Name: operant sensation seeking in the mouse
Uploaded: 2010-11-10T11:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse at JoVE.com

このプロジェクトは、NIHの助成金DA19112（DGW）とDA026994（CMO）によってサポートされていました。イラストは、キャサリン心苦しくによって提供されていました。実験は、ヴァンダービルトマウス神経行動学研究室で行った。

1。強化子として様々な視覚と聴覚刺激を用いたオペラントテストセッションを実行するプログラムを書く<ol><li>固定比率（FR）セッションの場合：家の光とファンセッション中にオンにして長さが1時間のセッションを行います。プログレッシブ比セッションでは、セッション二時間の長さにしてください。両方のレバーがレバーが動物（各動物のレバーの割り当てが変化しない）を介して&...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+pharmacotherapies+for+drug+addiction:+a+Rosetta+stone+approach.">Development of pharmacotherapies for drug addiction: a Rosetta stone approach.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 8, 500-515 (2009).</li><li>Arnold, J. M., Roberts, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critique+of+fixed+and+progressive+ratio+schedules+used+to+examine+the+neural+substrates+of+drug+reinforcement.">A critique of fixed and progressive ratio schedules used to examine the neural substrates of drug reinforcement.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 57, 441-447 (1997).</li><li>O'Brien, C. P., Gardner, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+assessment+of+how+to+study+addiction+and+its+treatment:+human+and+non-human+animal+models.">Critical assessment of how to study addiction and its treatment: human and non-human animal models.</a> Pharmacology &#38; Therapeutics. 108, 18-58 (2005).</li><li>Olsen, C. M., Duvauchelle, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prefrontal+cortex+D1+modulation+of+the+reinforcing+properties+of+cocaine.">Prefrontal cortex D1 modulation of the reinforcing properties of cocaine.</a> Brain Research. 1075, 229-235 (2006).</li><li>Epstein, D. H., Preston, K. 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W., McFarland, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+circuitry+and+the+reinstatement+of+cocaine-seeking+behavior.">Brain circuitry and the reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 168, 44-56 (2003).</li><li>Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+to+relapse:+the+neurobiology+of+drug-+and+stress-induced+relapse+to+drug-taking.">Pathways to relapse: the neurobiology of drug- and stress-induced relapse to drug-taking.</a> J Psychiatry Neurosci. 25, 125-136 (2000).</li><li>Olsen, C. M., Winder, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+single-session+cocaine+self-administration+in+the+mouse.">A method for single-session cocaine self-administration in the mouse.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 187, 13-21 (2006).</li><li>Rocha, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+responsiveness+to+cocaine+in+C57BL/6J+and+DBA/2J+mice.">Differential responsiveness to cocaine in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 138, 82-88 (1998).</li><li>Caine, S. B., Negus, S. S., Mello, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+training+operant+responding+and+evaluating+cocaine+self-administration+behavior+in+mutant+mice.">Method for training operant responding and evaluating cocaine self-administration behavior in mutant mice.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 147, 22-24 (1999).</li><li>Colby, C. R., Whisler, K., Steffen, C., Nestler, E. J., Self, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Striatal+cell+type-specific+overexpression+of+DeltaFosB+enhances+incentive+for+cocaine.">Striatal cell type-specific overexpression of DeltaFosB enhances incentive for cocaine.</a> J Neurosci. 23, 2488-2493 (2003).</li><li>Schramm-Sapyta, N. L., Olsen, C. M., Winder, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cocaine+self-administration+reduces+excitatory+responses+in+the+mouse+nucleus+accumbens+shell.">Cocaine self-administration reduces excitatory responses in the mouse nucleus accumbens shell.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 31, 1444-1451 (2006).</li><li>Steiner, R. C., Hsiung, H. M., Picciotto, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cocaine+self-administration+and+locomotor+sensitization+are+not+altered+in+CART+knockout+mice.">Cocaine self-administration and locomotor sensitization are not altered in CART knockout mice.</a> Behav Brain Res. 171, 56-62 (2006).</li><li>Marx, M. H., Henderson, R. L., Roberts, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+reinforcement+of+the+bar-pressing+response+by+a+light+stimulus+following+dark+operant+pretests+with+no+after+effect.">Positive reinforcement of the bar-pressing response by a light stimulus following dark operant pretests with no after effect.</a> J Comp Physiol Psychol. 48, 73-76 (1955).</li><li>Baron, A., Kish, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-intensity+auditory+and+visual+stimuli+as+reinforcers+for+the+mouse.">Low-intensity auditory and visual stimuli as reinforcers for the mouse.</a> J Comp Physiol Psychol. 55, 1011-1013 (1962).</li><li>Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinforcing+effects+of+light+as+a+function+of+intensity+and+reinforcement+schedule.">Reinforcing effects of light as a function of intensity and reinforcement schedule.</a> Journal of comparative and physiological psychology. 53, 187-193 (1960).</li><li>Caggiula, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cue+dependency+of+nicotine+self-administration+and+smoking.">Cue dependency of nicotine self-administration and smoking.</a> Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 70, 515-530 (2001).</li><li>Cain, M. E., Green, T. A., Bardo, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+enrichment+decreases+responding+for+visual+novelty.">Environmental enrichment decreases responding for visual novelty.</a> Behavioural Processes. 73, 360-366 (2006).</li><li>Thompson, T. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Reinforcement+in+Siamese+Fighting+Fish.">Visual Reinforcement in Siamese Fighting Fish.</a> Science. 141, 55-57 (1963).</li><li>Blatter, K., Schultz, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rewarding+properties+of+visual+stimuli.">Rewarding properties of visual stimuli.</a> Exp Brain Res. 168, 541-546 (2006).</li><li>Olsen, C. M., Winder, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Operant+sensation+seeking+engages+similar+neural+substrates+to+operant+drug+seeking+in+C57+mice.">Operant sensation seeking engages similar neural substrates to operant drug seeking in C57 mice.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 34, 1685-1694 (2009).</li><li>Crabbe, J. C., Wahlsten, D., Dudek, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+mouse+behavior:+interactions+with+laboratory+environment.">Genetics of mouse behavior: interactions with laboratory environment.</a> Science. 284, 1670-1672 (1999).</li><li>Crawley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotypes+of+inbred+mouse+strains:+implications+and+recommendations+for+molecular+studies.">Behavioral phenotypes of inbred mouse strains: implications and recommendations for molecular studies.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 132, 107-124 (1997).</li><li>Belknap, J. K., Metten, P., Beckley, E. H., Crabbe, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multivariate+analyses+reveal+common+and+drug-specific+genetic+influences+on+responses+to+four+drugs+of+abuse.">Multivariate analyses reveal common and drug-specific genetic influences on responses to four drugs of abuse.</a> Trends Pharmacol Sci. 29, 537-543 (2008).</li><li>Mozhui, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+differences+in+stress+responsivity+are+associated+with+divergent+amygdala+gene+expression+and+glutamate-mediated+neuronal+excitability.">Strain differences in stress responsivity are associated with divergent amygdala gene expression and glutamate-mediated neuronal excitability.</a> J Neurosci. 30, 5357-5367 (2010).</li><li>Hefner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+fear+extinction+learning+and+cortico-amygdala+circuit+abnormalities+in+a+common+genetic+mouse+strain.">Impaired fear extinction learning and cortico-amygdala circuit abnormalities in a common genetic mouse strain.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 8074-8085 (2008).</li><li>Elmer, G. I., Pieper, J. O., Hamilton, L. R., Wise, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Qualitative+differences+between+C57BL/6J+and+DBA/2J+mice+in+morphine+potentiation+of+brain+stimulation+reward+and+intravenous+self-administration.">Qualitative differences between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice in morphine potentiation of brain stimulation reward and intravenous self-administration.</a> Psychopharmacology (Berl). 208, 309-321 (2010).</li></ol>

求めているオペラント感覚は、マウスが好きな動物である静脈内薬物自己投与する代わりに使用すると便利です。手術もカテーテルの維持管理のいずれも必要になる、ということは、これらのマウスにおいて重要な技術的なハードルであるため、有利である。それは、食品など他の自然な強化子とは別の補強の側面を測定することがありますので、OSSにも魅力的です。 ?...

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		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
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<td>Drug self-administration test package for mouse: extra-wide chamber and retractable levers</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.med-associates.com/">Med Associates, Inc</a></td>
<td>MED-307W-CT-D1</td>
<td>Levers are ultra-sensitive (require ~2 grams force) and are mounted 2.2 cm above the floor. Yellow stimulus lamps are mounted 2 cm above each lever.</td>
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<td>Interface and software package</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.med-associates.com/">Med Associates, Inc</a></td>
<td>MED-SYST-16</td>
<td>This is the package for up to 16 chambers.</td>
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operant sensation seeking in the mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse at JoVE.com

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

このプロトコルでは、マウスでの強化子として感覚刺激を用いたオペラント学習の方法を説明します。それは事前のトレーニングや食事制限を必要とせず、そしてそれは、食品などの薬理学的または自然的強化子を使用せずに、やる気のある行動の研究が可能になります。

マウスに求めてオペラントセンセーション

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Procedure for Studying the Footshock-Induced Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Laboratory Rats

実験用ラットに求めてコカインのフットショック誘発性回復を勉強するための手順

The most insidious aspect of drug addiction is the high propensity for relapse.  Animal models of relapse, known as reinstatement procedures, have been ...

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

複数のマウスの神経解剖学的磁気共鳴イメージング

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Detection of Neuritic Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model

アルツハイマー病のマウスモデルにおける神経突起斑の検出

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder leading to dementia. Neuritic plaque formation is one of the pathological hallmarks ...

The Mouse Forced Swim Test

マウス強制水泳試験

The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental ...

Microdialysis of Ethanol During Operant Ethanol Self-administration and Ethanol Determination by Gas Chromatography

ガスクロマトグラフィーによるオペラントエタノール自己投与とエタノール判別中エタノールのマイクロダイアリシス

Operant self-administration methods are commonly used to study the behavioral and pharmacological effects of many drugs of abuse, including ethanol.  ...

Intracerebroventricular Viral Injection of the Neonatal Mouse Brain for Persistent and Widespread Neuronal Transduction

永続かつ広範な神経伝達のための新生児マウス脳の脳室内ウイルス注射

With the pace of scientific advancement accelerating rapidly, new methods are needed for experimental neuroscience to quickly and easily manipulate gene ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

使用して報酬を求める行動の変化を測定するための簡単な方法<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

齧歯動物による補強意思の中に費用便益分析を評価するためのオペラントのプロトコル

Reinforcement-guided decision making is the ability to choose between competing courses of action based on the relative value of the benefits and their ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

経瞳孔二光子マウス網膜のin vivoイメージング

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

インビボ マウス劣オリーブにおけるカルシウムイメージング

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...