Name: characterizing herbivore resistance mechanisms: spittlebugs on brachiaria spp. as an example
Uploaded: 2011-06-19T14:00:00
Duration: 6 min 52 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example at JoVE.com

这种生产和试点工作提出了本反映雷纳尔帕雷哈的投入和热情帮助，请丽娜阿吉雷，吉尔伯托科尔多瓦，威廉梅拉，尼利亚Ximena，和达里奥Viveros支持。我们也感谢约翰迈尔斯和3个匿名审稿意见，帮助我们提高了视频和手稿。

1。植物<ol><li>单从成熟的植物扦插作为试点单位。修剪到10厘米的插条，以确保种植材料的统一性。 </li><li>为了防止植物病原体污染，扦插钠2分钟3％的次氯酸钠溶液洗涤，然后用自来水冲洗thoughroughly。 </li><li> CA是种植在每个切削。 36克，在一个圆柱形的PVC管（外直径6.5厘米的高度，5.3厘米）的无菌土密封，下端用发泡胶杯和皑皑的PVC套管。切割置于套管中央开放的泡沫环举行。 </li><li>需要保持土壤墒情充足，植物施肥和浇水。 </li><li>植物会成长为一个月前被昆虫的挑战，使表层根系的发展，这根木质部喂养spittlebug若虫喂网站服务。 </li><li>植根于扦插的PVC管倒立8天前为患进一步刺激表层根系的生长，部分调整为根构型的内在的差异。这个步骤需要人工源的光，这是我们提供24公顷的一天。为了避免与草食性草食动物的混杂逃脱，个别工厂复制表层根系很少或根本没有，这反演处理后从实验所淘汰。这消除应是罕见的，从来没有领先，以消除他们所代表的基因型。 </li></ol> 2。昆虫<ol><li>成人spittlebugs从外地收集，鉴定到种，并介绍产卵的地方，他们提供的易感brachiariagrasses枝叶喂笼。雌虫在土壤中的鸡蛋放在笼子的底部在一个浅可拆卸托盘中。 </li><li>几天后，土壤悬浮于水中，并通过一系列的筛子（42，60和150目），收集鸡蛋。暂停在30％的盐溶液的过筛材料，使成熟的卵子浮动，留下未成熟的卵子和任何残留的有机物。 </li><li>为了防止昆虫病原体污染，蛋是在5分钟钠0.5％次氯酸钠溶液消毒，然后用蒸馏水漂洗。 </li><li>每个测试厂（试点单位），是出没在土壤表面与6个成熟卵子。只有成熟的卵子孵化选择的侵扰。他们可以识别存在的两个红点在其前部，相应的昆虫的眼睛，粉红色标记，在他们的后部分，相应的昆虫的腹部和一个全面扩大鳃盖。 </li><li>成功孵化4 d后证实，在这一点任何未孵化的蛋是从我们的殖民地新生儿spittlebug取代。 </li><li>被安排在一个随机百分之六基因型复制完整的块设计测试工厂。 </li></ol> 3。评价<ol><li>这项实验是评价CA。 30 d后为患（确切的时间有所不同，取决于研究的昆虫物种）。 </li><li>损害是取得了一个可视化规模1至5，其中1对应没有明显可见的损坏，到了山穷水尽的植物（图1）和5对应。评分植物的损害提供了一个宽容的估计。 </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/3047/3047fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1。损害的规模，用于评估spittlebug臂形菌的草食动物的耐受性。 1 =没有检测到损坏; 2 = 0-25％的坏死枝叶; 3 = 25-50％的坏死枝叶; 4 = 50-75％的坏死枝叶; 5 = 75-100％的坏死枝叶。 <ol start="3"><li>评估计数达到其最终龄幼虫或成虫期（图2）的昆虫，昆虫的生存。昆虫生存的得分，提供了一种抗菌的估计。 </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/3047/3047fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2。Spittlebug的发展，从第一龄（左）成人（右）。只有达到评价之日起至少他们最终龄（箭头）的昆虫被算作“幸存者”。 4。代表性的成果从有代表性的实验筛选抗spittlebug Aeneolamia reducta 臂形杂交的结果列于图3 。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/3047/3047fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3：从筛选抗spittlebug Aeneolamia reducta臂形杂交的结果。我们认为如果他们的反应，以草食动物在此图的下半部分属于植物耐。抗菌增加由右至左和从上到下的耐受性增加。箭头指向耐检查。

<ol>
	<li>Painter, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Insect resistance in crop plants. , (1951).</li><li>Kogan, M., Ortman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antixenosis-a+new+term+proposed+to+define+Painter's+'Nonpreference'+modality+of+resistance.">Antixenosis-a new term proposed to define Painter's 'Nonpreference' modality of resistance.</a> Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24, 175-176 (1978).</li><li>Kennedy, G., Gould, F., Deponti, O., Stinner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological,+agricultural,+genetic,+and+commercial+considerations+in+the+deployment+of+insect-resistant+germplasm.">Ecological, agricultural, genetic, and commercial considerations in the deployment of insect-resistant germplasm.</a> Environ. Entomol. 16, 327-338 (1987).</li><li>Holmann, F., Peck, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Economic+damage+of+grassland+spittlebugs+(Homoptera+Cercopidae)+in+Colombia:+a+first+approximation+of+impact+on+animal+production+in+Brachiaria+decumbens.">Economic damage of grassland spittlebugs (Homoptera Cercopidae) in Colombia: a first approximation of impact on animal production in Brachiaria decumbens.</a> Neotrop. 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草食动物的耐药机制之间的歧视，可以照亮作物育种工作3。基于强大的抗菌性可能会影响，在某些情况下，建立更积极的害虫生物型的选择压力。另一方面，容忍的阻力可能会允许害虫种群增加，直到宽容最终被淹没。持久抗性育种，因此，需要慎重考虑什么样的耐药机制将赋予一个特定的作物/害虫系统最稳定[见肯尼迪等。 （1987年）为一个全面的讨论主题] 3。 此视频演示建立在几个以前的研究，估计抗菌和宽容brachiariagrasses 6-9 spittlebug阻力相对贡献。在选择试验或田间试验对比，没有选择的测试，确保所有工厂收到相同的草食动物的压力，从而为控制草食动物的行为（例如，主机的偏好，聚集）所产生的分歧。出于这个原因，但是，没有选择的测试，是不合适的，以评估antixenosis阻力。 人工饲养昆虫的殖民地，是首选的方法，获得抗性筛选实验测试10昆虫。殖民地提供了一个可靠和统一的一个著名实验进行的任何时间在今年11岁的spittlebugs源。然而，它可能是必要的定期注入殖民地的野生个体，以确保殖民地不偏离相关领域的人口 10基因。为了评估这些人工饲养的草食动物的健身的，在他们的攻击，随着时间的推移和监测可能发生的变化，重要的是，所有场次包括已知的阻力水平适当的制衡。 多个参数，必须仔细定义，设计一个合适的抗性筛选试验。我们认为设计我们的测试的几个关键参数包括寄主植物的年龄，品种和发育阶段的spittlebugs，为害的水平，以及植物昆虫接触8,9,12期。可能需要几个回合的实验和协议的细化，达到快速，成本效益，可靠，试​​验充分的预测，在该领域的草食动物阻力。

characterizing herbivore resistance mechanisms: spittlebugs on brachiaria spp. as an example

植物能抵御通过三大机制的草食动物损害：antixenosis，抗菌和宽容 1 。 Antixenosis是该厂房时，避免草食动物是可以选择其他植物的程度。抗菌植物影响的程度，1喂养草食健身。宽容程度的植物能够承受或修复的草食动物所造成的损害，不损害草食动物的生长和繁殖1。草食动物抵抗农产品设置的耐久性取决于上很大程度的耐药机制，在作物育种工作3青睐。 我们展示一个没有选择的实验设计估计抗菌和宽容的阻力臂形SPP spittlebug的相对贡献。非洲属臂形草的几个品种，是宝贵的牧草和牧草，在新热带，但它们可以由几个本地物种spittlebugs（半翅目：Cercopidae）严重挑战4，以评估其耐spittlebugs的，植物无性繁殖扦插和允许增长约1个月，使表层根系的生长spittlebugs可以养活。在这一点上，每个测试厂是单独附近spittlebug鸡蛋孵化的挑战。虫害是允许的进展评估植物的损害和昆虫的生存之前一个月。评分植物的损害提供了一个宽容的估计，而得分昆虫的生存提供了一种抗菌的估计。该协议提供了便利的植物育种目标，以提高商业brachiariagrases 5 spittlebug阻力。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example at JoVE.com

Characterizing Herbivore Resistance Mechanisms: Spittlebugs on Brachiaria spp. as an Example

此视频介绍寄主植物抗性机制，以草食动物，并演示了一个没有选择的测试，估计抗菌和宽容spittlebug阻力相对贡献<em&gt;臂形</em&gt; SPP。

表征草食动物的耐药机制：Spittlebugs臂形 SPP。为例

Plants can resist herbivore damage through three broad mechanisms: antixenosis, antibiosis and tolerance1. Antixenosis is the degree to which the plant is ...

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