane Deformations With pTIRFM

成像质膜变形随着pTIRFM

To gain novel insights into the dynamics of exocytosis, our group focuses on the changes in lipid bilayer shape that must be precisely regulated during ...

Measuring Glutathione-induced Feeding Response in Hydra

测量水润谷胱甘肽诱导饲养响应

Hydra is among the most primitive organisms possessing a nervous system and chemosensation for detecting reduced glutathione (GSH) for capturing the prey. ...

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

研究核苷酸合并: 酵母基因组 Ribonucleotides 的链特异检测及核苷酸诱变的检测

The presence of ribonucleotides in nuclear DNA has been shown to be a source of genomic instability. The extent of ribonucleotide incorporation can be ...