Name: a novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation
Uploaded: 2010-04-01T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE.com

1. Inducing a Phosphene with Stimulation to the Right Occipital Lobe
<ol class="lalpha">
 <li>In a dimly lit room, seat the participant in a comfortable position. Have the participant put on a swim cap, provide them with hearing protection, and adjust the cap and ear plugs for comfort. To locate and mark the initial point of stimulation, first identify the inion, and then move ~2cm rostrally and ~2cm laterally (figure 1). Alternatively, a frameless stereotaxic system can be used to position the TMS coil over the tar...

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	<li>Kammer, T., Puls, K., Strasburger, H., Hill, N. J., Wichmann, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+in+the+Visual+System.+I.+the+Psychophysics+of+Visual+Suppression.">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Visual System. I. the Psychophysics of Visual Suppression.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 160, 118-128 (2005).</li><li>Afra, J., Mascia, A., G&#233;rard, P., Maertens de Noordhout, A., Schoenen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interictal+cortical+excitability+in+migraine:+a+study+using+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+of+motor+and+visual+cortices.">Interictal cortical excitability in migraine: a study using transcranial magnetic stimulation of motor and visual cortices.</a> Ann. Neurol. 44, 209-215 (1998).</li><li>Aurora, S. K., Ahmad, B. K., Welch, K. M., Bhardhwaj, P., Ramadan, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+confirms+hyperexcitability+of+occipital+cortex+in+migraine.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation confirms hyperexcitability of occipital cortex in migraine.</a> Neurology. 50, 1111-1114 (1998).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Topography. 21, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+adaptation+reveals+state-dependent+effects+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 25, (2007).</li><li>Kammer, T., Beck, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphene+thresholds+evoked+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+are+insensitive+to+short-lasting+variations+in+ambient+light.">Phosphene thresholds evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation are insensitive to short-lasting variations in ambient light.</a> Exp Brain Res. 145, 407-4010 (2002).</li><li>Bjoertomt, O., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+neglect+in+near+and+far+space+investigated+by+repetitive+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Spatial neglect in near and far space investigated by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 2012-2022 (2002).</li><li>Gothe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+visual+cortex+excitability+in+blind+subjects+as+demonstrated+by+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Changes in visual cortex excitability in blind subjects as demonstrated by transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> Brain. 125, 479-490 (2002).</li><li>Hotson, J. R., Anand, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+selectivity+and+timing+of+motion+processing+in+human+temporo-parieto-occipital+and+occipital+cortex:+a+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+study.">The selectivity and timing of motion processing in human temporo-parieto-occipital and occipital cortex: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 169-179 (1999).</li><li>Kammer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphenes+and+transient+scotomas+induced+by+magnetic+stimulation+of+the+occipital+lobe:+their+topographic+relationship.">Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship.</a> Neuropsychologia. 37, 191-198 (1998).</li><li>Stewart, L., Ellison, A., Walsh, V., Cowey, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+(TMS)+in+studies+of+vision,+attention+and+cognition.">The role of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in studies of vision, attention and cognition.</a> Acta Psychol (Amst). , 107-275 (2001).</li></ol>

In this video, we have demonstrated a standard protocol for obtaining a phosphene threshold value and introduced a novel method for recording phosphene size and visual field location. Phosphenes were elicited by delivering individual pulses of TMS to the right occipital cortex adjacent to the occipital pole. Phosphene threshold values provide a valuable indication of relative cortical excitability; and have been used both as an outcome measure and as a means of determining the appropriate intensity of TMS in variety of s...

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<td>TMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Magstim</td>
<td>Magstim 200</td>
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<td>Epson PowerLite 7900p</td>
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<td>Projection Screen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>DA LITE</td>
<td>Da-View fast-fold deluxe screen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Laser Pointer</td>
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a novel approach for documenting phosphenes induced by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical stimulation of the occipital cortex, but also by non-invasive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)1 of the same cortical regions. The intensity at which a phosphene is induced (phosphene threshold) is a well established measure of visual cortical excitability and is used to study cortico-cortical interactions, functional organization 2, susceptibility to pathology 3,4 and visual processing 5-7. Phosphenes are typically defined by three characteristics: they are observed in the visual hemifield contralateral to stimulation; they are induced when the subject s eyes are open or closed, and their spatial location changes with the direction of gaze 2. Various methods have been used to document phosphenes, but a standardized methodology is lacking. We demonstrate a reliable procedure to obtain phosphene threshold values and introduce a novel system for the documentation and analysis of phosphenes. We developed the Laser Tracking and Painting system (LTaP), a low cost, easily built and operated system that records the location and size of perceived phosphenes in real-time. The LTaP system provides a stable and customizable environment for quantification and analysis of phosphenes.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE.com

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Phosphenes are transient percepts of light that can be induced by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to visually sensitive regions of cortex. We demonstrate a standard protocol for determining the phosphene threshold value and introduce a novel method for quantifying and analyzing perceived phosphenes.

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

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