Name: measuring bacterial load and immune responses in mice infected with listeria monocytogenes
Uploaded: 2011-08-09T13:00:00
Duration: 12 min 50 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes at JoVE.com

Los autores desean agradecer a Anna Walduck, Cheers Christina, Berzins Stuart, Godfrey Dale, Zhan Yifan y Wilksch Jonathan para el asesoramiento y los reactivos. Este trabajo fue financiado por la Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (1-2008-602) y Salud Nacional de Australia y el Consejo de Investigación Médica (575552). NO es compatible con un premio de Postgrado en Australia. OW es apoyado por una beca de RD Wright de la Australian National Health Medical Research Council.

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Inflammatory response and resistance to Listeria monocytogenes.</a> J Immunol. 142, 2057-2060 (1989).</li><li>Boyartchuk, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multigenic+control+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+susceptibility+in+mice.">Multigenic control of Listeria monocytogenes susceptibility in mice.</a> Nat Genet. 27, 259-260 (2001).</li><li>Boyartchuk, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+host+resistance+locus+sst1+controls+innate+immunity+to+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection+in+immunodeficient+mice.">The host resistance locus sst1 controls innate immunity to Listeria monocytogenes infection in immunodeficient mice.</a> J Immunol. 173, 5112-5120 (2004).</li><li>Pan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ipr1+gene+mediates+innate+immunity+to+tuberculosis.">Ipr1 gene mediates innate immunity to tuberculosis.</a> Nature. 434, 767-772 (2005).</li><li>Garifulin, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irf3+polymorphism+alters+induction+of+interferon+beta+in+response+to+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection.">Irf3 polymorphism alters induction of interferon beta in response to Listeria monocytogenes infection.</a> PLoS Genet. 3, 1587-1597 (2007).</li><li>Hof, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+of+different+strains+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+serovar+1/2a.">Virulence of different strains of Listeria monocytogenes serovar 1/2a.</a> Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl. 173, 207-218 (1984).</li><li>Wollert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extending+the+host+range+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+by+rational+protein+design.">Extending the host range of Listeria monocytogenes by rational protein design.</a> Cell. 129, 891-902 (2007).</li><li>Lecuit, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgenic+model+for+listeriosis:+role+of+internalin+in+crossing+the+intestinal+barrier.">A transgenic model for listeriosis: role of internalin in crossing the intestinal barrier.</a> Science. 292, 1722-1725 (2001).</li><li>Marco, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Penetration+of+Listeria+monocytogenes+in+mice+infected+by+the+oral+route.">Penetration of Listeria monocytogenes in mice infected by the oral route.</a> Microb Pathog. 23, 255-263 (1997).</li><li>Busch, D. H., Vijh, S., Pamer, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+model+for+infection+with+Listeria+monocytogenes.">Animal model for infection with Listeria monocytogenes.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. Chapter. 19, 19-19 (2001).</li><li>Neuenhahn, M., Schiemann, M., Busch, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DCs+in+mouse+models+of+intracellular+bacterial+infection.">DCs in mouse models of intracellular bacterial infection.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 595, 319-329 (2010).</li><li>Conlan, J. W., North, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+are+essential+for+early+anti-Listeria+defense+in+the+liver,+but+not+in+the+spleen+or+peritoneal+cavity,+as+revealed+by+a+granulocyte-depleting+monoclonal+antibody.">Neutrophils are essential for early anti-Listeria defense in the liver, but not in the spleen or peritoneal cavity, as revealed by a granulocyte-depleting monoclonal antibody.</a> J Exp Med. 179, 259-268 (1994).</li><li>Czuprynski, C. J., Brown, J. F., Wagner, R. D., Steinberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+antigranulocyte+monoclonal+antibody+RB6-8C5+prevents+expression+of+acquired+resistance+to+Listeria+monocytogenes+infection+in+previously+immunized+mice.">Administration of antigranulocyte monoclonal antibody RB6-8C5 prevents expression of acquired resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in previously immunized mice.</a> Infect Immun. 62, 5161-5163 (1994).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

Listeria is one of the most widely used organisms to characterize host immune responses to intracellular bacteria6. The protocol presented here enables one to measure bacterial load and immune cell responses within the same tissue of a given mouse. This dual measurement of a particular tissue for each infected mouse provides for more robust comparisons within and between mouse cohorts (either representing different mouse strains or time points post-infection). While Listeria infection by oral administration could also be used to study immune responses in mice, infection by intravenous injection is often used because: 1) it ensures rapid and effective delivery to the bloodstream; 2) it results in a synchronized and consistent systemic infection; and 3) the Mus species harbors a mutation in the gene encoding the E-cadherin receptor, which limits Listeria infection by oral administration (this mutation affects Listeria's ability to bind the mouse E-cadherin receptor and to efficiently cross the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract)16-18.
There are a few critical steps in this protocol. First, the Listeria inoculum stock should be generated from a fresh overnight HBA culture to ensure viability and virulence. Second, it is important to accurately determine the CFU concentration of the inoculum before and after injecting all mice to ensure that the CFU concentration does not differ greatly between the first and last mouse injected. Third, injection of Listeria into the tail vein must be consistent for all mice. Lastly, it is necessary to perfuse the liver to deplete non-resident leukocytes to ensure accurate measurement of immune cells within the liver and not leukocytes passing through in the peripheral blood. All of these steps, if not performed successfully, can result in unwanted variability for bacterial load and/or immune responses between individual mice infected with Listeria. 
Two limitations of this protocol are the investigator's skill for infecting mice by intravenous injection and the detection of bacterial load in tissues. If one person is injecting a large number of mice, Listeria viability (i.e. CFU concentration) may reduce over time once the frozen inoculum is thawed (e.g. &gt;2 hours between injecting first and last mouse). It is up to the investigator to determine how many mice she/he can inject before the inoculum is compromised. Another limitation of this method is that the Listeria load cannot be accurately measured below 100CFU/organ due to the relatively small amounts of cultured tissue homogenate (e.g. Figure 3 indicates that 100CFU/organ is the detection limit). To more accurately measure lower values for CFU/organ, a larger amount of the tissue homogenate can be cultured (up to 0.5mL per plate, multiple plates can be used) so a greater proportion of the tissue is sampled for detection of Listeria. If a Stomacher is not available, then alternative methods to homogenate the tissue, such as using a tissue homogenizer, can be used instead for steps 7.1-7.2. On a practical note, if space in the 37&deg;C incubator is limited for culturing tissue samples from infected mice, then HBA culture plates can be incubated at room temperature for 2-3 days (the colonies will grow slower at room temperature). However, room temperature should not be used when growing cultures for preparation of frozen Listeria stocks.
This protocol provides a basic approach for characterizing Listeria infection in mice and can be used with other Listeria strains besides EGD. In addition to the liver and spleen, single-cell suspensions from lymph nodes can also be generated. In either instance, these single-cell suspensions can be used for a variety of analyses, including measuring immune cell subsets, and in vitro stimulation of sorted immune cells. Once the basic techniques are mastered this protocol can also be modified to isolate Listeria-specific T cells19, characterize dendritic cells20, or perform immune cell depletion at certain time-points after infection21,22 to more thoroughly characterize the immune response in mice infected with Listeria.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><th> Nombre del reactivo </th><th> Empresa </th><th> Número de catálogo </th><th> Comentarios </th></tr><tr><td> Caballo de agar sangre base de N º 2 </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> CM0271 </td><td> Preparación de la base de agar de placas HBA </td></tr><tr><td> La sangre de caballo (desfibrinada) </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> HB1000 </td><td> Añadir un 5-10% a base de agar </td></tr><tr><td> Infusión cerebro corazón (BHI) caldo (10 ml) </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> TM456 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cerebral media de infusión de corazón deshidratado </td><td> Oxoid </td><td> CM1135 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Placa de 96 pocillos de fondo plano </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 353072 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 70 m de células colador </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 352350 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pequeña placa de Petri </td><td> BD Biosciences </td><td> 351007 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Stomacher 80 Biomaster laboratorio de sistema de </td><td> Seward </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bolsas de plástico Stomacher </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td> 86 9924 530 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Albúmina de suero bovino </td><td> Sigma </td><td> A3912 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tampón FACS </td><td></td><td></td><td> 0,1% (w / v) de albúmina sérica bovina en PBS </td></tr><tr><td> Percoll isotónico (33,75% Percoll en PBS) </td><td> GE Healthcare </td><td> 17-0891-01 </td><td> 33.75mL Percoll, 3.75mL 10x PBS, PBS 1x 62.5mL hace 100 ml de Percoll isotónico </td></tr><tr><td> TAC Buffer </td><td></td><td></td><td> Tris 17 mm, 140 mm de cloruro de amonio en agua destilada </td></tr><tr><td> FCS / EDTA </td><td></td><td></td><td> Suero fetal bovino con 10 mM EDTA </td></tr><tr><td> FACS / EDTA </td><td></td><td></td><td> Tampón FACS + 5 mM EDTA </td></tr><tr><td> El azul tripán </td><td> Sigma </td><td> T6146 </td><td> 0,4% (w / v) en PBS, esterilizada por filtración </td></tr><tr><td> 2 ml criovial </td><td> Greiner Bio One </td><td> 121263 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 27 jeringa de insulina gauge/1mL </td><td> Terumo Medical Products </td><td> SS10M2713 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Aguja </td><td> Terumo Medical Products </td><td> NN-2516R (25G 5/8in) NN-2613R (26G 1/2in) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Jeringa </td><td> Terumo Medical Products </td><td> SS-01T (1 ml), SS-053 (5 ml), SS-10S (10 ml) </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring bacterial load and immune responses in mice infected with listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) es un patógeno Gram-positivo intracelular facultativo 1. Los estudios en ratones suelen emplear la inyección intravenosa de Listeria, lo que resulta en una infección sistémica 2. Después de la inyección, Listeria difunde rápidamente en el bazo y el hígado debido a la absorción por CD8α + células dendríticas y las células de Kupffer 3,4. Una vez fagocitadas, diversas proteínas bacterianas permiten Listeria para escapar del fagosoma, sobrevivir en el citosol, e infectar a las células vecinas 5. Durante los tres primeros días de la infección, las diferentes células inmune innata (por ejemplo, los monocitos, neutrófilos, células NK, células dendríticas) intervienen en los mecanismos bactericidas que reducen al mínimo la proliferación de Listeria. Células T CD8 +, posteriormente reclutados y responsable de la liquidación final de Listeria desde el host, por lo general dentro de 10 días de la infección 6. Eliminación exitosa de Listeria a partir de ratones infectados depende de la aparición apropiada de las respuestas inmunitarias del huésped 6. Hay una amplia gama de sensibilidades entre las cepas de ratones endogámicos 7,8. En general, los ratones con una mayor susceptibilidad a la infección por Listeria son menos capaces de controlar la proliferación de bacterias, lo que demuestra aumento de la carga bacteriana y / o retraso en el aclaramiento en comparación con los ratones resistentes. Los estudios genéticos, incluidos los análisis de ligamiento y cepas knock-out mouse, se han identificado varios genes que la secuencia de variación afecta a las respuestas del huésped a la infección por Listeria 6,8-14. Determinación y comparación de la cinética de la infección entre las diferentes cepas de ratón es tanto un método importante para la identificación de factores genéticos que contribuyen a la respuesta inmune contra la listeria. La comparación de las respuestas del huésped a diferentes cepas de Listeria es también una forma efectiva de identificar los factores de virulencia de bacterias que pueden servir como blancos potenciales para la terapia con antibióticos o el diseño de vacunas. Se describe aquí un método sencillo para medir la carga bacteriana (unidades formadoras de colonias [UFC] por tejido) y la preparación de una sola célula suspensiones de hígado y el bazo de FACS análisis de la respuesta inmune en ratones infectados con Listeria. Este método es especialmente útil para la caracterización inicial de la infección por Listeria en las cepas de ratón novela, así como la comparación de la respuesta inmune entre diferentes cepas de ratón infectado con Listeria. Usamos la Listeria monocytogenes EGD cepa 15 que, cuando se cultivaron en agar sangre, presenta una zona de halo alrededor de cada colonia característico debido a la β-hemólisis 1 (Figura 1). La carga bacteriana y la respuesta inmune se puede determinar en cualquier punto de tiempo después de la infección por el homogeneizado cultivo de tejidos en placas de agar sangre y la preparación de suspensiones de células de tejido para análisis FACS utilizando los protocolos descritos a continuación. Queremos hacer notar que las personas que están inmunocomprometidas o las mujeres embarazadas no deben manipular Listeria, y el correspondiente comité de bioseguridad institucional y manejo de los animales instalación debe ser consultado antes de comenzar el trabajo.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes at JoVE.com

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes es un organismo modelo para estudiar la respuesta inmune y la susceptibilidad genética a las bacterias intracelulares en ratones. Este método permite medir la carga bacteriana y generar una sola célula suspensiones de hígado y el bazo de los ratones para el análisis de FACS para determinar los cambios en las células inmunes, debido a la infección por Listeria.

La medición de la carga bacteriana y la respuesta inmune en ratones infectados con Listeria monocytogenes</em

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