Name: measuring bacterial load and immune responses in mice infected with listeria monocytogenes
Uploaded: 2011-08-09T13:00:00
Duration: 12 min 50 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes at JoVE.com

Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Anna Walduck, Christina Cheers, Stuart Berzins, Dale Godfrey, Yifan Zhan e Jonathan Wilksch para aconselhamento e reagentes. Este trabalho foi financiado pela Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (1-2008-602) e Nacional de Saúde Australiano e Medical Research Council (575.552). NW é suportado por uma concessão de Pós-Graduação da Austrália. OW é apoiado por uma Wright RD Fellowship da Australian National Health Medical Research Council.

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Inflammatory response and resistance to Listeria monocytogenes.</a> J Immunol. 142, 2057-2060 (1989).</li><li>Boyartchuk, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multigenic+control+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+susceptibility+in+mice.">Multigenic control of Listeria monocytogenes susceptibility in mice.</a> Nat Genet. 27, 259-260 (2001).</li><li>Boyartchuk, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+host+resistance+locus+sst1+controls+innate+immunity+to+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection+in+immunodeficient+mice.">The host resistance locus sst1 controls innate immunity to Listeria monocytogenes infection in immunodeficient mice.</a> J Immunol. 173, 5112-5120 (2004).</li><li>Pan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ipr1+gene+mediates+innate+immunity+to+tuberculosis.">Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis.</a> Nature. 434, 767-772 (2005).</li><li>Garifulin, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irf3+polymorphism+alters+induction+of+interferon+beta+in+response+to+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection.">Irf3 polymorphism alters induction of interferon beta in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection.</a> PLoS Genet. 3, 1587-1597 (2007).</li><li>Hof, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+of+different+strains+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+serovar+1/2a.">Virulence of different strains of Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a.</a> Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl. 173, 207-218 (1984).</li><li>Wollert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extending+the+host+range+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+by+rational+protein+design.">Extending the host range of Listeria monocytogenes by rational protein design.</a> Cell. 129, 891-902 (2007).</li><li>Lecuit, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgenic+model+for+listeriosis:+role+of+internalin+in+crossing+the+intestinal+barrier.">A transgenic model for listeriosis: role of internalin in crossing the intestinal barrier.</a> Science. 292, 1722-1725 (2001).</li><li>Marco, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Penetration+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+in+mice+infected+by+the+oral+route.">Penetration of Listeria monocytogenes in mice infected by the oral route.</a> Microb Pathog. 23, 255-263 (1997).</li><li>Busch, D. H., Vijh, S., Pamer, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+model+for+infection+with+Listeria+monocytogenes.">Animal model for infection with Listeria monocytogenes.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. Chapter. 19, 19-19 (2001).</li><li>Neuenhahn, M., Schiemann, M., Busch, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DCs+in+mouse+models+of+intracellular+bacterial+infection.">DCs in mouse models of intracellular bacterial infection.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 595, 319-329 (2010).</li><li>Conlan, J. W., North, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+are+essential+for+early+anti-Listeria+defense+in+the+liver,+but+not+in+the+spleen+or+peritoneal+cavity,+as+revealed+by+a+granulocyte-depleting+monoclonal+antibody.">Neutrophils are essential for early anti-Listeria defense in the liver, but not in the spleen or peritoneal cavity, as revealed by a granulocyte-depleting monoclonal antibody.</a> J Exp Med. 179, 259-268 (1994).</li><li>Czuprynski, C. J., Brown, J. F., Wagner, R. D., Steinberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+antigranulocyte+monoclonal+antibody+RB6-8C5+prevents+expression+of+acquired+resistance+to+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection+in+previously+immunized+mice.">Administration of antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 prevents expression of acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in previously immunized mice.</a> Infect Immun. 62, 5161-5163 (1994).</li></ol>

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Listeria is one of the most widely used organisms to characterize host immune responses to intracellular bacteria6. The protocol presented here enables one to measure bacterial load and immune cell responses within the same tissue of a given mouse. This dual measurement of a particular tissue for each infected mouse provides for more robust comparisons within and between mouse cohorts (either representing different mouse strains or time points post-infection). While Listeria infection by oral administration could also be used to study immune responses in mice, infection by intravenous injection is often used because: 1) it ensures rapid and effective delivery to the bloodstream; 2) it results in a synchronized and consistent systemic infection; and 3) the Mus species harbors a mutation in the gene encoding the E-cadherin receptor, which limits Listeria infection by oral administration (this mutation affects Listeria's ability to bind the mouse E-cadherin receptor and to efficiently cross the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract)16-18.
There are a few critical steps in this protocol. First, the Listeria inoculum stock should be generated from a fresh overnight HBA culture to ensure viability and virulence. Second, it is important to accurately determine the CFU concentration of the inoculum before and after injecting all mice to ensure that the CFU concentration does not differ greatly between the first and last mouse injected. Third, injection of Listeria into the tail vein must be consistent for all mice. Lastly, it is necessary to perfuse the liver to deplete non-resident leukocytes to ensure accurate measurement of immune cells within the liver and not leukocytes passing through in the peripheral blood. All of these steps, if not performed successfully, can result in unwanted variability for bacterial load and/or immune responses between individual mice infected with Listeria. 
Two limitations of this protocol are the investigator's skill for infecting mice by intravenous injection and the detection of bacterial load in tissues. If one person is injecting a large number of mice, Listeria viability (i.e. CFU concentration) may reduce over time once the frozen inoculum is thawed (e.g. &gt;2 hours between injecting first and last mouse). It is up to the investigator to determine how many mice she/he can inject before the inoculum is compromised. Another limitation of this method is that the Listeria load cannot be accurately measured below 100CFU/organ due to the relatively small amounts of cultured tissue homogenate (e.g. Figure 3 indicates that 100CFU/organ is the detection limit). To more accurately measure lower values for CFU/organ, a larger amount of the tissue homogenate can be cultured (up to 0.5mL per plate, multiple plates can be used) so a greater proportion of the tissue is sampled for detection of Listeria. If a Stomacher is not available, then alternative methods to homogenate the tissue, such as using a tissue homogenizer, can be used instead for steps 7.1-7.2. On a practical note, if space in the 37&deg;C incubator is limited for culturing tissue samples from infected mice, then HBA culture plates can be incubated at room temperature for 2-3 days (the colonies will grow slower at room temperature). However, room temperature should not be used when growing cultures for preparation of frozen Listeria stocks.
This protocol provides a basic approach for characterizing Listeria infection in mice and can be used with other Listeria strains besides EGD. In addition to the liver and spleen, single-cell suspensions from lymph nodes can also be generated. In either instance, these single-cell suspensions can be used for a variety of analyses, including measuring immune cell subsets, and in vitro stimulation of sorted immune cells. Once the basic techniques are mastered this protocol can also be modified to isolate Listeria-specific T cells19, characterize dendritic cells20, or perform immune cell depletion at certain time-points after infection21,22 to more thoroughly characterize the immune response in mice infected with Listeria.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nome do reagente </th><th> Companhia </th><th> Número de catálogo </th><th> Comentários </th></tr><tr><td> Cavalo ágar sangue de base No.2 </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> CM0271 </td><td> Preparação de base de agar para placas HBA </td></tr><tr><td> Sangue de cavalo (desfibrinado) </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> HB1000 </td><td> Adicionar 5-10% a base de agar </td></tr><tr><td> Infusão de cérebro coração (BHI) caldo (10 mL) </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> TM456 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cérebro media coração infusão desidratado </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> CM1135 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> De 96 poços da placa de fundo chato </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 353072 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 70 coador célula M </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 352350 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pequena placa de Petri </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 351007 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Stomacher 80 Biomaster laboratório sistema </td><td> Seward </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Sacos de plástico Stomacher </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td> 86 9924 530 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Albumina de soro bovino </td><td> Sigma </td><td> A3912 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FACS tampão </td><td></td><td></td><td> 0,1% (w / v) de soro albumina bovina em PBS </td></tr><tr><td> Isotônica Percoll (33,75% em Percoll PBS) </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 17-0891-01 </td><td> 33.75mL Percoll, 3.75mL PBS 10x, 62.5mL 1x PBS faz 100mL Percoll isotônica </td></tr><tr><td> TAC do buffer </td><td></td><td></td><td> Tris 17mm, cloreto de amônio 140mm em água destilada </td></tr><tr><td> FCS / EDTA </td><td></td><td></td><td> Soro fetal bovino com 10mM EDTA </td></tr><tr><td> FACS / EDTA </td><td></td><td></td><td> FACS tampão + EDTA 5mM </td></tr><tr><td> Azul de tripano </td><td> Sigma </td><td> T6146 </td><td> 0,4% (w / v) em PBS, esterilizado por filtração </td></tr><tr><td> 2mL Cryovial </td><td> Greiner Bio One </td><td> 121263 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 27 seringa de insulina gauge/1mL </td><td> Terumo Medical Products </td><td> SS10M2713 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Agulha </td><td> Terumo Medical Products </td><td> NN-2516R (25G 5/8in) NN-2613R (26G 1/2in) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Seringa </td><td> Terumo Medical Products </td><td> SS-01T (1mL), SS-053 (5ml), SS-10S (10 ml) </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring bacterial load and immune responses in mice infected with listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) é um patógeno Gram-positivas facultativas intracelular 1. Estudos com camundongos empregam normalmente injeção intravenosa de Listeria, o que resulta em infecção sistêmica 2. Após a injeção, Listeria rapidamente dissemina para o baço e do fígado devido à absorção pelas CD8α + células dendríticas e células de Kupffer 3,4. Uma vez fagocitado, várias proteínas bacterianas permitir Listeria para escapar do fagossomo, sobreviver dentro do citosol, e infectar as células vizinhas 5. Durante os três primeiros dias de infecção, as células imunes inatas diferentes (por exemplo, monócitos, neutrófilos, células NK, células dendríticas) mediar os mecanismos que minimizam a proliferação bactericida Listeria. Células T CD8 + são posteriormente recrutados e responsável pelo desembaraço eventual de Listeria a partir do host, geralmente dentro de 10 dias de infecção 6. Clearance de sucesso de Listeria de camundongos infectados depende do aparecimento de respostas apropriadas imune do hospedeiro 6. Há uma ampla gama de sensibilidades entre linhagens de camundongos puras 7,8. Geralmente, os camundongos com aumento da susceptibilidade à infecção por Listeria são menos capazes de controlar a proliferação bacteriana, demonstrando aumento da carga bacteriana e / ou liberação atrasada em comparação com camundongos resistentes. Estudos genéticos, incluindo as análises de ligação e linhagens de camundongos knockout, identificaram vários genes para os quais variação da seqüência afeta as respostas do hospedeiro à infecção Listeria 6,8-14. Determinação e comparação da cinética de infecção entre linhagens de camundongos diferentes é, portanto, um importante método para a identificação de fatores genéticos do hospedeiro que contribuem para respostas imunes contra a Listeria. Comparação da resposta do hospedeiro a diferentes cepas de Listeria é também uma forma eficaz de identificar os fatores de virulência bacteriana que pode servir como potenciais alvos para a terapia com antibióticos ou concepção de uma vacina. Descrevemos aqui um método simples para medir a carga bacteriana (unidades formadoras de colônias [UFC] por tecido) e preparação de suspensões de uma única célula do fígado e do baço para FACS análise das respostas imunes em ratos infectados Listeria. Este método é particularmente útil para a caracterização inicial da infecção por Listeria em linhagens de camundongos romance, bem como a comparação das respostas imunitárias diferentes entre linhagens de camundongos infectados com Listeria. Usamos a Listeria monocytogenes EGD estirpe 15 que, quando cultivadas em ágar sangue, exibe uma zona de auréola característica em torno de cada colônia, devido à hemólise β-1 (Figura 1). Carga bacteriana e resposta imune pode ser determinado em qualquer ponto do tempo após a infecção por homogeneizado de cultura de tecidos em placas de ágar sangue e preparar suspensões de células de tecido para análise FACS utilizando os protocolos descritos abaixo. Gostaríamos de observar que os indivíduos que estão imunocomprometidos ou grávidas não devem manusear Listeria, e os institucionais pertinentes Biossegurança e animal gestão de instalações deve ser consultado antes do início dos trabalhos.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes at JoVE.com

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes é um organismo modelo para estudar as respostas imunológicas e suscetibilidade genética para as bactérias intracelulares em camundongos. Este método permite que sejam medidos carga bacteriana e gerar uma única célula suspensões de fígado e do baço de ratos para análise FACS para determinar mudanças em células do sistema imunológico devido à infecção por Listeria.

Medir a carga bacteriana e resposta imune em camundongos infectados com Listeria monocytogenes</em

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen1. Mouse studies typically employ intravenous injection of ...

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