Name: bioassays for monitoring insecticide resistance
Uploaded: 2010-12-30T16:30:00
Duration: 6 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance at JoVE.com

Gostaríamos de agradecer a Cotton Incorporated Estado Programa de Apoio # 08-317MO, USDA / CSREES SR-IPM Grant 2009-34103-20018 e Landis Internacional para financiamento de pesquisas referentes a esta publicação.

<ol>
	<li>Yu, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Toxicology and Biochemistry of Insecticides. , (2008).</li><li>Pimentel, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+and+Economic+Costs+of+the+Application+of+Pesticides+Primarily+in+the+United+States.">Environmental and Economic Costs of the Application of Pesticides Primarily in the United States.</a> Environ. Dev. Sustain. 7, 229-252 (2005).</li><li>Plapp, F. W., McWhorter, G. M., Vance, W. H., H, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+for+pyrethroid+resistance+in+the+tobacco+budworm+in+Texas-1986.">Monitoring for pyrethroid resistance in the tobacco budworm in Texas-1986.</a> Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences. , (1987).</li><li>Prabhaker, N., Toscano, N. C., Henneberry, T. J., Castle, S. J., Weddle, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+two+bioassay+techniques+for+resistance+monitoring+of+silverleaf+whitefly+(Homoptera:+Aleyrodidae)+in+California.">Assessment of two bioassay techniques for resistance monitoring of silverleaf whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in California.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 805-815 (1996).</li><li>Sivasupramaniam, S., Johnson, S., Watson, T. F., Osman, A. A., Jassim, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=glass-vial+technique+for+monitoring+tolerance+of+Bemisia+argentifolii+(Homoptera:+Aleyrodidae)+to+selected+insecticides+in+Arizona.">glass-vial technique for monitoring tolerance of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to selected insecticides in Arizona.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 66-74 (1997).</li><li>Shean, B., Cranshaw, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+susceptibilities+of+green+peach+aphid+(Homoptera:+Aphididae)+and+two+endoparasitoids+(Hymenopera:+Encyrtidae+and+Braconidae)+to+pesticides.">Differential susceptibilities of green peach aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and two endoparasitoids (Hymenopera: Encyrtidae and Braconidae) to pesticides.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 84, 844-850 (1991).</li><li>Willrich, M. M., Leonard, B. R., Cook, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+and+field+evaluations+of+insecticide+toxicity+to+stink+bugs+(Heteroptera+Pentatomidae).">Laboratory and field evaluations of insecticide toxicity to stink bugs (Heteroptera Pentatomidae).</a> J. Cotton Sci. 7, 156-163 (2003).</li><li>Snodgrass, G. L., Adamczyk, J., Gore, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+insecticides+in+a+glass-vial+bioassay+to+adult+brown,+green,+and+southern+green+stink+bugs+(Heteroptera:+Pentatomidae).">Toxicity of insecticides in a glass-vial bioassay to adult brown, green, and southern green stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 98, 177-181 (2005).</li><li>Nielsen, A. L., Shearer, P. W., Hamilton, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+insecticides+to+Halyomorpha+halys+(Hemiptera:+Pentatomidae)+using+glass-vial+bioassays.">Toxicity of insecticides to Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) using glass-vial bioassays.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 101, 1439-1442 (2008).</li><li>Dennehy, T. J., Russell, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Susceptibility+of+Lygus+bug+populations+in+Arizona+to+acephate+(Orthene)+and+bifenthrin+(Capture)+with+related+contrasts+of+other+insecticides.">Susceptibility of Lygus bug populations in Arizona to acephate (Orthene) and bifenthrin (Capture) with related contrasts of other insecticides.</a> Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences. , (1996).</li><li>Snodgrass, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glass-vial+bioassay+to+estimate+insecticide+resistance+in+adult+tarnished+plant+bugs.">Glass-vial bioassay to estimate insecticide resistance in adult tarnished plant bugs.</a> Heteroptera: Miridae). J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 1053-1059 (1996).</li><li>Snoddgrass, G. L., Scott, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+discriminating-dose+bioassay+for+detecting+pyrethroid+resistance+in+tarnished+plant+bug+(+Heteroptera:+Miridae)+populations.">A discriminating-dose bioassay for detecting pyrethroid resistance in tarnished plant bug ( Heteroptera: Miridae) populations.</a> Southwest. Entomol. 24, 301-307 (1999).</li><li>Lopez, J. D., Hoffman, W. C., Latheef, M. A., Fritz, B. K., Martin, D. E., Lan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+vial+bioassay+of+insecticidal+toxicity+against+cotton+fleahopper,+Pseudatomoscelis+seriatus+(Hemiptera:+Miridae).">Adult vial bioassay of insecticidal toxicity against cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae).</a> J. Pest. Sci.. 33, 261-265 (2008).</li><li>Lopez, J. D., Hoffman, W. C., Latheef, M. A., Fritz, B. K., Martin, D. E., Lan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+toxicity+of+selected+insecticides+against+thrips+on+cotton+in+laboratory+bioassays.">Evaluation of toxicity of selected insecticides against thrips on cotton in laboratory bioassays.</a> J. Cotton Sci. 12, 188-194 (2008).</li><li>Smith, T. P., Hammond, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+susceptibility+of+sweetpotato+weevil+(Coleoptera:+Brentidae)+to+selected+insecticides.">Comparative susceptibility of sweetpotato weevil (Coleoptera: Brentidae) to selected insecticides.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 99, 2024-2029 (2006).</li><li>Kanga, L. H. B., Wall, M. L., Plapp, F. W., Gardiner, E. M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyrethroid+resistance+in+field-collected+boll+weevils+from+southeast+Arkansas+in+1994.">Pyrethroid resistance in field-collected boll weevils from southeast Arkansas in 1994.</a> Southwest. Entomol. 20, 247-253 (1995).</li><li>Bayoun, I. M., Plapp, F. W. J. r., Gilstrap, F. E., Michels, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+of+selected+insecticides+to+Diuraphis+noxia+(Homoptera:+Aphidiae)+and+its+natural+enemies.">Toxicity of selected insecticides to Diuraphis noxia (Homoptera: Aphidiae) and its natural enemies.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 88, 1177-1185 (1995).</li><li>Smith, T. R., Cave, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pesticide+susceptibility+of+Cybocephalus+nipponoicus+and+Rhyzobius+Iophanthae+(Coleoptera+Cybocephalidae,+Coccinellidae).">Pesticide susceptibility of Cybocephalus nipponoicus and Rhyzobius Iophanthae (Coleoptera Cybocephalidae, Coccinellidae).</a> Fla. Entomol. 89, 502-507 (2006).</li><li>Sukontason, K., Olson, J. K., Hartberg, W. K., Duhrkopf, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organophosphate+and+pyrethroid+susceptibilities+of+Culex+salinarius+adults+from+Texas+and+New+Jersey.">Organophosphate and pyrethroid susceptibilities of Culex salinarius adults from Texas and New Jersey.</a> J Am. Mosquito Contr. 14, 477-480 (1998).</li><li>Kanga, L. H. B., Plapp, F. W. J. r., Wall, M. L., Elzen, G. W., Lopez, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+for+resistance+to+organophosphorus,+carbamate,+and+pyrethroid+insecticides+in+the+oriental+fruit+moth+(Lepidoptera:+Torticidae).">Monitoring for resistance to organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in the oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Torticidae).</a> Canadian Entomol. , 131-441 (1999).</li><li>Plapp, F. W., Jackman, J. A., Campanhola, C., Frisbie, R. E., Graves, J. B., Luttrell, R. G., Kitten, W. F., Wall, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+and+management+of+pyrethroid+resistance+in+the+tobacco+budworm+(Lepidoptera:+Noctuidae)+in+Texas,+Mississippi,+Louisiana,+Arkansas,+and+Oklahoma.">Monitoring and management of pyrethroid resistance in the tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 335-341 (1990).</li><li>Mink, J. S., Boethel, D. J., Leonard, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+permethrin+resistance+in+soybean+looper+(Lepidoptera:+Noctuidae)+adults.">Monitoring permethrin resistance in soybean looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults.</a> J. Entomol. Sci. 28, 43-50 (1993).</li><li>Cook, D. R., Leonard, B. R., Gore, J., Temple, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baseline+responses+of+bollworm,+Heliocoverpa+zea+(Boddie),+and+tobacco+budworm,+Heliothis+virescens+(F.),+to+indoxcarb+and+pyridalyl.">Baseline responses of bollworm, Heliocoverpa zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), to indoxcarb and pyridalyl.</a> J. Agricul. Urban Entomol. 22, 99-109 (2005).</li><li>Temple, J. H., Pommireddy, P. L., Cook, D. R., Ma&#231;on, P., Leonard, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arthopod+management:+Susceptibility+of+selected+lepidopteran+to+pests+Rynaxypyr,+a+novel+insecticide.">Arthopod management: Susceptibility of selected lepidopteran to pests Rynaxypyr, a novel insecticide.</a> J. Cotton Sci. 13, 23-31 (2009).</li><li>Plapp, F. W., Vinson, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+toxicities+of+some+insecticides+to+the+tobacco+budworm+and+its+ichneumonid+parasite,+Campoletis+sonorensis.">Comparative toxicities of some insecticides to the tobacco budworm and its ichneumonid parasite, Campoletis sonorensis.</a> Environ. Entomol. 6, 381-384 (1977).</li><li>Xu, J., Shelton, A. M., Cheng, X. i. a. N. i. a. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+susceptibility+of+Diadegma+insulare+(Hymenoptera:+Ichneumonidae)+to+permethrin.">Variation in susceptibility of Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) to permethrin.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 94, 541-546 (2001).</li><li>Snodgrass, G. L., Scott, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seasonal+changes+in+pyrethroid+resistance+in+tarnished+plant+bug+(Heteroptera:+Miridae)+populations+during+a+three+year+period+in+the+delta+area+of+Arkansas,+Louisiana+and+Mississippi.">Seasonal changes in pyrethroid resistance in tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) populations during a three year period in the delta area of Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 441-446 (2000).</li><li>Miller, A. L. E., Way, M. O., Bernhardt, J., Stout, M. J., Tindall, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-state+resistance+monitoring+of+rice+stink+bug+with+a+new+and+old+insecticide.">Multi-state resistance monitoring of rice stink bug with a new and old insecticide.</a> , (2010).</li><li>Abbott, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+computing+the+effectiveness+of+an+insecticide.">A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 18, 265-267 (1925).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> User's Manual version 8.0. , (2002).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> A user's guide to Probitor Logit analysis. , (2002).</li><li>Preisler, H. K., Robertson, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pesticide bioassays with arthropods. , (1992).</li><li>Hollingsworth, R. G., Steinkraus, D. C., Tugwell, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Responses+of+Arkansas+population+of+tarnished+plant+bugs+(Heteroptera:+Miridae)+to+insecticides,+and+tolerance+differences+between+nymphs+and+adults.">Responses of Arkansas population of tarnished plant bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) to insecticides, and tolerance differences between nymphs and adults.</a> J. Econ. Entomol. 90, 21-26 (1997).</li></ol>

Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

A LC 50 valor pode ser usado para estabelecer como base a susceptibilidade de uma população-alvo (s). O valor destes dados pode estar em pesquisas de monitoramento futuro ou para o propósito imediato de comparar os resultados atuais para que de uma LC previamente determinado 50 para determinar a suscetibilidade da população-alvo mudou. LC 50 reais valores podem ser comparados entre as populações através da análise dos intervalos de confiança de 95%, se os limites superiores e inferiores não se sobrepõem, então é provável que a população tem experimentado uma mudança significativa na susceptibilidade e em algumas situações é uma indicação da resistência 33. A LC 50 s também pode ser usado para examinar as mudanças sazonais na inseticida esusceptibilitye 28, ou comparar as respostas entre as espécies ou inseticida AI s. Trabalho considerável também utilizar esses dados para comparar as respostas entre homens e mulheres de 10 ou entre adultos e imaturos, 10,34. Às vezes, intervalos de confiança são amplos ou não capaz de ser calculado. Para obter mais apertado intervalos de confiança de realizar o bioensaio com mais insetos e / ou mais concentrações.

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>50-100 ml glass beaker </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Volumetric flask with stoppers (can use the amber colored flasks for light sensitive pesticides such as pyrethroids)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>20ml glass scintillation vials with un-lined lids</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A method for color coating vials (paint or markers)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Acetone</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Commercial hotdog roller (heat element disconnected)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2 wash bottles (one modified such that the opening is large for fast delivery of the liquid and one so that the spout opening is small for slow delivery of the liquids)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Small weigh boat (make sure all plastic materials acetone safe)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Access to a balance with 0.001g readability or a higher precision.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Parafilm M</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Repeater pipettor</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Appropriate tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass pipettes that fit in the volumetric flask.</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hood (used to remove the acetone smell)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>A place to store insecticide solutions and vials [refrigerator (solutions), dark room or freezer depending on the chemical (vials)]</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

bioassays for monitoring insecticide resistance

Resistência de pragas a pesticidas é um problema crescente, pois os pesticidas são parte integrante de alto rendimento agrícola de produção. Quando poucos produtos estão marcados para uma praga individuais dentro de um sistema de cultivo particular, opções de controle químico são limitadas. Portanto, o mesmo produto (s) são usadas repetidamente e contínua pressão de seleção é colocada sobre a praga alvo. Há tanto os custos financeiros e ambientais associados ao desenvolvimento de populações resistentes. O custo de resistência a pesticidas tem sido estimado em aproximadamente US $ 1,5 bilhões por ano nos Estados Unidos. Este artigo irá descrever protocolos, atualmente usado para monitorar artrópodes (insetos, especificamente) populações para o desenvolvimento de resistência. O teste frasco adultos é usado para medir a toxicidade entrar em contato com inseticidas e uma modificação deste teste é utilizado para plantas inseticidas sistêmicos. Nesses bioensaios, os insetos são expostos a inseticidas grau técnico e respostas (mortalidade) registrados em um intervalo pós-exposição específica. Os dados de mortalidade são submetidos a análise de log probit Dose para gerar estimativas de uma concentração letal que fornece a mortalidade para 50% (CL 50) das populações-alvo e uma série de limites de confiança (CL) como estimativas da variabilidade dos dados. Quando estes dados são recolhidos para uma série de mosquiteiros suscetíveis populações, a LC 50 pode ser usado como dados de base para fins de acompanhamento futuro. Após as populações tenham sido expostos a produtos, os resultados podem ser comparados a uma LC previamente determinado 50 usando a mesma metodologia.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance at JoVE.com

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Este manuscrito demonstra e discute técnicas usadas para pesquisa susceptibilidade de pesticidas e detectar a resistência ao contato e pesticidas sistêmicos em pragas artrópodes.

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Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed ...

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography

Avaliando Murino Resistência Função Usando Miografia Pressão Arterial

Pressure myograph systems are  exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized  to a suitable transmural pressure. The  ...

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Coupled Assays for Monitoring Protein Refolding in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ensaios para Monitoramento juntamente redobramento de proteínas em<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

Proteostasis, defined as the combined processes of protein folding/biogenesis, refolding/repair, and degradation, is a delicate cellular balance that must ...

Autonomously Bioluminescent Mammalian Cells for Continuous and Real-time Monitoring of Cytotoxicity

Células de mamíferos autonomamente bioluminescentes para monitoramento contínuo e em tempo real de citotoxicidade

Mammalian  cell-based in vitro assays have been  widely employed as alternatives to animal testing for toxicological studies but  have been limited due to ...

Selected Reaction Monitoring Mass Spectrometry for Absolute Protein Quantification

Reação selecionada Monitoramento Espectrometria de Massa para Absolute Quantificação de Proteína

Absolute quantification of target proteins within complex biological samples is critical to a wide range of research and clinical applications. This ...