Name: operant sensation seeking in the mouse
Uploaded: 2010-11-10T11:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse at JoVE.com

这个项目是由美国国立卫生研究院拨款DA19112（DGW）和DA026994（CMO）的支持。插图提供了由凯瑟琳Louderback。实验是在范德比尔特鼠的神经行为实验室。

1。作为增强剂使用不同的视觉和听觉刺激编写程序来运行操作性测试会议<ol><li>对于固定比率（FR）的会议：使长度为一小时的会议，在会议房子的光线和风扇打开。累进比率会议，会议两个小时的长度。有两个杠杆杆跨动物（杠杆分配对每个动物永远不会改变）“积极”与“不活跃”的会议和制衡的持续时间延长。 </li><li>程序代码在这样一个根据以下参数的方式是多种多样的，每个增强剂： ...

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cue+dependency+of+nicotine+self-administration+and+smoking.">Cue dependency of nicotine self-administration and smoking.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 70, 515-530 (2001).</li><li>Cain, M. E., Green, T. A., Bardo, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+enrichment+decreases+responding+for+visual+novelty.">Environmental enrichment decreases responding for visual novelty.</a> Behavioural Processes. 73, 360-366 (2006).</li><li>Thompson, T. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Reinforcement+in+Siamese+Fighting+Fish.">Visual Reinforcement in Siamese Fighting Fish.</a> Science. 141, 55-57 (1963).</li><li>Blatter, K., Schultz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rewarding+properties+of+visual+stimuli.">Rewarding properties of visual stimuli.</a> Exp Brain Res. 168, 541-546 (2006).</li><li>Olsen, C. M., Winder, D. 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操作性感觉寻求是一个有用的替代静脉注射毒品的自我管理，当鼠标选择动物。既不能手术或导管维护是必需的，其实是有利的，因为这些都是鼠标中的重大技术障碍。开放源码软件也有吸引力，因为它可能是测量有别于其他天然食品，如强化加固方面。 它是有用的注意，在小鼠的行为措施可以在不同的环境条件 24的高度可变。这个问题已经出现在我们自己的实验室...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
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<td>Drug self-administration test package for mouse: extra-wide chamber and retractable levers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.med-associates.com/">Med Associates, Inc</a></td>
<td>MED-307W-CT-D1</td>
<td>Levers are ultra-sensitive (require ~2 grams force) and are mounted 2.2 cm above the floor. Yellow stimulus lamps are mounted 2 cm above each lever.</td>
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<td>Interface and software package</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.med-associates.com/">Med Associates, Inc</a></td>
<td>MED-SYST-16</td>
<td>This is the package for up to 16 chambers.</td>
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operant sensation seeking in the mouse

操作性的方法是强大的行为动机行为的研究工具。这些“自我管理”的方法已被广泛用于吸毒成瘾的研究，由于其高的结构效度。操作性研究，提供研究人员成瘾过程的几个方面的临床前研究的工具。例如，急性加固（包括药物和非药物）的机制，可以使用药物或遗传的工具进行测试，以确定一个分子的目标的能力 ，影响自我管理行为1-6。此外，药物或食物寻求行为可以在主增强剂的情况下进行研究，药理化合物能够破坏这个过程是一个发现的可能有用的治疗网瘾3的分子靶标和化合物的临床前模型， 7-9。用鼠标在执行静脉注射毒品的自我管理研究的一个问题是技术上的困难，保持尿管通畅。在这些实验中的流失率很高，可以达到40％或更高的 10-15 。一般药物自我管理的另一个问题是雪亮的增强剂药物诱导效应产生特定的行为。例如，加强和神经系统的影响的精神兴奋剂的测量，可以混淆他们的心理活动的影响。操作性使用食品加固的方法能够避免这些缺陷，虽然他们在研究药物成瘾的实用工具是有限的事实，改变药物的自我管理的一些操作，对粮食的自我管理的影响微乎其微。例如，中脑边缘多巴胺病变或D1多巴胺受体基因敲除减少，而无需一个重大影响粮食自给行政12,16可卡因的自我管理。 感官刺激被形容为自己的能力，以支持操作性作为主要强化（即没有空调的强化）17-22响应。听觉和视觉刺激是自我管理18,21,23几个品种，虽然少得惊人，是已知的神经机制有关这项加固。操作性的感觉寻求（OSS）的模式是获得鼠标的感觉自我管理的强大的模型，允许的神经机制的研究，在重要的感官加固24。开放源码软件的另一个优势是屏幕操作行为的差异，可能会上瘾有关的基因突变小鼠的能力。我们曾报道，多巴胺D1受体基因敲除小鼠，以前证明是缺乏自我管理精神兴奋剂，也无法获取的OSS 24的。这是一个独特的发现，这些老鼠都能够学习操作性的任务，当食物用来作为增强剂。使用食品加固操作性的研究虽然可以在一般的动机的行为和的内在机制，食品加固，上述研究的有用，这些研究是有限的在他们的应用研究药物成瘾的分子机制。因此，可能有类似的神经基础调解食品加固，这将使开放源码软件为吸毒过程的研究，特别是有吸引力的模式不同的感觉和精神兴奋剂加固。 OSS和药物强化其他的分子靶点之间的重叠程度尚不清楚，但是，我们目前追求的一个主题。虽然成瘾，如抵抗灭绝的某些方面可能与OSS观察，我们发现，在这个模型 24中观察到升级25。有趣的是，升级的摄入量和成瘾的一些其他方面的观察与自我管理蔗糖26。因此，当非药物的操作性程序所需的研究毒瘾有关的过程，食物或感官强化，可以选择最适合于特定的问题被要求。 总之，粮食的自我管理和鼠标OSS不需要静脉留置针，允许更高的吞吐量是指研究药物或遗传操纵的参与动机的神经目标的影响的优势。虽然操作性测试作为增强剂使用的食品是调节食物摄入量的研究，特别是在有用的，开放源码软件，特别是对研究感官刺激的加固机制apt和求新求和成瘾可能有广泛的适用性。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

在这个协议中，我们描述了一个操作性的学习方法，使用鼠标增强剂作为感官刺激。它不需要事先培训或食品的限制，以及允许在不使用药物或天然增强剂，如食品的动机行为的研究。

在鼠标的操作性感觉寻求

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Procedure for Studying the Footshock-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Laboratory Rats

在实验室老鼠研究求可卡因电击诱导恢复原状的程序

The most insidious aspect of drug addiction is the high propensity for relapse.  Animal models of relapse, known as reinstatement procedures, have been ...

科研

神经科学

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

多鼠神经解剖学磁共振成像

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Detection of Neuritic Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

在阿尔茨海默氏症小鼠模型神经炎斑检测

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaque formation is one of the pathological hallmarks ...

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

小鼠强迫游泳实验

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental ...

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

微透析的乙醇操作性乙醇的自我管理和乙醇的测定气相色谱

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

新生小鼠脑侧脑室注射病毒的持续和广泛的神经元传导

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

一个简单的方法来衡量在改建悬赏寻求行为使用<em&gt;果蝇</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

啮齿动物强化决策中成本效益分析的操作协议

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

小鼠视网膜的经瞳双光子体内成像

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

在体内 小鼠劣质橄榄中的钙成像

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...