sw1222 cell line&#45;derived colorectal cancer organoid fabrication in ultrashort self-assembling peptide matrix

세포 접착 및 형태학을 위한 Biofunctional Self-Assembling Peptides 평가

In recent years, self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have emerged as promising biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. SAPs possess unique properties, including spontaneous formation of nanofibers, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity, making them attractive candidates for scaffold development1. SAPs have been previously used together with various types of cells, and notably, reported ultrashort SAPs have facilitated the encapsulation of stem cells while upholding their pluripotency over prolonged periods encompassing more than 30 passages and with minimal incidence of chromosomal aberrations2,3,4. Hence, adapting SAPs for their use in organoid culture constituted a rational subsequent step.
Organoids are complex three-dimensional structures that arise from single pluripotent cells. These structures give rise to various cell types, which then self-organize to replicate the developmental processes of embryonic and tissue growth in vitro5. This innovative framework has evolved into a formidable tool for in vitro investigations, efficiently conserving the genetic, phenotypic, and behavioral attributes characteristic of in vivo organs6. Nevertheless, a principal impediment in the bench-to-bedside transition of organoid-based findings is the need for reproducibility7. This variation in results is primarily ascribed to the difficulty in fully differentiating human pluripotent stem cells into specialized cell lineages, compounded by the absence of authentic tissue architecture and the inherent complexity encountered in organoid models. Given the rise in popularity of stem-cell- and organoid-based studies8, there has been an escalated demand for biomaterials with dynamic mechanical properties and integrin-like adhesion sites or scaffolds with controlled degradability7,9. These attributes can be effectively tuned through the strategic utilization of biofunctionalized SAPs.
SAPs are short sequences of amino acids with the inherent ability to spontaneously organize into well-defined structures10. These peptides often contain alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues, which drive their self-assembly through non-covalent interactions, including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and hydrophobic effects11,12. The self-assembly process of these peptides is primarily driven by the need to minimize the system&#39;s free energy. When in an aqueous environment, the hydrophobic residues tend to cluster together to minimize their exposure to water, while the hydrophilic residues interact with the surrounding water molecules. This phenomenon leads to the formation of various nanostructures. In this case, ultrashort self-assembling peptides form nanofibers with characteristics that depend on the peptide sequence and environmental conditions2,12,13,14,15,16. These peptides adopt a &#946;-turn conformation, where individual peptide strands align parallel or antiparallel to each other, stabilized by hydrogen bonds (Figure 1). The presence of positive ions accelerates the self-assembling processes that lead to nanofiber formation.
Peptide nanofibers have been identified as possessing an innate ability to entrap significant volumes of water. This characteristic facilitates the generation of a hydrogel, which subsequently manifests as a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional space conducive to cellular proliferation and growth. These self-assembling peptide nanofibers intricately emulate the topographical features inherent to the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) environment1. This resemblance endows cells with an environment that imitates their physiological habitat, further promoting optimal cellular activities17. Furthermore, the versatility inherent to these peptides permits a considerable degree of tunability4. Such adaptability enables changes to the matrix&#39;s properties, such as stiffness, gelation kinetics, and porosity. These adaptations are achieved through modifications to the peptide sequence. Consequently, self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have emerged as pivotal components in contemporary biomaterial science, extensively used as scaffolds for tissue regeneration and cellular culture13,17.
One of the critical advantages of self-assembling peptides is their ability to be easily synthesized and modified at the molecular level. This advantage allows for the incorporation of specific functional groups or bioactive motifs into the peptide sequence, enabling the design of peptides with tailored properties and functionalities18,19,20 (Figure 1B). For example, biofunctionalized SAPs can be designed to mimic the ECM and promote differentiation using the RGD peptide19,21. Peptide Ben-IKVAV has also been reported to significantly increase the expression of neuronal-specific markers due to its ligand-specific motiety22. These peptides can also be engineered to display bioactive molecules, such as integrin-binding peptides, to enhance cell survival23. Finally, other biofunctionalized SAPs have been developed to promote angiogenesis by including the IKVAV and YIGSR motifs in their structures24.
Biofunctionalized SAPs reported in an earlier publication show that self-assembling can be further modified by including the na&#239;ve peptide from which the biofunctionalized SAP was derived25. These SAP mixtures can also provide a wide array of SAP formulations that vary in their biochemical activity and physicochemical properties. For instance, the amphiphilic peptide IIFK is an ultrashort SAP that can withstand biofunctionalization with various motifs, exemplified by the incorporation of the IKVAV motif (Figure 1B). Both peptides can form nanofibers, both alone and combined. Each formulation results in hydrogels with varying physical properties (Figure 2)
However, because of the extensive array of potential permutations and alternatives obtained from the biofunctionalization of SAPs, there is a need to provide a fast and cost-effective option for organoid testing. One candidate for such intensive and cost-effective organoid evaluation is the SW1222 cell line, derived from human colorectal adenocarcinoma26,27. SW1222 cells possess characteristics that enable their aggregation into 3D structures resembling organoids, making them an ideal model for studying tissue development and regenerative medicine applications. SW1222 cells have been identified as capable of generating organoids owing to their intrinsic overexpression of the LGR5 gene27. The creation of organoids from individual LGR5+ stem cells has been convincingly exhibited before, as well as the propensity of SW1222 cells to achieve morphological characteristics of a colorectal cancer organoid28.
In this methods paper, we present detailed protocols for evaluating and characterizing the effects of various biofunctional peptides on cell adhesion and lumen formation using SW1222 cells (Figure 3). By providing step-by-step procedures and imaging analysis methods, we hope to offer valuable insights into the biofabrication of organoids and the evaluation of simplistic SAP matrices for organoid culture.

저자 스포트라이트: Optimization of Ultrashort Peptide Matrices for Colorectal Cancer Organoids(대장암 오가노이드를 위한 초단파 펩타이드 매트릭스의 최적화)

초단파 자기조립 펩타이드 매트릭스에서 SW1222 세포주의 대장암 오가노이드 제조 및 특성화

Our research aims to evaluate ultrashort self-assembling peptides as matrices for Colorectal Cancer Organoid Cultures. We address questions about organoid morphology, for viability, proliferation, and the adhesion and the impact of biofunctionalization. The goal is to optimize peptide matrix compositions for effective organoid growth, and to contribute to regenerative medicine.Cutting-edge technologies in our field involve 3D bioprinting for precise organic fabrication, microfluidic platforms for dynamic culture environments, and advanced imaging tools like atomic force microscopy and multiphoton microscopy. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing refines genetic modification, while single cell RNA sequencing provides in-depth molecular insights. Current experimental challenges include enhancing organoid reproducability, refining vascularization for larger constructs, and mimicking complex tissue architecture.Overcoming these limitations in long-term culture and incorporating immune components into models are active areas. Achieving standardized protocols and addressing ethical concerns opposing ongoing challenges in this field. Significant findings in our field include demonstrating the suitability of ultrashort self-assembling peptides for organoid cultures.We have shown the versatility, reproducability, and stability of these peptides, providing a platform for fine tuning micro-environments. This contributes to advancing organoid-based studies, regenerative medicine, and biofunctionalized hydrogel research. Our protocol bridges and research gap, whereby providing a systematic approach to evaluating organoids in ultrashort self-assembling peptide matrices.It addresses the need for standardized methods in assessing cell behavior within these matrices, aiding in durational design of peptide-based hydrogels for optimal organoid growth and advancing regenerative medicine studies.

SW1222 초단파 자기 조립 펩타이드 매트릭스에서 세포주 유래 대장암 오가노이드 제조

먼저, 2X 펩타이드 용액 10마이크로리터 방울을 24웰 플레이트의 웰 중앙으로 피펫팅합니다. 배양 후 10마이크로리터의 2X PBS를 각 웰에 피펫팅합니다. 피펫의 끝을 사용하여 용액을 부드럽게 혼합하고 겔 방울이 최소 20분 동안 안정화되도록 하여 방울이 손상되지 않도록 합니다.다음으로, 2백만 개의 SW1222 인간 결장직장 선암종 세포가 들어있는 플라스크에 0.0125 % 트립신 EDTA의 2.5 밀리리터를 피펫팅합니다. 플라스크에서 분리될 때까지 섭씨 37도에서 5-10분 동안 트립신으로 세포를 배양합니다. 트립신을 비활성화하기 위해 5ml의 완전한 배지를 추가합니다.그런 다음 30마이크로미터 세포 여과기를 사용하여 세포 현탁액을 여과합니다. 10 마이크로리터 마이크로 피펫을 사용하여 각 펩타이드 방울에 2마이크로리터의 세포 현탁액을 주입합니다. SW1222 세포주의 800개 세포를 4일 동안 각 웰에 파종합니다.이산화탄소 5% 미만인 섭씨 37도에서 30분 동안 물방울을 배양합니다. 그런 다음 각 웰에 0.5ml의 보충 매체를 추가합니다. 대조군을 준비하려면 기저막 매트릭스 대조군의 스톡을 보충된 매체로 희석합니다.세포 현탁액을 희석된 멤브레인 기저 용액에 로드합니다. 20 마이크로리터의 희석된 기저막 매트릭스를 세포와 함께 각 웰에 피펫팅합니다. 섭씨 37도에서 20분 동안 세포를 배양합니다.물방울이 응고된 후 0.5ml의 완전한 매체를 첨가하십시오. 1일, 4일, 7일에 명시야 현미경을 사용하여 세포를 이미지화하여 오가노이드 성장을 평가합니다. 일주일 동안 세포의 명시야 이미징은 작은 세포 클러스터가 오가노이드로 조립되고 있음을 보여주었습니다.펩타이드 하이드로겔에서 배양된 SW1222 유래 오가노이드는 가벼운 외관의 둥근 형태를 가졌습니다. 더 어두운 외관은 7일째에 펩타이드 P의 콜로니에서 볼 수 있는 바람직하지 않은 더 높은 밀도를 나타냈습니다.

sw1222-cell-linederived-colorectal-cancer-organoid-fabrication

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

SW1222 Cell Line&#45;Derived Colorectal Cancer Organoid Fabrication in Ultrashort Self-Assembling Peptide Matrix

Fabrication and Characterization of Colorectal Cancer Organoids from SW1222 Cell Line in Ultrashort Self&#45;Assembling Peptide Matrix

Ultrashort self-assembling peptides (SAPs) can spontaneously form nanofibers that resemble the extracellular matrix. These fibers allow the formation of ...

연구

생체공학

Immunostaining of Colorectal Cancer&#45;Derived Organoids in Peptide Hydrogel

펩타이드 하이드로겔에서 대장암 유래 오가노이드의 면역염색

Imaging Immunostained Colorectal Cancer&#45;Derived Organoids in Peptide Hydrogel for Evaluating the Effects of Self&#45;Assembling Peptides on Cell Adhesion

세포 접착에 대한 자가 조립 펩타이드의 효과를 평가하기 위해 펩타이드 하이드로겔에서 면역염색된 대장암 유래 오가노이드 이미징