Name: Extraction of Glycan from Alcohol Insoluble Residue
Uploaded: 2023-09-29T13:00:00
Duration: 59 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Glycan from Alcohol Insoluble Residue at JoVE.com

extraction of glycan from alcohol insoluble residue

Elucidating Glycan Structure and Occurrence Using Microarray Polymer Profiling

Glycans are ubiquitous in all domains of life and exhibit unparalleled diversity in structure and function compared to other macromolecules1. However, due to their complexity, variability in biosynthesis and glycosidic linkages, and the paucity of appropriate methods for dissecting glycan structures, our understanding of this diversity in structures and functions is relatively limited2.
Many glycan analysis techniques are destructive and necessitate the breakdown of glycans into their constituent monosaccharides, which can obscure relevant three-dimensional and biological contexts3. Conversely, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs), lectins, viral agglutinins, and microbial adhesins, known collectively as glycan-recognizing molecular probes (GRMPs)4, recognize and bind to specific epitopes and can be used as tools to detect and discriminate between glycans within complex multi-glycan matrices5,6.
Here, we present microarray polymer profiling (MAPP), a rapid, versatile, and nondestructive method for glycan analysis that is applicable to a broad spectrum of biological samples. The method aims to provide a robust and high-throughput technology for analyzing glycans from diverse biological and industrial/commercial systems. MAPP unites the recognition specificity of glycan-directed molecular probes with reproducible, high-performance microarray screening technology to allow thousands of molecular interactions to be profiled in parallel. The output of this approach is diagnostic insight into the composition and relative abundance of glycans within a sample or tissue of interest.
MAPP can be used as an independent, stand-alone method, or in conjunction with other biochemical techniques, such as immunofluorescence microscopy7,8,9 and monosaccharide or linkage analysis10,11. The technique can also be used to map epitope specificities of novel GRMPs, using arrays printed with pure and structurally well-defined oligosaccharide standards12. A major advantage of MAPP over other methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), is its compatibility with small sample volumes13,14. Moreover, MAPP offers significantly higher-throughput analysis15 and provides an effective form of sample preservation, as printed samples are dry and stable when immobilized onto nitrocellulose16.
The binding of GRMPs is generally dependent on the presence of a number of contiguous sugar residues that collectively form a binding site (epitope) that is unique to a particular polysaccharide class (xylan, mannan, xyloglucan, etc.)17. In contrast, the individual sugar residues (xylose, mannose, glucose) that are quantified using most biochemical techniques, for example monosaccharide composition or methylation analysis, can be components of multiple polysaccharide classes and thus difficult to assign18.
MAPP has been developed in response to a technology gap, namely the ability to rapidly analyze multiple glycans from a variety of sources using small amounts of material. MAPP capitalizes on the extensive repertoire of GRMPs that have been developed and characterized over the last three decades12,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32. The development of MAPP has been an iterative process, with the technique being steadily refined and optimized. There is now a substantial body of literature describing the application of MAPP to various natural and industrial systems where glycans play central roles 5,6,9,10,21,33,34,35,36,37,38,39. Here, we describe the current state of the art for MAPP.

Author Spotlight: MAPP Protocol &amp;#8211; Advancing Glycan Analysis 

Microarray Polymer Profiling (MAPP) for High-Throughput Glycan Analysis

Our research focuses on the occurrence functions and structures of complex glycans within diverse domestic, industrial, and commercial systems. Further refinements to non-contact microarray technology and our ability to rapidly access sequence information for carbohydrate binding modules is increasing our capacity to both print and interrogate glycan microarrays. Glycans are challenging to study due to their structural heterogeneity, complexity, and variability in biosynthesis.Many glycan analysis methods necessitate the breakdown of glycans into their constituent monosaccharides. MAPP offers a versatile glycan analysis platform which retains a lot of the important structural 3D information.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Glycan from Alcohol Insoluble Residue at JoVE.com

Extraction of Glycan from Alcohol Insoluble Residue

To begin, use a mechanical TissueLyser to shake previously prepared AIR CDTA mixture at 27 hertz for two minutes, followed by 10 hertz for two hours. Next, centrifuge the mixture at 10, 000 G for 10 minutes at four degree Celsius. Transfer the supernatant to a sterile micro centrifuge tube.Finally, add sodium hydroxide and sodium borohydride mixture to the residual pellet. After shaking and centrifuging the pellet, wash the residual pellet two to three times with distilled water. Add 30 microliters per milligram of cellulase to the pellet, then incubate the tubes in a heat block at the enzyme's optimal temperature for 16 hours.Centrifuge the samples and store the supernatant on a rotary shaker. Centrifuge all stored extracts again at 10, 000 G for 10 minutes at four degrees Celsius.

extraction-of-glycan-from-alcohol-insoluble-residue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a robust and reproducible approach to systematically determine the composition and relative abundance of glycans and glycoconjugates within a variety of biological samples, including plant and algal tissues, food materials, and human, animal, and microbial samples. Microarray technology underpins the efficacy of this method by providing a miniaturized, high-throughput screening platform, allowing thousands of interactions between glycans and highly specific glycan-directed molecular probes to be characterized concomitantly, using only small amounts of analytes. Constituent glycans are chemically and enzymatically fractionated, before being sequentially extracted from the sample and directly immobilized onto nitrocellulose membranes. The glycan composition is determined by the attachment of specific glycan-recognizing molecular probes to the extorted and printed molecules. MAPP is complementary to conventional glycan analysis techniques, such as monosaccharide and linkage analysis and mass spectrometry. However, glycan-recognizing molecular probes provide insight into the structural configurations of glycans, which can aid in elucidating biological interactions and functional roles.

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a high-throughput technique for compositional analysis of glycans in biological samples.

Microarray polymer profiling (MAPP) is a robust and reproducible approach to systematically determine the composition and relative abundance of glycans ...

Microarray Printing for Glycan Analysis

Begin by preparing a 1 to 20 dilution of black Indian ink and glycerol system buffer, then centrifuge for 10 minutes at 15, 000g at room temperature. Add 40 microliters of ink solution and glycerol system buffer to the first section of the 384 well plate. Now add 25 microliters of glycerol system buffer to all dilution one wells and 40 microliters to all dilution two, three, and four wells.Add 25 microliters of extracted glycan sample to the dilution one wells to dilute the samples in a one-to-one ratio. Serially dilute each sample four times by transferring 10 microliters from the dilution one to the dilution two well, then gently mix using a pipette. Repeat the process by transferring 10 microliters of the sample from the dilution two to the dilution three well.After repeating the process for the dilution four well, discard 10 microliters from it so that all wells have a final volume of 40 microliters. Add 40 microliters of ink solution and glycerol system buffer to the final plate. Then cover the plate with an adhesive cover before centrifuging it for 10 minutes at 3000g at room temperature.To print the samples on the nitrocellulose membrane, start by purging the print head and capillaries multiple times with glycerol system buffer. Initiate a test print run by loading a plate with the buffer alone. To configure the instrument to print directly from the clean buffer reservoir, click on File, followed by New, then choose Print Run.Choose the microplate type and change the slide settings accordingly. Next, change the mini array settings before editing the spot property settings. Click on the Overview tab to view the plate.Finally, under the Options tab, select Using buffer and calculate printing time before allocating file locations to save the file. After saving the location, press on Start Print Run to proceed with the run. While printing extracted glycan samples, program the system as before.Under the Options tab, click on Using source microplates. Finally, save the unique grid file generated for the printed microarray for downstream analysis. Defined glycan standards were also included in the printed microarrays as positive controls.The map binding profile obtained for the selected glycan standards corresponds to previously reported epitope specificities.

Microarray Probing for Glycan Recognition

Begin by cutting out identical printed microarrays from the nitrocellulose membrane and placing them in a suitable vessel for probing. To reduce non-specific binding, add MP-TBST blocking buffer to the microarrays and incubate for one hour on a rotating shaker. After incubation, replace the buffer with fresh MP-TBST.Incubate the arrays with monoclonal antibodies and MP-TBST for two hours on a rotating shaker. After incubation, remove the molecular probe solution. Submerge the arrays fully in clean TBST.Immediately replace the buffer with a fresh volume to remove the residual probe solution. Place the arrays on a rotating shaker for five minutes. Replace the TBST with a fresh buffer volume and place the arrays on the shaker for another five minutes.Next, incubate the arrays with alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibodies for two hours on a rotating shaker. Once incubation is complete and the microarrays have been washed, cover them in nitro blue tetrazolium, and BCIP color development solution to chromogenically detect the antibody binding. Terminate the reaction by immersing the array in clean tap water.Then place the arrays to dry between blotting paper overnight at ambient temperature. The relative abundance of 16 epitopes diagnostic of non-cellulosic plant cell wall polysaccharides were detected by attaching glycan-directed monoclonal antibodies to printed extracts. Most of the extracted glycans were detected within the alkaline sodium hydroxide fraction.Strong binding signals were recorded for LM-10 and LM-11 representing xylan and arabinoxylan within the peels of all the mango varieties tested. LM-10 and LM-11 displayed preferential binding to the garlic root tissue extract, and weak binding to the leaf tissue extract. LM-19 representing partially methylesterified or unesterified homogalacturonan bound strongly to some mango variety extracts and only to the coffee pulp fractions.