Name: oral biofilm analysis of palatal expanders by fluorescence in-situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy
Uploaded: 2011-10-20T12:00:00
Duration: 9 min 44 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy at JoVE.com

यह काम चिकित्सा विश्वविद्यालय ग्राज़ स्वच्छता Fonds द्वारा समर्थित किया गया. सभी विषयों में उनकी सूचित सहमति दे दी है. अध्ययन प्रोटोकॉल के संस्थागत अनुमोदन चिकित्सा विश्वविद्यालय ग्राज़ से प्राप्त हुई थी.

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Methods. 44, 39-47 (2001).</li><li>Hojo, K., Nagaoka, S., Ohshima, T., Maeda, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+interactions+in+dental+biofilm+development.">Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm development.</a> J. Dent. Res. 88, 982-990 (2009).</li><li>Jung, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+initial+bacterial+colonization+on+dentine+and+enamel+in+situ.">Visualization of initial bacterial colonization on dentine and enamel in situ.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 81, 166-174 (2010).</li><li>Al-Ahmad, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+colonization+of+enamel+in+situ+investigated+using+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization.">Bacterial colonization of enamel in situ investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization.</a> J. Med. Microbiol. 58, 1359-1366 (2009).</li><li>Bryers, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medical+biofilms.">Medical biofilms.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 100, 1-18 (2008).</li><li>Cardinale, M., Vieira de Castro, J., Muller, H., Berg, G., Grube, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+analysis+of+the+bacterial+community+associated+with+the+reindeer+lichen+Cladonia+arbuscula+reveals+predominance+of+Alphaproteobacteria.">In situ analysis of the bacterial community associated with the reindeer lichen Cladonia arbuscula reveals predominance of Alphaproteobacteria.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 66, 63-71 (2008).</li><li>Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., Dewhirst, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+normal+bacterial+flora+of+the+oral+cavity.">Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 5721-5732 (2005).</li><li>Chin, M. Y., Busscher, H. J., Evans, R., Noar, J., Pratten, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+biofilm+formation+and+the+effects+of+antimicrobial+agents+on+orthodontic+bonding+materials+in+a+parallel+plate+flow+chamber.">Early biofilm formation and the effects of antimicrobial agents on orthodontic bonding materials in a parallel plate flow chamber.</a> Eur. J. Orthod. 28, 1-7 (2006).</li><li>Loy, A., Maixner, F., Wagner, M., Horn, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=probeBase--an+online+resource+for+rRNA-targeted+oligonucleotide+probes:+new+features+2007.">probeBase--an online resource for rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes: new features 2007.</a> Nucleic. Acids. Res. 35, (2007).</li><li>Diaz, P. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+characterization+of+subject-specific+oral+microflora+during+initial+colonization+of+enamel.">Molecular characterization of subject-specific oral microflora during initial colonization of enamel.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 2837-2848 (2006).</li><li>Dige, I., Nilsson, H., Kilian, M., Nyvad, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+identification+of+streptococci+and+other+bacteria+in+initial+dental+biofilm+by+confocal+laser+scanning+microscopy+and+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization.">In situ identification of streptococci and other bacteria in initial dental biofilm by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization.</a> Eur. J. Oral Sci. 115, 459-467 (2007).</li><li>Kolenbrander, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+interactions+and+successions+during+plaque+development.">Bacterial interactions and successions during plaque development.</a> Periodontology. 42, 47-79 (2000).</li><li>Kolenbrander, P. E., Palmer, R. J., Periasamy, S., Jakubovics, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+multispecies+biofilm+development+and+the+key+role+of+cell-cell+distance.">Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell-cell distance.</a> Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8, 471-480 (2010).</li><li>Chalmers, N. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+quantum+dot+luminescent+probes+to+achieve+single-cell+resolution+of+human+oral+bacteria+in+biofilms.">Use of quantum dot luminescent probes to achieve single-cell resolution of human oral bacteria in biofilms.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 630-636 (2007).</li><li>Wecke, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+technique+for+monitoring+the+development+of+bacterial+biofilms+in+human+periodontal+pockets.">A novel technique for monitoring the development of bacterial biofilms in human periodontal pockets.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 191, 95-101 (2000).</li><li>Moter, A., Gobel, U. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+(FISH)+for+direct+visualization+of+microorganisms.">Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for direct visualization of microorganisms.</a> J. Microbiol. Methods. 41, 85-112 (2000).</li></ol>

ब्याज की कोई संघर्ष की घोषणा की.

प्रोटोकॉल में वर्णित इस के साथ साथ धुंधला हो जाना मुश्किल सामग्री से एकत्र biofilms के लिए एक अत्यधिक व्यावहारिक दृष्टिकोण है. नमूनाकरण और संकरण सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कदम उठाए हैं. नमूने के दौरान ख्याल रखा जा सकता है कि पर्याप्त मोटाई के स्लाइस करने के लिए सुनिश्चित करें कि biofilm संरचना बरकरार एकत्र कर रहे हैं. संकरण के दौरान, यह तापमान में अत्यधिक उतार - चढ़ाव से बचने के लिए आवश्यक है, इस प्रकार गैर विशिष्ट बंधन, या fluorescently लेबल जांच के बंधन के नुकसान से बचने. यह मछली एक सुरुचिपूर्ण विधि गिलास स्लाइड पर सीधे इसकी संरचना में खलल न डालें बिना सामान्य विषम biofilm दाग प्रोटोकॉल है. स्लाइड्स तुरंत एक नमूना एक बार फिर से आगे की जरूरत के बिना माइक्रोस्कोपी के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है. इस तरह, ट्यूबों में धुंधला पर एक सुधार biofilm के लिए लागू किया जा रहा है कम कतरनी बल द्वारा हासिल की है. &gt; 50 सुक्ष्ममापी मोटी स्लाइसें और तैयार किया जा सकता है इस फैशन में जांच की.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<th>Oligonucleotides</th>
			<th>Target organism</th>
			<th>Fluorochrome</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EUB338 - 338III</td>
			<td>Eubacteria</td>
			<td>Cy3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LGC354 A-C</td>
			<td>Firmicutes</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bac303</td>
			<td>Bacteroidetes</td>
			<td>Cy5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mut590</td>
			<td>Streptococcus mutans</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>POGI</td>
			<td>Porphyromonas gingivalis</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 3. Oligonucleotides (refer to probeBase13 for details).
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<th>Component</th>
			<th>Company</th>
			<th>Comments</th>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>4% solution in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 x PBS</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>3 x solution prepared</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ddH2O</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (100%)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysozyme</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>100 mg/ml stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>99.5% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 M NaCl</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2% SDS</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FISH probes (oligonucleotides)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Sigma</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold antifadent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nail polish</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<th>Equipment</th>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>IKA Tez</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polysine-coated slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 4. Materials and equipment.

oral biofilm analysis of palatal expanders by fluorescence in-situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of natural heterogeneous biofilm is today facilitated by a comprehensive range of staining techniques, one of them being fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).1,2 We performed a pilot study in which oral biofilm samples collected from fixed orthodontic appliances (palatal expanders) were stained by FISH, the objective being to assess the three-dimensional organization of natural biofilm and plaque accumulation.3,4 FISH creates an opportunity to stain cells in their native biofilm environment by the use of fluorescently labeled 16S rRNA-targeting probes.4-7,19 Compared to alternative techniques like immunofluorescent labeling, this is an inexpensive, precise and straightforward labeling technique to investigate different bacterial groups in mixed biofilm consortia.18,20 General probes were used that bind to Eubacteria (EUB338 + EUB338II + EUB338III; hereafter EUBmix),8-10 Firmicutes (LGC354 A-C; hereafter LGCmix),9,10 and Bacteroidetes (Bac303).11 In addition, specific probes binding to Streptococcus mutans (MUT590)12,13 and Porphyromonas gingivalis (POGI)13,14 were used. The extreme hardness of the surface materials involved (stainless steel and acrylic resin) compelled us to find new ways of preparing the biofilm. As these surface materials could not be readily cut with a cryotome, various sampling methods were explored to obtain intact oral biofilm. The most workable of these approaches is presented in this communication. Small flakes of the biofilm-carrying acrylic resin were scraped off with a sterile scalpel, taking care not to damage the biofilm structure. Forceps were used to collect biofilm from the steel surfaces. Once collected, the samples were fixed and placed directly on polysine coated glass slides. FISH was performed directly on these slides with the probes mentioned above. Various FISH protocols were combined and modified to create a new protocol that was easy to handle.5,10,14,15 Subsequently the samples were analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Well-known configurations3,4,16,17 could be visualized, including mushroom-style formations and clusters of coccoid bacteria pervaded by channels. In addition, the bacterial composition of these typical biofilm structures were analyzed and 2D and 3D images created.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy at JoVE.com

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

हम प्राकृतिक मौखिक biofilm के orthodontic उपकरणों से संरचनात्मक और compositional विश्लेषण के साथ के लिए एक प्रोटोकॉल वर्तमान<em&gt; बगल में</em&gt; संकरण (मछली) और लेजर confocal स्कैनिंग माइक्रोस्कोपी (CLSM). मौखिक biofilm नमूने तालु विस्तारक से एकत्र किए गए थे, उनकी सतह बंद ऐक्रेलिक राल गुच्छे scraping और आणविक प्रसंस्करण के लिए उन्हें जिक्र.

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