dihydroethidium &#40;dhe&#41; staining of hepatocarcinoma cells for the quantification of reactive oxygen species &#40;ros&#41;

Ny ROS-kvantifisering ved bruk av dihydroethidium i leverkreftceller

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of naturally occurring, highly reactive, and temporally unstable chemical radicals formed as a part of the normal cellular metabolism in&#160;cells. ROS plays a key and essential role in the modulation of normal physiological and biochemical processes occurring in cells1,2. The main source of ROS production in cells is from the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) pathway as a part of the normal bioenergetic cycle. Significant additional sources of ROS production include enzymatic reactions such as cellular NADPH oxidases in cells. Metabolism of food molecules (e.g., glucose) occurs via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in the mitochondrial matrix. A baseline level of ROS production is essential to regulate normal physiological cell signaling processes. Many key protein molecules that are part of the glucose metabolic signaling pathways (e.g., Akt and PTEN) are known to respond to intracellular ROS levels. Additionally, ROS are produced by various intracellular enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase, and peroxisomal constituents as a part of the cellular enzymatic pathways1,2. In contrast to the natural sources of ROS, certain environmental factors, such as xenobiotics, infectious agents, UV light, pollution, cigarette smoking, and radiation, also lead to excessive production of ROS, which are a key driver of intra-cellular oxidative stress1,3. Elevated cellular oxidative stress can cause damage to native biomolecules inside a cell, such as lipids, proteins, and DNA, causing various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders1,3,4. Therefore, accurate measurements of ROS are essential to understand&#160;the cellular mechanisms involved in oxidative stress-induced disease pathophysiology.
Due to the short timescales of ROS production and elimination inside cells, quantitative measurements of various ROS radicals remains a challenge. Methods such as electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)5, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and fluorescence probe-based imaging are used to measure the various cellular ROS6. While methods such as EPR and HPLC yield quantitatively accurate estimates, these methods involve the destruction of the cellular spatial morphology and are usually in the form of global and bulk measurements of a sample. In contrast, imaging-based methods such as fluorescence probe-based methods retain the cellular morphology and spatial context of the ROS generation. However, the specificity of various fluorescence probes for different types of ROS radicals has not been well-established7,8. Several fluorescent probes such as dihydroethidium (DHE), dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), dihydrorhodamine (DHR), dimethyl anthracene (DMA), 2,7 dichlorodihydroflurescein (DCFH), 1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), and MitoSox are available for ROS detection commercially. In the past decades, DHE, MitoSox, and DCFH-DA are the commonly used fluorescent dyes to measure ROS in cells and tissues8,9. DCFH-DA is a widely used dye for detecting intracellular H2O2 and oxidative stress. Despite the popularity of DCFH-DA, multiple previous studies have shown that it cannot be reliably used to measure intracellular H2O2 and other ROS levels8,9,10,11,12,13,14.
In contrast, the fluorescent probe dihydroethidium (DHE) shows a specific response to the intra-cellular superoxide radical (O2-). While the superoxide radical is one of many of the ROS species observed in cells, it is an important radical involved in the reduction of transition metals, conversion to peroxynitrate, and formation of hydroperoxides, among other intracellular effects. DHE is quickly taken up by the cells and has a fluorescence emission in the red wavelength range15. Upon reaction with superoxide radical specifically, DHE forms a red fluorescent product, 2-hydroxy ethidium (2-OH-E+). Thus, DHE may be considered as a specific probe for superoxide detection. However, DHE can also undergo nonspecific oxidation with ONOO- or OH., H2O2, and cytochrome c to form a second fluorescence product, ethidium E+, which can interfere with the measured 2-OH-E+ levels. However, these 2-OH E+ and E+ products, in combination, represent a major part of the total cellular ROS species observed inside a cell when stained with DHE. E+ intercalates into DNA, greatly enhancing its fluorescence8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16. Since the fluorescence spectra of ethidium and 2-hydroxy ethidium only differ slightly, the majority of ROS levels seen in a cell secondary to superoxide production can be detected and measured using DHE fluorescence products. These ROS species are identified using 480 nm wavelength excitation and 610 nm wavelength emission15,16,17.
In addition to choosing a specific fluorescent ROS detection probe, it is important to choose a sensitive method of detection to measure intracellular ROS. Accurate assessment of intracellular ROS levels is thus key to identifying disturbed redox balance states occurring in diseased cells or cells that have been exposed to various environmental stressors such as radiation, toxicological compounds, and genotoxic agents18. Since ROS is a commonly occurring phenomenon in cells that is responsible for regulating a variety of cell signaling activities, robust methods of detection of ROS are essential. To enable such high-throughput evaluation of ROS production within cells, this protocol uses a high-content screening (HCS) platform to measure the ROS species. The current protocol allows the high-throughput analysis of intracellular ROS production, which is of critical importance in many toxicology studies19. This protocol aims to provide an easy and versatile solution to detect and measure intracellular ROS in adherent hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The chemical reagents of H2O2 and menadione are used as potent ROS stimulators to measure the relative levels of ROS production in a controlled and high throughput setting. This protocol may be fine-tuned to measure ROS production in adherent and nonadherent cells under appropriate conditions, as necessary.

Forfatter Spotlight: Høykapasitetsmåling av intracellulære ROS-nivåer i hepatocellulære linjer

High Throughput Screening Vurdering av reaktive oksygenarter (ROS) generasjon ved bruk av Dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescens fargestoff

Our lab studies the impact of environmental pollutants, like heavy metals, on liver function and diseases related to reactive oxygen species production. This protocol aims to quantitatively measure ROS levels in cells using a dihydroethidium fluorescence probe. This protocol uses a high-content screening platform to quantitatively measure intracellular ROS species levels in hepatocellular lines.Measuring intercellular ROS level accurately is of critical importance in high-throughput toxicology study, which is a key area of interest in our lab. DHE fluorescence is a highly specific method for measuring total ROS levels, particularly targeting the superoxide radical, are giving it a significant advantage over other commonly used ROS fluorescence probe. Additionally, this protocol offer the unique ability to measure total cellular ROS level in a high-throughput platform.Our protocol is a robust and reproducible choice to characterize intracellular total ROS production. High-throughput approaches to measure ROS levels are helpful in a variety of studies, such as toxicology, drug screening, and cancer biology, which will be our focus in the future.

Dihydroethidium (DHE) farging av hepatocarcinoma celler for kvantifisering av reaktive oksygenarter (ROS)

For å begynne, frø 200 mikroliter volum av 10.000 hepatocellulære karsinomceller i en 96 brønnplate med DMEM og 10% FBS. Inkuber cellene over natten ved 37 grader Celsius i en fuktet inkubator under 5% karbondioksid. Neste dag, erstatt kulturmediet og behandle cellene med varierende konsentrasjoner av hydrogenperoksid og menadion.Løs opp fem milligram DHE i en milliliter DMSO. For arbeidsløsningen, fortynn en 100 mikromol aliquot med forvarmet DMEM-medium til en konsentrasjon på 10 mikromol. Vortex den fungerende fargestoffløsningen i 5 til 10 sekunder for å sikre riktig blanding.Fjern nå testmediet fra hver brønn før karsinomcellene står. Vask deretter hver brønn forsiktig med PBS. Pipett 100 mikroliter av arbeidsfargestoffløsningen i hver brønn.Inkuber platen ved 37 grader Celsius i 30 minutter. Fjern DHE som inneholder medier fra hver brønn. Bruk en flerkanals pipette til å vaske hver brønn tre ganger med PBS.Nå pipetter 200 mikroliter PBS som inneholder Hoechst 33342 kjernefysisk fargestoff i hver brønn. Etter inkubering, overfør platen til en screeningplattform med høyt innhold. Start Cellomics CX7 screening-programvare med høyt innhold.Kalibrer bildebehandlingsplattformen i henhold til produsentens spesifikasjoner. Åpne systemparameterne som er spesifikke for platemerket i instrumentdatabasen. Deretter plasserer du platen forsiktig med prøvene på det oppvarmede stadiet i bildesystemet.Forsikre deg om at platen er ordentlig plassert og i riktig retning. Trykk deretter forsiktig ned på mikroplaten for å sikre at den hviler flatt mot scenen. Når platen er riktig plassert, trykker du på og holder nede kontrolltasten.Klikk deretter på Kontroll og OK for å åpne dialogboksen Plate Load / Unload. Hvis du vil velge bildeparametere, åpner du målaktiveringsmodus i Cellomics BioApplications-grensesnittet. Opprett en ny protokoll for tokanals datainnsamling som er kompatibel med kjernefysisk farging og DHE-fluorescenssonde.Deretter angir du de nødvendige målene for bildeoppkjøp, og velg deretter riktig forstørrelse. Angi nå eksponeringstid, kamerabøying og z-stackintervall. Når avbildningsparametrene er angitt, identifiserer du det primære sporingsobjektet av interesse ved hjelp av de forskjellige algoritmene i instrumentet.Når du har segmentert det identifiserte objektet, validerer du primærobjektet basert på de spesifikke størrelses-, form- og intensitetsparametrene som er unike for hver celletype. Definer interesseområdet rundt objektet og sett en sirkel på 20 mikrometer rundt den. Klikk på fanen Populasjonskarakterisering, og sett deretter skannegrensen til 1000 celler per brønn med minimum 10 objekter per felt.Klikk nå på Start visning for å skanne hver brønnplate. Start deretter visningsanalyseprogramvaren og eksporter de kvantitative dataparametrene i et CSV-format for ytterligere analyse. Peroksideksponering resulterte i en statistisk signifikant økning av ROS-indusert fluorescens over alle cellelinjene på en doseavhengig måte.Med menadione viste JHH-4-cellene en doseavhengig økning i fluorescerende intensitet. Den signifikante forskjellen i fluorescens ble imidlertid bare observert ved høyere konsentrasjoner i de to andre cellelinjene.

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Dihydroethidium &#40;DHE&#41; Staining of Hepatocarcinoma Cells for the Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species &#40;ROS&#41;

High Throughput Screening Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation using Dihydroethidium (DHE) Fluorescence Dye

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the regulation of cellular metabolism in physiological and pathological processes. Physiological ROS ...