Name: implantation of radiotelemetry transmitters yielding data on ecg, heart rate, core body temperature and activity in free-moving laboratory mice
Uploaded: 2011-11-21T12:00:00
Duration: 9 min 11 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

Авторы хотели бы поблагодарить Charles River Германии за предоставление CD-1 мышей. Мы также благодарим Робин Шнайдер и сотрудников центрального биологической лаборатории для поддержки в жилищном мышей. Мы любезно поблагодарить Флора Николс за отличную техническую помощь и профессор Курт Burki за щедро обеспечение научно-исследовательских центров и ресурсов.

<ol>
	<li>Cesarovic, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+and+sevoflurane+provide+equally+effective+anesthesia+in+laboratory+mice.">Isoflurane and sevoflurane provide equally effective anesthesia in laboratory mice.</a> Lab. Anim. 44, 329-336 (2010).</li><li>Gross, V., Luft, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exercising+restraint+in+measuring+blood+pressure+in+conscious+mice.">Exercising restraint in measuring blood pressure in conscious mice.</a> Hypertension. 41, 879-881 (2003).</li><li>Kramer, K., Kinter, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+and+applications+of+radiotelemetry+in+small+laboratory+animals.">Evaluation and applications of radiotelemetry in small laboratory animals.</a> Physiol. Genomics. 13, 197-205 (2003).</li><li>Kramer, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+telemetry+to+record+electrocardiogram+and+heart+rate+in+freely+moving+mice.">Use of telemetry to record electrocardiogram and heart rate in freely moving mice.</a> J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 30, 209-215 (1993).</li><li>Arras, M., Rettich, A., Cinelli, P., Kasermann, H. P., Burki, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+post-laparotomy+pain+in+laboratory+mice+by+telemetric+recording+of+heart+rate+and+heart+rate+variability.">Assessment of post-laparotomy pain in laboratory mice by telemetric recording of heart rate and heart rate variability.</a> BMC. Vet. Res. 3, 16-16 (2007).</li><li>Schuler, B., Rettich, A., Vogel, J., Gassmann, ., Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+surgical+techniques+and+postoperative+care+improve+survival+rates+and+permit+accurate+telemetric+recording+in+exercising+mice.">Optimized surgical techniques and postoperative care improve survival rates and permit accurate telemetric recording in exercising mice.</a> BMC. Vet. Res. 5, 28-28 (2009).</li><li>Pritchett-Corning, K. R., Mulder, G. B., Luo, Y., White, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+Rodent+Surgery+for+the+New+Surgeon.">Principles of Rodent Surgery for the New Surgeon.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2586-e2586 (2011).</li><li>Rettich, A., Kasermann, H. P., Pelczar, P., Burki, K., Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physiological+and+behavioral+impact+of+sensory+contact+among+unfamiliar+adult+mice+in+the+laboratory.">The physiological and behavioral impact of sensory contact among unfamiliar adult mice in the laboratory.</a> J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 9, 277-288 (2006).</li><li>Spani, D., Arras, M., Konig, B., Rulicke, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Higher+heart+rate+of+laboratory+mice+housed+individually+vs+in+pairs.">Higher heart rate of laboratory mice housed individually vs in pairs.</a> Lab. Anim. 37, 54-62 (2003).</li><li>Zeller, A., Arras, M., Jurd, R., Rudolph, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+contribution+of+beta3-containing+GABAA+receptors+to+volatile+and+intravenous+general+anesthetic+actions.">Mapping the contribution of beta3-containing GABAA receptors to volatile and intravenous general anesthetic actions.</a> BMC. Pharmacol. 7, 2-2 (2007).</li><li>Zeller, A., Arras, M., Jurd, R., Rudolph, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+molecular+target+mediating+the+general+anesthetic+actions+of+pentobarbital.">Identification of a molecular target mediating the general anesthetic actions of pentobarbital.</a> Mol. Pharmacol. 71, 852-859 (2007).</li><li>Arras, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvement+of+pain+therapy+in+laboratory+mice.">Improvement of pain therapy in laboratory mice.</a> Altex. 24, 6-8 (2007).</li></ol>

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Радиотелеметрии является мощной альтернативой традиционным методам измерения физиологических параметров в биомедицинских исследованиях. Высококачественные телеметрической системы, состоящие из имплантируемые передатчики, приемники и сбора данных и аппаратных средств анализа и программного обеспечения в настоящее время коммерчески доступны, даже для животных, как малые, как мыши. Телеметрии представляет собой единственный способ в настоящее время для сбора данных от безудержного, свободно движущихся мышей. Используя этот метод, теперь это возможно, чтобы собрать данные непрерывно и / или в течение длительных периодов времени от животных, проживающих на их собственной привычной среде, что позволяет минимизировать стресс для животных и, как следствие экспериментальных артефактов. Форма и положение приводит была оптимизирована с целью получения сигналов даже во время быстрых движений (например, борьба, бег, борьба), либо в вертикальном положении 9. Таким образом, точных измерений могут быть получены в ходе экспериментов, например, во время анестезии, напряжение впроизводства, во время бега на беговой дорожке, в ходе поведенческих экспериментов, в ходе экспериментов инфекции и многих других экспериментальных ситуаций. Однако, для того, чтобы получить достоверные, воспроизводимые и без артефактов данных, крайне важно, чтобы исключить влияние окружающей среды, и мы обращаем особое внимание на важность использования стандартных условиях. Рекомендуется, чтобы комната изолирована от электронных и акустических шумов, в том числе ультразвук, к которому мышей являются особенно чувствительными. Кроме того, ни нарушения, такие, как посетители или не связанных экспериментальной процедуры, должно быть разрешено при проведении измерений. Чтобы избежать вмешательства воздействий (в частности, в случае измерений домой клетку), все необходимые процедуры хозяйства должна быть завершена в комнату перед началом каждого измерения. Кроме того, корпус мышей, особенно если мужчины используются в группах или индивидуально могут иметь влияние на измерения и должны учитываться при плаnning эксперименты 9. Кроме того, мыши должны быть здоровыми и свободными от мышиных патогенов, так как скрытая или явная инфекций, а также заболеваний или любых других нарушений здоровья, может иметь значительное влияние на физиологические параметры и активность поведения. Соответственно, мышей должна полностью восстановиться после имплантации и иметь достаточно времени, чтобы адаптироваться к подшипник передатчик, прежде чем начать какие-либо эксперименты. Сбор данных радиотелеметрии у мышей требует предварительной хирургической имплантации телеметрии передатчик. Это должно выполняться только квалифицированным персоналом с хирургическими навыками для того, чтобы свести к минимуму травму тканей и последующая боль и страдания. Для экспериментаторов проведения основной или даже продвинутый (микро-) хирургических навыков, рекомендуется выполнить первые испытания в свежих трупов мышей с использованием учебных имплантатов (например, соски, предоставляемых производителем) для установления процедур и ознакомиться с особенностями такого родахирургического вмешательства. После такой подготовки, большинство экспериментаторов были бы способны привить этот тип датчиков с успехом и достиг бы полезным знание через несколько имплантаций. Асептических условиях должна быть сохранена во время операции, чтобы сохранить микробиологические бремя и риск инфекции низка. Тем не менее, полной стерильности не может быть предоставлена ​​из-за некоторых специфических, бесплодие противоречивых условиях у мышей (например, охлаждающий эффект обширного отсечения волосы и дезинфекции, непрактичность повязки для защиты раны). Таким образом, антиинфекционной профилактики назначают во время имплантации. Ну с учетом обезболивающее лечение и четко определены план мониторинга, а также адекватные послеоперационного ухода играть решающую роль в удовлетворительных результатов эксперимента. В целом, хирургическая имплантация телеметрического передатчика у мышей будет стресс для животного. В частности, если генетические изменения в спецификацииIFIC линий мышей влияет на фенотип, а также препятствует животных телесное состояние, осложнения в периоперационной сроки и увеличилась смертность после имплантации может быть риск. Чтобы избежать ненужных страданий, люди выставке неудовлетворительным восстановления или длительное выздоровление должны быть освобождены от эксперимента и пожертвовал до достижения умирающей стадии. Для этого лист данных (Таблица 1: общее состояние здоровья и данные мониторинга лист) содействие систематический мониторинг критических симптомов и предоставление консультаций по гуманным конечные точки было установлено. Таким образом, восстановление описано в стиле медицинской карте или лабораторный журнал, что делает проведение данной методики (например, процедура имплантации и послеоперационное восстановление) прозрачен для соответствующих органов власти и животных органов, ответственных за экспериментов на животных (например, IACUC).

Corrections in the Protocol and Discussion sections have been made to: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice
Step 1.2 in the Protocol has been updated from:
1.2 Hair clipping at one day prior to surgery
The day prior to implantation, in order to shave the animals for surgery, mice are anesthetized briefly in a small (8x8x8cm) Perspex chamber using sevoflurane (8%) or isoflurane (5%) in pure oxygen (600 mL/min). After loss of the righting reflex, the mouse is taken out of the chamber and the anterior neck and abdominal hair is clipped with the animal lying in dorsal recumbence; anesthesia is maintained for approximately 5 minutes with a nose mask with sevoflurane 3-4% or isoflurane 1.5-3% in pure oxygen at a flow rate of 600 mL/min. After clipping the hair, the animals are allowed to awaken and are then brought back to their home cage.
to:
After the last health check or directly prior surgery, in order to shave the animals for surgery, mice are anesthetized briefly in a small (8x8x8cm) Perspex chamber using sevoflurane (8%) or isoflurane (5%) in pure oxygen (600 mL/min). Shaving the animals one day before surgery prevents hair stubbles in the operating field. After loss of the righting reflex, the mouse is taken out of the chamber and the anterior neck and abdominal hair is clipped with the animal lying in dorsal recumbence; anesthesia is maintained for approximately 5 minutes with a nose mask with sevoflurane 3-4% or isoflurane 1.5-3% in pure oxygen at a flow rate of 600 mL/min. After clipping the hair, the animals are allowed to awaken and are then brought back to their home cage.
Step 2.3 in the Protocol has been updated from:
2.3 Surgery
The skin of the anterior neck and abdominal region is disinfected with 70% ethanol. A 1- to 1.5-cm-long incision in the skin is made from the lower thorax along the midline to the abdomen. The negative (white/colourless) lead is tunnelled subcutaneously from the thorax to the neck, where a small incision (&#8804;0.5 cm) is made in the longitudinal direction. The skin and underlying tissues are prepared to make space for the fixation of the wire loop of the electrode. The wire loop is fixed between the muscles located to the right of the trachea, using two thin silk sutures (PERMA-Handseide, 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). The wound in the neck is then closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany) in layers. The abdominal wall is then opened at the linea alba and the body of the telemetric transmitter is placed into the abdominal cavity of the mouse. The wire loop of the positive (red) electrode is sutured to the xiphoid process with silk sutures in such a way that it lies between the liver and the diaphragm in the left upper abdominal region (Figure 2). Then, the muscle layers of the abdominal region are closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). Before finally closing the abdominal wall, a mixture of Sulfadoxin and Trimethoprim [(30 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively; dissolved in 1 mL of saline (0.9%) and at approximately body temperature (38-39&#176;C)] is injected into the abdominal cavity for the purposes of anti-infective prophylaxis and to support fluid homeostasis. Finally, the skin of the abdominal region is restored with staples (Precise, 3 M Health Care, St. Paul, MN, USA).
to:
2.3 Surgery
The skin of the anterior neck and abdominal region is disinfected for 5 minutes with 70% ethanol, chlorhexidine or iodine using a soaked cotton swab. A 1- to 1.5-cm-long incision in the skin is made from the lower thorax along the midline to the abdomen. The negative (white/colourless) lead is tunnelled subcutaneously from the thorax to the neck, where a small incision (&#8804;0.5 cm) is made in the longitudinal direction. The skin and underlying tissues are prepared to make space for the fixation of the wire loop of the electrode. The wire loop is fixed between the muscles located to the right of the trachea, using two thin silk sutures (PERMA-Handseide, 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). The wound in the neck is then closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany) in layers. The abdominal wall is then opened at the linea alba and the body of the telemetric transmitter is placed into the abdominal cavity of the mouse. The wire loop of the positive (red) electrode is sutured to the xiphoid process with silk sutures in such a way that it lies between the liver and the diaphragm in the left upper abdominal region (Figure 2). Then, the muscle layers of the abdominal region are closed with absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany). Before finally closing the abdominal wall, a mixture of Sulfadoxin and Trimethoprim [(30 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg, respectively; dissolved in 1 mL of saline (0.9%) and at approximately body temperature (38-39&#176;C)] is injected into the abdominal cavity for the purposes of anti-infective prophylaxis and to support fluid homeostasis. Finally, the skin of the abdominal region is restored with staples (Precise, 3 M Health Care, St. Paul, MN, USA) or intracutaneous, running, absorbable sutures (VICRYL 6-0, Ethicon, Norderstedt, Germany).

Step 3 in the Protocol has been updated from:
3. Post-operative care
After completion of surgery and anesthesia, 0.1 mg/kg of buprenorphine (Temgesic, Essex Chemie AG, Lucerne, Switzerland) and 5 mg/kg of meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Basel, Switzerland) is administered subcutaneously for pain treatment, and the animals are left on the warm (39&#176;C +/-1) surface of the work bench to recover for approximately 2h. Together with pain relief (twice daily: buprenorphine, 0.1 mg/kg and meloxicam 5 mg/kg), supportive therapy consisting of 300 &#956;L glucose (5%) and 300 &#956;L saline (0.9%) warmed to body temperature, is applied subcutaneously twice daily for 4 days. For further recovery support, it is worthwhile providing the animals with an additional drinking bottle containing 15% glucose solution During the recovery period of 4-10 days, it is recommended that the animals are kept warm. Therefore, in our case, the mice are housed in a warming cabinet (30&#176;C +/- 1). Monitoring of general condition and body weight, as well as food and water consumption, is performed once daily according to the general condition and health monitoring data sheet (Table 1) for 10 days post-operatively. Humane endpoints, i.e. the sacrifice of an animal to avoid unnecessary suffering and pain if progression of recovery is unsatisfactory, are realised under the following conditions:
i. If in poor general condition, i.e. the animal is substantially apathetic (no movement after being touched/pushed) and its body surface feels cold despite warming, the animal should be euthanatized immediately
ii. If, on day 4 after transmitter implantation, the animal shows clear signs of apathy, is extremely aggressive or does not show any food intake, it should be euthanatized immediately.
iii. On day 8 after transmitter implantation, the animal has to display a clear increase in body weight in comparison to the preceding post-operative days. Moreover, it has to consume at least 80% of the pre-operative daily food intake. If one of these conditions is not met, the animal should be euthanatized immediately.
At 10 days after implantation, the animal is transferred back to the animal room under standard housing conditions. Mice should be housed in compatible groups to allow social interaction and to prevent the adverse effects of long-term individual housing, which can have substantial impacts on the read-out of subsequent experiments8, 9. Mice should have a period of at least 4 weeks convalescence after transmitter implantation before the first experiment is conducted and data acquisition begins.
to:
After completion of surgery and anesthesia, 0.1 mg/kg of buprenorphine (Temgesic, Essex Chemie AG, Lucerne, Switzerland) and 5 mg/kg of meloxicam (Metacam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Basel, Switzerland) is administered subcutaneously for pain treatment, and the animals are left on the warm (39&#176;C +/-1) surface of the work bench to recover for approximately 2h. Together with pain relief (twice daily: buprenorphine, 0.1 mg/kg and meloxicam 5 mg/kg), supportive therapy consisting of 300 &#956;L glucose (5%) and 300 &#956;L saline (0.9%) warmed to body temperature, is injected subcutaneously twice daily for 4 days. For further recovery support, it is worthwhile providing the animals with an additional drinking bottle containing 15% glucose solution During the recovery period of 4-10 days, it is recommended that the animals are kept warm. Therefore, in our case, the mice are housed in a warming cabinet (30&#176;C +/- 1). Monitoring of general condition and body weight, as well as food and water consumption, is performed once daily according to the general condition and health monitoring data sheet (Table 1) for 10 days post-operatively. Humane endpoints, i.e. the sacrifice of an animal to avoid unnecessary suffering and pain if progression of recovery is unsatisfactory, are realised under the following conditions:
i. If in poor general condition, i.e. the animal is substantially apathetic (no movement after being touched/pushed) and its body surface feels cold despite warming, the animal should be euthanatized immediately
ii. If, on day 4 after transmitter implantation, the animal shows clear signs of apathy, is extremely aggressive or does not show any food intake, it should be euthanatized immediately.
iii. On day 8 after transmitter implantation, the animal has to display a clear increase in body weight in comparison to the preceding post-operative days. Moreover, it has to consume at least 80% of the pre-operative daily food intake. If one of these conditions is not met, the animal should be euthanatized immediately.
At 10 days after implantation, the animal is transferred back to the animal room under standard housing conditions. In case staples have been used, these should be removed 7-10 days after surgery; absorbable sutures have not to be removed. Mice should be housed in compatible groups to allow social interaction and to prevent the adverse effects of long-term individual housing, which can have substantial impacts on the read-out of subsequent experiments8, 9. Mice should have a period of at least 4 weeks convalescence after transmitter implantation before the first experiment is conducted and data acquisition begins.
The 4th paragraph in the Discussion has been updated from:
Aseptic conditions should be maintained during surgery to keep the microbiological burden and the risk of infections low. However, complete sterility cannot be provided because of some specific, sterility conflicting conditions in mice (e.g., cooling effect of extensive hair clipping and disinfection, impracticality of bandages to protect the wounds). Thus, anti-infective prophylaxis is administered during the implantation. Well tailored analgesic treatment and a clearly defined monitoring plan as well as adequate post-operative care play a crucial role in the satisfactory outcome of the experiment.
to:
Aseptic conditions should be maintained during surgery to keep the microbiological burden and the risk of infections low. However, if there are doubts that asepsis was breached because of some specific, sterility conflicting conditions in mice (e.g., cooling effect of extensive hair clipping and disinfection, impracticality of bandages to protect the wounds). Anti-infective prophylaxis should be administered during the implantation. Well-tailored analgesic treatment and a clearly defined monitoring plan as well as adequate post-operative care play a crucial role in the satisfactory outcome of the experiment.

Corrections in the Protocol and Discussion sections have been made to: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

Erratum: Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

implantation of radiotelemetry transmitters yielding data on ecg, heart rate, core body temperature and activity in free-moving laboratory mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice at JoVE.com

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

Хирургическая техника для имплантации коммерчески доступных телеметрических передатчиков используются для непрерывного измерения биопотенциалов (одно-канальной ЭКГ), частота сердечных сокращений, температуры тела и двигательной активности в свободно движущихся мышей показано на рисунке. Рекомендации и протоколы для послеоперационного ухода и облегчения боли, улучшения восстановления, благополучие и выживаемость также представлены.

Имплантация радиотелеметрии Передатчики Уступая данных на ЭКГ, частоты пульса, температуры тела и деятельности в свободных движущихся лабораторных мышей

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

Имплантация сонной манжеты для запуска Shear-стресс, вызванный атеросклероза у мышей

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce ...

Implantation of the Syncardia Total Artificial Heart

Имплантация SynCardia Всего искусственное сердце

With advances in technology, the use of mechanical circulatory support devices for end stage heart failure has rapidly increased. The vast majority of ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Эхокардиографическое Оценка правых отделов сердца у мышей

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

In utero Measurement of Heart Rate in Mouse by Noninvasive M-mode Echocardiography

Внутриутробное Измерение пульса у мышей с помощью неинвазивной М-режиме эхокардиографии

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent noninfectious cause of death at birth. The incidence of CHD ranges from 4 to 50/1,000 births (Disease ...

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease

Имплантация Всего искусственного сердца в врожденный порок сердца

In patients with end-stage heart failure (HF), a total artificial heart (TAH) may be implanted as a bridge to cardiac transplant. However, in congenital ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Хлорного железа, вызванной Тромбоз мышь Модель на сонной артерии и брыжейки судна

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...

Heterotopic Cervical Heart Transplantation in Mice

Гетеротопическая шейки Трансплантация сердца у мышей

The heterotopic cervical heart transplantation in mice is a valuable tool in transplant and cardiovascular research. The cuff technique greatly simplifies ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

In Vitro and In Vivo Detection of Mitophagy in Human Cells, C. Elegans, and Mice

In Vitro и In Vivo обнаружения Mitophagy в клетки человека и C. Elegans, мышей

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells and produce cellular energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to biological aging and a ...

Methodology for Sputum Induction and Laboratory Processing

Методология для индукции мокроты и лаборатория обработки

The technique of sputum induction and processing is a recognized non-invasive method allowing the collection and analysis of cells from the airways, which ...

The Pilocarpine Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and EEG Monitoring Using Radiotelemetry System in Mice

Пилокарпин модель височной эпилепсии и ЭЭГ мониторинга с использованием системы манулами мышей

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common neurological disorder in adulthood. For translational studies of chronic epilepsy, pilocarpine-induced status ...