Name: aseptic laboratory techniques: plating methods
Uploaded: 2012-05-11T12:00:00
Duration: 18 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Plating Methods at JoVE.com

<p class="jove_content"> Un ringraziamento speciale a Cori a Sanders Designs IROC per la preparazione di illustrazioni e di Kris Reddi e Bhairav ​​Shah presso la UCLA per la creazione di culture campione e l&#39;assistenza con figure. Il finanziamento per questo progetto è stato fornito dal HHMI (HHMI Grant No. 52006944). </p>

<ol>
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L., Huycke, M. M., Gilmore, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+agar+plate+method+for+quantifying+viable+bacteria.">Simplified agar plate method for quantifying viable bacteria.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>BioTechniques</em>. <b>23</b>, 648-650 (1997).</li><li>Karam, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4</em>. , (1994).</li><li>Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M., Griffin, D. E., Lamb, R. A., Martin, M. A., Roizman, B., Straus, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Fundamental Virology</em>. , (2001).</li><li>Lederberg, J., Lederberg, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replica+plating+and+indirect+selection+of+bacterial+mutants.">Replica plating and indirect selection of bacterial mutants.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>J. Bacteriol</em>. <b>63</b>, 399-406 (1952).</li><li>Miller, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>A Short Course in Bacterial Genetics: A Laboratory Manual and Handbook for Escherichia coli and related bacteria</em>. , (1992).</li><li>Mills, K. V., Gareau, J. R., Garcia, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-cost+modification+to+the+Copacabana+method+for+spreading+transformation+mixtures.">Low-cost modification to the Copacabana method for spreading transformation mixtures.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>BioTechniques</em>. <b>39</b>, 188 (2005).</li><li>Jordan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>RESEARCH: National Genomics Research Initiative Phage Resource Laboratory Manual</em>. , (2008).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual</em>. , (2001).</li><li>Sanders, E. R., Miller, J. H. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Microbiologist: A Discovery-based Course in Microbial Ecology and Molecular Evolution</em>. , (2010).</li><li>Slonczewski, J. L., Foster, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Microbiology - An Evolving Science</em>. , (2011).</li><li>Teather, R. M., Wood, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Congo+Red-Polysaccharide+Interactions+in+Enumeration+and+Characterization+of+Cellulolytic+Bacteria+from+the+Bovine+Rumen.">Use of Congo Red-Polysaccharide Interactions in Enumeration and Characterization of Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Bovine Rumen.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</em>. <b>43</b>, 777-780 (1982).</li><li>Wise, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>Preparing Spread Plates Protocols</em>. , (2006).</li><li>Worthington, M., Luo, R. Q., Pelo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copacabana+method+for+spreading+E.+coli+and+yeast+colonies.">Copacabana method for spreading E. coli and yeast colonies.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>BioTechniques</em>. <b>30</b>, 738-742 (2001).</li></ol>

<p class="jove_content"> Non ho nulla da rivelare. </p>

<p class="jove_content"> Coltivare microrganismi comporta un certo numero di metodi di placcatura, le quali richiedono che asepsi essere mantenuta durante tutta la manipolazione di cellule e media. Cinque diverse procedure sono state descritte in questo protocollo. Sebbene queste tecniche di placcatura sono abitualmente utilizzati per manipolare i batteri e fago, possono anche essere applicato a colture cellulari di mammifero e microrganismi eucarioti comunemente usato in genetica molecolare come lievito (cioè, <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida albicans, Schizosaccharomyces pombe),</em> alghe e protozoi ( cioè, <em>Volvox, Chlamydomonas, Amoeba, Paramecium)</em> e nematodi (cioè, <em>Caenorhabditis elegans).</em> Ci sono anche numerosi (e ancor più sofisticate) variazioni di ogni metodo di placcatura a seconda dell&#39;obiettivo sperimentale o dell&#39;organismo in fase di studio. Pertanto, è importante non solo selezionare la tecnica più appropriato per un dato microrganismo esperimento o bersaglio, ma anche per adattare il t tale metodologiacappello dei risultati sperimentali adeguatamente affrontare la questione o il problema di ricerca. </p><p class="jove_content"> Alcune delle applicazioni più attuali delle tecniche di placcatura discusse in questo protocollo comporta progressi tecnologici che producono risultati di high-throughput per gli esperimenti di screening e di scoperta della droga. Ad esempio, centri di sequenziamento del genoma utilizzare il &quot;metodo Copacabana&quot; per la diffusione-placcatura librerie di cloni, che sono <em>E. coli</em> trasformate con i plasmidi contenenti i frammenti di DNA derivate dal genoma di un microrganismo. Perché decine di piatti di grandi dimensioni (chiamato vassoi saggi biologici) sono preparati in una sola volta, un sistema automatico agitatore viene utilizzata per agitare le perline in vetro per l&#39;intera partita di vassoi. Inoltre, quando si selezionano le colonie di queste piastre dopo l&#39;incubazione, una raccoglitrice di colonia robotica viene utilizzata per raccogliere le cellule delle colonie appropriate come l&#39;inoculo per brodo LB a 384 e micropiastre. Per questo saggio ad alta prestazione di screening, i principi procedurali di diffusione-ptecnica di ritardo ma la tecnologia consente di applicare vari passi da automatizzare e scalata per consentire un gran numero di campioni da analizzare contemporaneamente e in un breve arco di tempo. </p><p class="jove_content"> Aziende biotecnologiche e farmaceutiche investono considerevoli risorse nello sviluppo di high-throughput tecnologia per le tecniche più basilari di microbiologia e genetica molecolare. Ad esempio, ci sono multi-canale Micropipettatrici per effettuare trasferimenti di volume fino a 8 o 12 campioni alla volta. Ci sono anche stazioni di lavoro robotizzate che manovra a 96 canali testa pipetta! Questi sforzi coinvolgono team multi-disciplinare di scienziati, biologi associazione che possiedono le competenze metodologiche con ingegneri e programmatori di computer che possano sviluppare la strumentazione necessaria per eseguire le operazioni meccaniche associate con gli esperimenti. Qualunque sia l&#39;applicazione di ricerca, l&#39;obiettivo condiviso da aziende che sviluppano queste tecnologie è lo stesso - per automatizzare laboratoriry processi, strumenti, sistemi e strumenti, rendendoli meno manodopera e più efficienti. </p>

<p class="jove_step">1. Yeast Tryptone Agar (YTA)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>2.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>10.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>15.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>pH 7.0</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_content">If preparing tubes for the pour-plate procedure, allow the agar to cool to ~55&deg;C then add 2.0 ml of 50 mg/ml cycloheximide. Aseptically dispense 18.0 ml of the melted agar per 18 mm tube then store at 4&deg;C. The agar will solidify and will need to be melted in a steamer or microwave prior to use.</p>
<p class="jove_step">2. Minimal Salts Agar (MSA) + 0.1% (w/v) carbon source</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</td>
			<td>1.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>&bull;2H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>2.14 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></td>
			<td>1.09 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO<sub>4</sub>&bull;7H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>0.2 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon source*</td>
			<td>1.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trace salts solution**</td>
			<td>10.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>15.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>pH 7.0</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_content">* Carbon sources used for experiments presented in <strong>Figure 13</strong> include acetamide, lactose, and glycine.</p>
<p class="jove_content">** Trace salts solution is prepared in 0.1 N HCl as follows. It is added to the base before sterilization (autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes).</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>FeSO<sub>4</sub>&bull;7H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>300.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl<sub>2</sub>&bull;4H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>180.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>&bull;6H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>130.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>40.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></td>
			<td>20.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuSO<sub>4</sub>&bull;5H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>1.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl<sub>2</sub></td>
			<td>1000.0 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl (0.1 N)</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_step">3. EHA soft agar (0.65 % w/v)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>6.5 g</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>13.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>8.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Na Citrate&bull;2H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>2.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>3.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_step">4. EHA hard agar (1.2% w/v)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>12.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>13.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>8.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na Citrate&bull;2H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>2.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>3.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_step">5. 1X Middlebrook Top Agar (MBTA soft agar, 0.5% w/v)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub> stock*</td>
			<td>1 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7H9 liquid medium: <em>Neat </em>**</td>
			<td>50 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2XTA ***</td>
			<td>50 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Melt 50 ml of 2XTA and allow it to cool to ~55&deg;C. Using aseptic technique, add the CaCl<sub>2</sub> and 7H9 broth to the melted agar. Aseptically dispense 4.5 ml of the mixture per 13 mm tube and store in a 55&deg;C incubator &le;7 days. Cooling MBTA to room temperature or 4&deg;C will cause the CaCl<sub>2</sub> to precipitate out of solution.</p>
<p class="jove_content">* 100 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>. stock must be stored at room temperature to prevent CaCl<sub>2</sub> from precipitating out of solution.</p>
<p class="jove_content">** 7H9 liquid medium: Neat</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>7H9 broth base</td>
			<td>4.7 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% glycerol stock</td>
			<td>5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 900.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Mix the base with water then add the glycerol while stirring. Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_content">*** 2X Middlebrook Top Agar (2XTA, 1.0% w/v)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>7H9 broth base</td>
			<td>4.7 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>1.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Dispense 50 ml aliquots into 100 ml bottles and store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_step">6. Middlebrook 7H10 Agar Plates (MHA hard agar, 1.9% w/v)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>7H10 agar base</td>
			<td>19.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>40% glycerol stock</td>
			<td>12.5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>887.5 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Mix the agar base with water then add the glycerol while stirring. Heat the solution to boiling then stir for one minute to completely dissolve the base powder. Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Allow the agar to cool to ~55&deg;C then aseptically add the following reagents:</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AD supplement (pre-warmed to 37&deg;C)*</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mg/ml Carbenicillin **</td>
			<td>1.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mg/ml Cycloheximide **</td>
			<td>1.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">* AD supplement</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl &gt;</td>
			<td>17 g &gt;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin (Fraction V)&gt;</td>
			<td>100 g&gt;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose (<em>D</em>-Glucose)&gt;</td>
			<td>40 g&gt;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water&gt;</td>
			<td>up to 2000.0 ml&gt;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Filter-sterilize this solution; do not autoclave. Store at 4&deg;C.</p>
<p class="jove_content">** Filter-sterilize and store these solutions at 4&deg;C for &le;60 days.</p>
<p class="jove_step">7. LB agar (1.5% w/v) + X-Gal (60 &mu;g/ml)</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>10.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>5.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>10.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>15.0 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distilled water</td>
			<td>up to 1000.0 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>pH 7.5 at 25&deg;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_content">Autoclave at 121&deg;C for 20 minutes to sterilize. Allow the agar to cool to ~55&deg;C then aseptically add 3.0 ml of 20 mg/ml X-Gal solution. Freshly prepare X-gal stock by dissolving 400 mg X-Gal in 20 ml dimethylformamide (DMF).</p>
<p class="jove_step">Table of specific reagents:</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Name of the reagent</strong></td>
			<td><strong>Company</strong></td>
			<td><strong>Catalogue number</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td>212750</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td>211705</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td>214030</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>123340010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>&bull;2H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30435</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP 303-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO<sub>4</sub>&bull;7H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230391</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lactose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L6-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G-7126</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FeSO<sub>4</sub>&bull;7H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8048</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl<sub>2</sub>&bull;4H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M-3634</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>&bull;6H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>230375</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO<sub>4</sub>.7H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z4750</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>213621000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuSO<sub>4</sub>&bull;5H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>209198</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl<sub>2</sub></td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A144-212</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cycloheximide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>038K1561</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>46-100-RG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S271-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na Citrate&bull;2H<sub>2</sub>O</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S279-500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose (Dextrose)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>215530</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7H9 broth base</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>271310</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7H10 agar base</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>262710</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Shelton</td>
			<td>IB15760</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin (Fraction V)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S71907</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-Gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-&beta;-D-galactopyranoside)</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>X1205</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D4551</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>CDA19</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorine Bleach</td>
			<td>Chlorox</td>
			<td>02490/06644884</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CiDecon (disinfectant)</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>8504</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<p class="jove_step">Table of specific equipment:</p>
<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td><strong>Name of equipment</strong></td>
			<td><strong>Company</strong></td>
			<td><strong>Catalogue number</strong></td>
			<td><strong>Experiment</strong></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal loops</td>
			<td>American Educational Products</td>
			<td>S17352</td>
			<td> Streak plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable plastic loops</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>22-363-602</td>
			<td> Streak plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wooden sticks</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>23-400-104</td>
			<td> Streak plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flat Toothpicks</td>
			<td>American Educational Products</td>
			<td>S67859</td>
			<td>Streak plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turn tables</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-758Q</td>
			<td>Spread plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass rods</td>
			<td>Bellco Glass</td>
			<td>NC9004380</td>
			<td>Spread plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 mm glass beads</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>11-312B</td>
			<td>Spread plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Velveteen cloth</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Products</td>
			<td>09-718-2</td>
			<td>Replica plating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cylindrical block</td>
			<td>Bel-Art Products</td>
			<td>09-718-1</td>
			<td>Replica plating</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

aseptic laboratory techniques: plating methods

<p class="jove_content"> I microrganismi sono presenti su tutte le superfici inanimate creazione di fonti di possibile contaminazione onnipresenti in laboratorio. Successo sperimentale si basa sulla capacità di uno scienziato per sterilizzare le superfici di lavoro e attrezzature, nonché prevenire il contatto degli strumenti sterili e soluzioni con superfici non sterili. Qui vi presentiamo i passaggi per la placcatura di diversi metodi comunemente impiegati in laboratorio per isolare, propagare, o elencare i microrganismi come batteri e fagi. Tutti e cinque i metodi di incorporare una tecnica asettica, o procedure che consentono di mantenere la sterilità dei materiali sperimentali. Procedure descritte includono (1) streak-placcatura colture batteriche per isolare singole colonie, (2) pour-placcatura e (3) spread-plating per enumerare vitali colonie batteriche, (4) overlay agar morbide per isolare fago e le placche enumerare, e ( 5) replica-placcatura per trasferire le cellule da una piastra all&#39;altra in un identico modello spaziale. Queste procedure possono essere eseguite a tegli banco di laboratorio, a condizione che coinvolgono non-ceppi di microrganismi patogeni (Biosafety Level 1, BSL-1). Se si lavora con BSL-2 organismi, allora queste manipolazioni devono avvenire in un armadio biosicurezza. Consulta l&#39;edizione più recente del <em>biosicurezza nei laboratori microbiologici e biomedici</em> (BMBL), così come il <em>materiale Schede di Sicurezza</em> (MSDS) per le sostanze infettive di determinare la classificazione di rischio biologico, nonché le precauzioni di sicurezza e le strutture di contenimento necessari per il microrganismo in questione. Ceppi batterici e le scorte di fagi possono essere ottenute da investigatori di ricerca, aziende e collezioni particolari tenuti da organizzazioni come <em>l&#39;American Type Culture Collection</em> (ATCC). Si raccomanda di non utilizzare i ceppi patogeni per imparare i metodi di placcatura vari. Seguendo le procedure descritte in questo protocollo, gli studenti dovrebbero essere in grado di: </p><ul><li> Eseguire le procedure di placcatura senza contaminating supporti. </li><li> Isolare singole colonie batteriche dalla striscia-plating metodo. </li><li> Utilizzare pour-placcatura e la diffusione-plating metodi per determinare la concentrazione di batteri. </li><li> Effettuare sovrapposizioni agar morbidi quando si lavora con fago. </li><li> Trasferire le cellule batteriche da un piatto all&#39;altro utilizzando la replica-plating procedura. </li><li> Dato un compito sperimentale, selezionare il metodo appropriato di placcatura. </li></ul></p>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Plating Methods at JoVE.com

Aseptic Laboratory Techniques: Plating Methods

<p class="jove_content">Quando si lavora con i media e dei reagenti utilizzati per i microrganismi cultura, tecnica asettica deve essere praticato per garantire la contaminazione è ridotto al minimo. Una varietà di metodi di placcatura sono abitualmente utilizzati per isolare, propagare o batteri enumerare e fago, tutte che incorporano procedure che consentono di mantenere la sterilità dei materiali sperimentali.</p>

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