1) Preparazione <ol><li> Per iniziare, sede il soggetto in una comoda poltrona davanti allo schermo di un computer. </li><li> Utilizzare un metro a nastro per garantire la distanza tra lo schermo e nasion del soggetto è di 60 cm. </li><li> Infine, una maschera di luce posto di blocco sopra gli occhi del soggetto. </li></ol> 2) Determinazione della soglia fosfene oltre V1/V2 <ol><li> Conoscere soglia fosfene del soggetto sarà importante quando si esplora il comportamento fosfenici più avant...

<ol>
	<li>Pascual-Leone, A., Davey, M., Wassermann, E. M., Rothwell, J., Puri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. , (2002).</li><li>Walsh, V., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind. , (2005).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N. G., Cowey, A., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+adaptation+reveals+state-dependent+effects+of+transcranial+magnetic+stimulation.">Neural adaptation reveals state-dependent effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 25, 1874-1881 (2007).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Dependency+of+Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation.">State-Dependency of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.</a> Brain Topography. 21, 1-10 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Cattaneo, Z., Battelli, L., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baseline+cortical+excitablility+determines+whether+TMS+disrupts+or+facilitates+behavior.">Baseline cortical excitablility determines whether TMS disrupts or facilitates behavior.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 99, 2725-2730 (2008).</li><li>Silvanto, J., Muggleton, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+validity+of+the+TMS+state-dependency+approach:+targeting+functionally+distinct+motion-selective+neural+populations.">Testing the validity of the TMS state-dependency approach: targeting functionally distinct motion-selective neural populations.</a> Neuroimage. 40, 1841-1848 (2008).</li><li>Tootell, R. B., Rappas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Malach, R., Born, R. T., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R., Belliveau, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+analysis+of+human+MT+and+related+visual+cortical+areas+using+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 15, 3215-3230 (1995).</li><li>Singh, K. D., Smith, A. T., Greenlee, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+frequency+and+direction+sensitivities+of+human+visual+areas+measured+using+fMRI.">Spatiotemporal frequency and direction sensitivities of human visual areas measured using fMRI.</a> Neuroimage. 12, 550-564 (2000).</li><li>Rutchmann, R. M., Schrauf, M., Greenlee, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+activation+during+dichoptic+presentation+of+optic+flow+stimuli.">Brain activation during dichoptic presentation of optic flow stimuli.</a> Exp Brain Res. 134, 533-537 (2000).</li><li>Morrone, M. C., Tosetti, M., Montanaro, D., Fiorentini, A., Cioni, G., Burr, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cortical+area+that+responds+specifically+to+optic+flow+revealed+by+fMRI.">A cortical area that responds specifically to optic flow revealed by fMRI.</a> Nat. Neuroscience. 3, 1322-1328 (2000).</li></ol>

Questo esperimento viene al cuore dello stato di dipendenza. Neuroni in V1/V2 si pensa a corrispondere con semplici, movimento direzionale 7,8 Pertanto, l&#39;adattamento alle uni-direzionale stimoli motivo aumentato l&#39;eccitabilità dei neuroni registrare questo movimento -. Quanto tali, dovrebbero essere i primi a reagire al TMS impulsi. Il V5/MT + complesso contiene anche neuroni sintonizzati semplice moto traslatorio, quindi il fosfeni indotto da questa regione dovrebbe essere interessata dallo stimolo...

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<td>Light Blocking Eye Mask</td>
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<td>Tape Measure</td>
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<td>Blank Graph Paper</td>
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<td>Stimuli Developed &amp; Presented on Computer using Adobe Photoshop</td>
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<td>Any Single Pulse Capable TMS Device</td>
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state-dependency effects on tms:  a look at motive phosphene behavior

Stimolazione magnetica transcranica (TMS) è un non-invasiva e tecnica neurostimulatory neuromodulatori che possono transitoriamente o durevolmente modulare l&#39;eccitabilità corticale (sia aumentando o diminuendo esso) attraverso l&#39;applicazione localizzata di impulsi di campo magnetico. 1,2 Nell&#39;ambito della TMS, il termine dipendenza dello stato si riferisce alla prima le condizioni originarie della regione di particolare mirati per la stimolazione neurale. Come si può dedurre, gli effetti della TMS può (e fare) variano in base a questa suscettibilità primaria e la reattività del territorio mirati corticale. 3,4,5 In questo esperimento, esamineremo questo concetto di stato di dipendenza attraverso l&#39;elicitazione e l&#39;esperienza soggettiva dei fosfeni movente. Fosfeni sono visivamente percepito lampi di piccole luci attivati ​​da impulsi elettromagnetici alla corteccia visiva. Queste piccole luci possono assumere caratteristiche diverse a seconda di quale tipo di corteccia visiva viene stimolato. In questo studio particolare, saremo targeting fosfeni come motivo ha suscitato attraverso la stimolazione dei V1/V2 e le regioni visive V5/MT + complessa 6.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior at JoVE.com

State-Dependency Effects on TMS:  A Look at Motive Phosphene Behavior

In questo articolo esaminiamo gli effetti di dipendenza stato visivamente rilevanti TMS indotta presentazioni fosfenici movente.

Stato-dipendenza Effetti sulla TMS: uno sguardo al comportamento Motive fosfene

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive neurostimulatory and neuromodulatory technique that can transiently or lastingly modulate ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

Il dispositivo TMS NeuroStar: Condurre la FDA ha approvato protocollo per il trattamento della depressione

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Cryopreservation of Cortical Tissue Blocks for the Generation of Highly Enriched Neuronal Cultures

Crioconservazione di tessuto corticale blocchi per la generazione di altamente arricchito Culture neuronale

In this study, we outline a standardized protocol for the successful cryopreservation and thawing of cortical brain tissue blocks to generate highly ...

Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Studiare l&#39;integrazione degli adulti nati Neuroni

Neurogenesis occurs in adult mammalian brains in the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle and in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the ...

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Indagini su Alterazioni della funzione del circuito ippocampale seguito lieve trauma cranico

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Una procedura di impianto del Camera spinale per longitudinale<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Imaging del cavo del mouse spinale

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Risoluzione alta analisi quantitativa Immunogold di Recettori di membrana a retina nastro Sinapsi

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA ...

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Using Linear Agarose Channels to Study Drosophila Larval Crawling Behavior

Utilizzando canali lineari Agarose per studiare<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Comportamento larvale Crawling

Drosophila larval crawling is emerging as a powerful model to study neural control of sensorimotor behavior. However, larval crawling behavior on flat ...

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

Combinando optogenetica con microRNA artificiali per caratterizzare gli effetti del Gene atterramento su funzione presinaptica all'interno di circuiti neuronali intatto

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

FM Dye Cycling at the Synapse: Comparing High Potassium Depolarization, Electrical and Channelrhodopsin Stimulation

Tintura di FM in bicicletta alla sinapsi: confronto tra alto potassio depolarizzazione, elettrica e stimolazione Channelrhodopsin

FM dyes are used to study the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle. These amphipathic probes have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, making them ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Effetti del Neurotrauma indotta da Blast il roditore pressurizzato Middle arterie cerebrali

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...