equipment setup for motor imagery testing and training

Motor Imagery Using VR Digital Avatars in a Brain-Computer Interface System

Rehabilitation paradigms for patients with neurological impairments are undergoing a transformative shift with the integration of advanced technologies such as brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and immersive virtual reality (VR), offering a more nuanced and effective method for fostering recovery. Motor imagery (MI), the technique at the heart of BCI-based rehabilitation, involves the mental rehearsal of physical movements without actual motor execution1. MI exploits a neural mechanism where imagining a movement triggers a pattern of brain activity that closely mirrors that of performing the physical action itself2,3,4. Specifically, engaging in MI leads to a phenomenon known as event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-25 Hz) frequency bands of the brain&#39;s electrical activity5,6,7. ERD is indicative of a suppression of the baseline brain rhythms, a pattern also observed during actual movement, thereby providing a neural substrate for the use of MI within BCI-assisted rehabilitation frameworks7. Such a similarity in cortical activation between MI and physical movement suggests that MI can effectively stimulate the neural networks involved in motor control, making it a valuable tool for patients with motor deficits8. Furthermore, the practice of MI has been extended beyond mere mental rehearsal to include action observation strategies9. Observing the movement of task-related body parts or actions in others can activate the mirror neuron network (MNN), a group of neurons that respond both to action observation and execution9. Activation of the MNN through observation has been demonstrated to induce cortical plasticity, as evidenced by various neuroimaging modalities, including functional MRI10, positron emission tomography11, and transcranial magnetic stimulation12. The evidence supports the notion that MI training, enhanced by action observation, can lead to significant neural adaptation and recovery in affected individuals.
Virtual reality technology has revolutionized the realm of MI-based rehabilitation by offering an immersive environment that enhances the sense of body ownership and blurs the distinctions between the real and virtual worlds13,14,15. The immersive quality of VR makes it an effective tool for action observation and motor imagery practice, as it allows participants to perceive the virtual environment as real15. Research has shown that VR devices have a more pronounced effect on MI training compared to traditional 2D monitor displays15,16. Such findings are evidenced by enhanced neural activity, such as increased ERD amplitude ratios in the sensorimotor cortex, highlighting the benefits of higher immersion levels in stimulating brain activity during visually guided MI exercises16. The system aids in improving MI performance for tasks involving arm or limb movements by providing direct feedback, thereby enhancing the rehabilitation process16,17. The synergy between MI and VR emphasizes integrating sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and motor activities18,19. The combination has been particularly beneficial for stroke survivors20,21 and war veterans22, as studies have shown that integrating VR into MI-based rehabilitation protocols can significantly reduce rehabilitation time and improve recovery outcomes. The unique feature of VR in rehabilitation lies in its ability to create a sense of presence within a specifically designed virtual environment, enhancing the rehabilitation experience that is further augmented by the inclusion of virtual avatars representing the user&#39;s body, which has been increasingly utilized in motor rehabilitation studies23. These avatars offer a realistic three-dimensional representation of limb movements, aiding in MI and significantly impacting motor cortex activation. By allowing participants to visualize their virtual selves performing specific tasks, VR not only enriches the MI experience but also fosters a more rapid and effective neural reorganization and recovery process24. The implementation of virtual avatars and simulated environments in MI training emphasizes the natural and integrated use of virtual bodies within immersive virtual worlds.
Despite the remarkable advantages of BCI-based control of 3D avatars in MI for rehabilitation, a significant limitation remains in the predominant use of offline methodologies. Currently, most BCI applications involve capturing pre-recorded electroencephalography (EEG) data that is subsequently utilized to manipulate an avatar24,25. Even in scenarios where real-time avatar control is achieved, these avatars are often generic and do not resemble the participants they represent23. This generic approach misses a critical opportunity to deepen the immersion and sense of body ownership, which is crucial for effective rehabilitation24. The creation of a 3D avatar that mirrors the exact likeness of the subject could significantly enhance the immersive experience of the experience16. By visualizing themselves in the virtual world, participants could foster a stronger connection between their imagined and actual movements, potentially leading to more pronounced ERD patterns and, thus, more effective neural adaptation and recovery16. By advancing towards real-time control of personalized 3D avatars, the field of BCI and VR can significantly improve rehabilitation paradigms, offering a more nuanced, engaging, and efficacious method for patient recovery.
The current manuscript presents the creation, design, and technological aspects of both hardware and software of the VR-based real-time BCI control of 3D avatars, highlighting its innovative results that support its integration into motor rehabilitation settings. The proposed system will utilize electroencephalography (EEG) to capture motor imagery signals generated by the subject, which will then be used to control the movements and actions of the avatar in real time. The current approach will combine the advanced capabilities of VR technology with the precision of EEG in recognizing and interpreting brain activity related to imagined movements, aiming to create a more engaging and effective interface for users to interact with digital environments through the power of their thoughts.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Neurorehabilitation Through EEG, Motor Imagery, and Virtual Reality

Motor Imagery Performance Through Embodied Digital Twins in a Virtual Reality-Enabled Brain-Computer Interface Environment

My research in neuro rehabilitation centers around improving upper limb function for individuals with neurological injuries or disorders using a combination of EEG, motor imagery, and virtual reality technologies. The primary goal is to understand how these technologies can be integrated to enhance the effectiveness of motor skills rehabilitation. Virtual reality environments have become more sophisticated, enabling realistic simulations, tailored to individual rehabilitation needs, which help in refining motor skills in a nuanced manner.Hybrid systems that combine VR with other technologies like robotic arms and haptic feedback devices are also on the rise. One of the current experimental challenges with the use of brain computer interfaces revolves around the issue of intersubject variability and the need for extensive training. Each individual's brain signal can be vastly different, which means that BCIs often need to be extensively customized or calibrated for each user.Current treatments, often like the immersion and interactivity necessary for maximum efficacy. To fill this gap, our protocol utilizes motor imagery with an innovative twist, integrating digital twins represented by personalized 3D avatars in a virtual reality setting. This integration enhances immersion, making the rehabilitation process not just a mental exercise but also an engaging experience.Our research protocol offers significant advantages over other techniques, particularly in terms of ease of set and cost effectiveness. A standout feature is the creation and utilization of 3D avatars that closely resemble the subjects. This is achieved using simple, readily available tools and software that can generate personalized avatars from basic input data such as photographs.

Equipment Setup for Motor Imagery Testing and Training

Begin by assembling the 16-channel EEG data acquisition system. Attach the Daisy module, which has eight EEG channels, to the board containing eight EEG channels. Using a Y-splitter cable, connect the reference electrode to the bottom reference pin on the Daisy board and the board both labeled as SRB.Connect the ground electrode to the BIAS pin on the bottom board. Next, connect the 16 EEG electrodes to the bottom board pins and the Daisy bottom pins labeled N1P to N8P. Insert the electrodes on the gel-free cap at the labeled locations as per the international 10-20.Soak 18 sponges provided for the EEG electrodes in a saline solution for 15 minutes. Insert the soaked sponges on the underside of each electrode to establish contact between the scalp and the electrode. Then, let the participant sit comfortably in a quiet room.Place the gel-free EEG cap on the participant's scalp, and ensure the cap is aligned to fit over the participant's ears. Connect the USB dongle to the laptop, open the EEG GUI, click on EEG System. Under the Data Source option, select Serial 16 Channels, and Auto Connect.Inside the data acquisition screen, select the signal widget to check the signal quality of the connected electrodes. At each electrode site, verify an optimal impedance level of less than 10 kiloohm. If the impedance is higher than 10 kiloohm, add a few drops of saline solution to the sponge under the electrode.Then, close the GUI. Next, open the Acquisition Server software and select the appropriate EEG board under Driver. Click Connect and then Play to establish a connection with the EEG system.For game design, open the Game Engine software and select Motor Imagery Training Project. Enable VR support by clicking on Edit, then Project Settings followed by XR Plug-In Management. Check the box for the VR headset listed under Virtual Reality SDKs.Delete the default camera and drag the VR camera from the VR integration package into the scene. Also, place the imported animation file in the scene and adjust the scale and orientation as needed. For motor imagery training, set the OSC listener game object with pre-written scripts to trigger model animations for left and right-hand movements based on OSC messages.Next, in the Game Engine software, open File and click on Build Settings. Select PC, Mac, and Linux standalone, then Target Windows followed by clicking Build And Run. For the motor imagery testing project, use the OSC listener game object configured with scripts to receive OSC signals indicative of the participant's imagined hand movements and make the avatar perform the imagined movement.

equipment-setup-for-motor-imagery-testing-and-training

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

25 Views. Begin by assembling the 16-channel EEG data acquisition system. Attach the Daisy module, which has eight EEG channels, to the board containing eight EEG channels. Using a Y-splitter cable, connect the reference electrode to the bottom reference pin on the Daisy board and the board both labeled as SRB.Connect the ground electrode to the BIAS pin on the bottom board. Next, connect the 16 EEG electrodes to the bottom board pins and the Daisy bottom pins labeled N1P to N8P. Insert the elec...