Name: studying synaptic vesicle pools using photoconversion of styryl dyes
Uploaded: 2010-02-15T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes at JoVE.com

1) Preparation of Drosophila melanogaster neuronal muscular junction (NMJ)
<ol>
<li>Prepare standard Drosophila saline (130 mM NaCl, 36 mM sucrose, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, 2 mM MgCl2, 5 mM Hepes, pH 7.3 4.</li>
<li>Dissect the preparation in saline (1.1). The Drosophila larvae is pined dorsal side-up in a Sylgard dish; the dorsal side is sectioned longitudinal, and the internal organs are removed. The preparation is then stretched and pined. Several ventral muscles can be then...

<ol>
	<li>Betz, W. J., Bewick, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+analysis+of+synaptic+vesicle+recycling+at+the+frog+neuromuscular+junction.">Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction.</a> Science. 255, 200-203 (1992).</li><li>Henkel, A. W., L&#252;bke, J., Betz, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FM1-43+dye+ultrastructural+localization+in+and+release+from+frog+motor+nerve+terminals.">FM1-43 dye ultrastructural localization in and release from frog motor nerve terminals.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93, 1918-1923 (1996).</li><li>Sandell, J. H., Masland, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoconversion+of+some+fluorescent+markers+to+a+diaminobenzidine+product.">Photoconversion of some fluorescent markers to a diaminobenzidine product.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 36, 555-559 (1988).</li><li>Kuromi, H., Kidokoro, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+optically+determined+size+of+exo/endo+cycling+vesicle+pool+correlates+with+the+quantal+content+at+the+neuromuscular+junction+of+Drosophila+larvae.">The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurosci. 19, 1557-1565 (1999).</li><li>Denker, A., Kr&#246;hnert, K., Rizzoli, S. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+synaptic+vesicle+pool+localization+in+the+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction.">Revisiting synaptic vesicle pool localization in the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.</a> J Physiol (Lond). 587, 2919-2926 (2009).</li><li>Rizzoli, S. O., Betz, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structural+organization+of+the+readily+releasable+pool+of+synaptic+vesicles.">The structural organization of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles.</a> Science. 303, 2037-2039 (2004).</li><li>Darcy, K. J., Staras, K., Collinson, L. M., Goda, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constitutive+sharing+of+recycling+synaptic+vesicles+between+presynaptic+boutons.">Constitutive sharing of recycling synaptic vesicles between presynaptic boutons.</a> Nat Neurosci. 9, 315-321 (2006).</li><li>Harata, N., Ryan, T. A., Smith, S. J., Buchanan, J., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+recycling+synaptic+vesicles+in+hippocampal+neurons+by+FM1-43+photoconversion.">Visualizing recycling synaptic vesicles in hippocampal neurons by FM1-43 photoconversion.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98, 12748-12753 (2001).</li><li>Lange, R. P. J. d. e., de Roos, A. D. G., Borst, J. G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+modes+of+vesicle+recycling+in+the+rat+calyx+of+Held.">Two modes of vesicle recycling in the rat calyx of Held.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 10164-10173 (2003).</li><li>Richards, D. A., Guatimosim, C., Rizzoli, S. O., Betz, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+vesicle+pools+at+the+frog+neuromuscular+junction.">Synaptic vesicle pools at the frog neuromuscular junction.</a> Neuron. 39, 529-541 (2003).</li></ol>

A few critical steps should be taken into account:
<ul>
<li>The DAB incubation should be performed only after thorough washing and quenching of the preparations. Otherwise the non-reacted glutaraldehyde will interact with DAB and cause its precipitation (typically in the form of flat crystals, which are not electron dense). Preparations where this precipitation takes place abundantly are rarely usable for electron microscopy.</li>
<li>Illumination times should be optimized, by testing several identical preparation...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>FM 1-43</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>F10317</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Epon resin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Plano</td>
<td>R1030</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>di-aminobenzidine hydrochloride</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D5905</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50% Glutaraldehyde</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>AppliChem</td>
<td>A3166</td>
<td>EM grade</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sylgard</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dow Corning</td>
<td>104186298</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Axioskop 2 FS plus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Objective 20x 0.5 NA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Olympus</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dry objective</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>100W Hg Lamp</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Lamp housing with back mirror</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>1007-980</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MRm camera</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>0445-554</td>
<td>Image acquisition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Ex. Filter (HQ 470/40)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>AHF</td>
<td>F49-671</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dichroic (495 DCLP)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>AHF</td>
<td>F33-100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Em. Filter (HQ 500 LP)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>AHF</td>
<td>F42-018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Proscan CCD HSS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Proscan Electronic Sys.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1024 x 1024</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

studying synaptic vesicle pools using photoconversion of styryl dyes

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The vesicles are then retrieved from the plasma membrane (endocytosis) and grouped together with the general pool of vesicles within the nerve terminal, until they undergo a new exo- and endocytosis cycle (vesicle recycling). These processes have been studied using a variety of techniques such as electron microscopy, electrophysiology recordings, amperometry and capacitance measurements. Importantly, during the last two decades a number of fluorescently labeled markers emerged, allowing optical techniques to track vesicles in their recycling dynamics. One of the most commonly used markers is the styryl or FM dye 1; structurally, all FM dyes contain a hydrophilic head and a lipophilic tail connected through an aromatic ring and one or more double bonds (Fig. 1B). A classical FM dye experiment to label a pool of vesicles consists in bathing the preparation (Fig. 1Ai) with the dye during the stimulation of the nerve (electrically or with high K+). This induces vesicle recycling and the subsequent loading of the dye into recently endocytosed vesicles (Fig. 1Ai-iii). After loading the vesicles with dye, a second round of stimulation in a dye-free bath would trigger the FM release through exocytosis (Fig. 1Aiv-v), process that can be followed by monitoring the fluorescence intensity decrease (destaining).

Although FM dyes have contributed greatly to the field of vesicle recycling, it is not possible to determine the exact localization or morphology of individual vesicles by using conventional fluorescence microscopy. For that reason, we explain here how FM dyes can also be used as endocytic markers using electron microscopy, through photoconversion. The photoconversion technique exploits the property of fluorescent dyes to generate reactive oxygen species under intense illumination. Fluorescently labeled preparations are submerged in a solution containing diaminobenzidine (DAB) and illuminated. Reactive species generated by the dye molecules oxidize the DAB, which forms a stable, insoluble precipitate that has a dark appearance and can be easily distinguished in electron microscopy 2,3. As DAB is only oxidized in the immediate vicinity of fluorescent molecules (as the reactive oxygen species are short-lived), the technique ensures that only fluorescently labeled structures are going to contain the electron-dense precipitate. The technique thus allows the study of the exact location and morphology of actively recycling organelles.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes at JoVE.com

Studying Synaptic Vesicle Pools using Photoconversion of Styryl Dyes

FM dyes have been of invaluable help in the understanding of synaptic dynamics. FMs are normally followed under the fluorescent microscope during different stimulation conditions. However, photoconversion of FM dyes combined with electron microscopy allows the visualization of distinct synaptic vesicle pools, among other ultrastructure components, in synaptic boutons.

The fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) is a required step in neurotransmitter release and neuronal communication. The ...

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Neuroscience

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Mitochondria are involved in many important cellular  functions including metabolism, survival1, development and, calcium signaling2. Two of the most ...

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Undersøkelse av Synaptic Vesikkel Recycling Bruke FM Fargestoffer Under fremkalt, spontan, og miniatyr Synaptic Aktiviteter

Synaptic vesicles in functional nerve terminals undergo exocytosis and endocytosis. This synaptic vesicle recycling can be effectively analyzed using ...

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The highest density of glutamate transporters in the brain is found in astrocytes. Glutamate transporters couple the movement of glutamate across the ...

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Neuronal subcellular fractionation techniques allow the quantification of proteins that are trafficked to and from the synapse. As originally described in ...

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During endocytosis, fused synaptic vesicles are retrieved at nerve terminals, allowing for vesicle recycling and thus the maintenance of synaptic ...

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The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like ...

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The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

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At active presynaptic nerve terminals, synaptic vesicles undergo cycles of exo- and endocytosis. During recycling, the luminal domains of SV transmembrane ...