Name: an introduction to parasitic wasps of drosophila and the antiparasite immune response
Uploaded: 2012-05-07T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response at JoVE.com

Мы благодарим профессора Тодда Schlenke для Trichopria drosophilae, профессор Тони Ip для трансгенных линий мух, и профессор Карл Хасимото по борьбе с Spätzle антител. Мы выражаем благодарность настоящим и прошлым членам лаборатории за их вклад в эту презентацию. Эта работа была поддержана грантами следующее: из NIH (S06 GM08168, RISE 41399-009 и G12-RR03060), USDA (NRI / USDA CSREES 2006-03817 и 2009-35302-05277) и ОАО Нью-Йоркского университета.

Весь протокол эксперимента разделили на четыре этапа (рис. 9). (1) Культивирование осы на личинки мух (2) Установка инфекции и подготовка животных для вскрытия (3) изоляции и крепления хост / паразита структур; (4) Анализ иммунного тканей. 1. Культивирование Осы на личин...

<ol>
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K., Hartenstein, V., Banerjee, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hematopoietic+stem+cell+and+its+niche:+a+comparative+view.">The hematopoietic stem cell and its niche: a comparative view.</a> Genes Dev. 21, 3044-3060 (2007).</li><li>Lemaitre, B., Hoffmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+host+defense+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 25, 697-743 (2007).</li><li>Schlegel, A., Stainier, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+"lower"+organisms:+what+worms,+flies,+and+zebrafish+can+teach+us+about+human+energy+metabolism.">Lessons from "lower" organisms: what worms, flies, and zebrafish can teach us about human energy metabolism.</a> PLoS Genet. 3, e199 (2007).</li><li>Ferrandon, D., Jung, A. C., Criqui, M., Lemaitre, B., Uttenweiler-Joseph, S., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J., Hoffmann, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+drosomycin-GFP+reporter+transgene+reveals+a+local+immune+response+in+Drosophila+that+is+not+dependent+on+the+Toll+pathway.">A drosomycin-GFP reporter transgene reveals a local immune response in Drosophila that is not dependent on the Toll pathway.</a> EMBO J. 17, 1217-1227 (1998).</li><li>Bruckner, K., Kockel, L., Duchek, P., Luque, C. M., Rorth, P., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+PDGF/VEGF+receptor+controls+blood+cell+survival+in+Drosophila.">The PDGF/VEGF receptor controls blood cell survival in Drosophila.</a> Dev. Cell. 7, 73-84 (2004).</li><li>Tokusumi, T., Shoue, D. A., Tokusumi, Y., Stoller, J. R., Schulz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+hemocyte-specific+enhancer-reporter+transgenes+for+the+analysis+of+hematopoiesis+in+Drosophila.">New hemocyte-specific enhancer-reporter transgenes for the analysis of hematopoiesis in Drosophila.</a> Genesis. 47, 771-774 (2009).</li><li>Tokusumi, T., Sorrentino, R. P., Russell, M., Ferrarese, R., Govind, S., Schulz, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+lamellocyte+transcriptional+enhancer+located+within+the+misshapen+gene+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Characterization of a lamellocyte transcriptional enhancer located within the misshapen gene of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS One. 4, e6429 (2009).</li><li>Morales, J., Chiu, H., Oo, T., Plaza, R., Hoskins, S., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogenesis,+structure,+and+immune-suppressive+effects+of+virus-like+particles+of+a+Drosophila+parasitoid,+Leptopilina+victoriae.">Biogenesis, structure, and immune-suppressive effects of virus-like particles of a Drosophila parasitoid, Leptopilina victoriae.</a> J. Insect Physiol. 51, 181-195 (2005).</li><li>Bettencourt, R., Asha, H., Dearolf, C., Ip, Y. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemolymph-dependent+and+-independent+responses+in+Drosophila+immune+tissue.">Hemolymph-dependent and -independent responses in Drosophila immune tissue.</a> J. Cell Biochem. 92, 849-863 (2004).</li><li>Melk, J. P., Govind, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+analysis+of+Ganaspis+xanthopoda,+a+larval+parasitoid+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Developmental analysis of Ganaspis xanthopoda, a larval parasitoid of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 202, 1885-1896 (1999).</li></ol>

Интерес к паразитической осы дрозофилы приливает в качестве молекулярных методов для расшифровки полного генома стать эффективным и рентабельным. Тем не менее, по сравнению с их исключительно хорошо изученных хозяев, много интересных аспектов осы биология остаются неясными. К н?...

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an introduction to parasitic wasps of drosophila and the antiparasite immune response

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. 1A-C), females of the genus Leptopilina (Fig. 1D, 1F, 1G) and Ganaspis (Fig. 1E) attack the larval stages. We use these parasites to study the molecular basis of a biological arms race. Parasitic wasps have tremendous value as biocontrol agents. Most of them carry virulence and other factors that modify host physiology and immunity. Analysis of Drosophila wasps is providing insights into how species-specific interactions shape the genetic structures of natural communities. These studies also serve as a model for understanding the hosts' immune physiology and how coordinated immune reactions are thwarted by this class of parasites.
The larval/pupal cuticle serves as the first line of defense. The wasp ovipositor is a sharp needle-like structure that efficiently delivers eggs into the host hemocoel. Oviposition is followed by a wound healing reaction at the cuticle (Fig. 1C, arrowheads). Some wasps can insert two or more eggs into the same host, although the development of only one egg succeeds. Supernumerary eggs or developing larvae are eliminated by a process that is not yet understood. These wasps are therefore referred to as solitary parasitoids.
Depending on the fly strain and the wasp species, the wasp egg has one of two fates. It is either encapsulated, so that its development is blocked (host emerges; Fig. 2 left); or the wasp egg hatches, develops, molts, and grows into an adult (wasp emerges; Fig. 2 right). L. heterotoma is one of the best-studied species of Drosophila parasitic wasps. It is a "generalist," which means that it can utilize most Drosophila species as hosts1. L. heterotoma and L. victoriae are sister species and they produce virus-like particles that actively interfere with the encapsulation response2. Unlike L. heterotoma, L. boulardi is a specialist parasite and the range of Drosophila species it utilizes is relatively limited1. Strains of L. boulardi also produce virus-like particles3 although they differ significantly in their ability to succeed on D. melanogaster1. Some of these L. boulardi strains are difficult to grow on D. melanogaster1 as the fly host frequently succeeds in encapsulating their eggs. Thus, it is important to have the knowledge of both partners in specific experimental protocols.
In addition to barrier tissues (cuticle, gut and trachea), Drosophila larvae have systemic cellular and humoral immune responses that arise from functions of blood cells and the fat body, respectively. Oviposition by L. boulardi activates both immune arms1,4. Blood cells are found in circulation, in sessile populations under the segmented cuticle, and in the lymph gland. The lymph gland is a small hematopoietic organ on the dorsal side of the larva. Clusters of hematopoietic cells, called lobes, are arranged segmentally in pairs along the dorsal vessel that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal (Fig. 3A). The fat body is a large multifunctional organ (Fig. 3B). It secretes antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial and metazoan infections.
Wasp infection activates immune signaling (Fig. 4)4. At the cellular level, it triggers division and differentiation of blood cells. In self defense, aggregates and capsules develop in the hemocoel of infected animals (Fig. 5)5,6. Activated blood cells migrate toward the wasp egg (or wasp larva) and begin to form a capsule around it (Fig. 5A-F). Some blood cells aggregate to form nodules (Fig. 5G-H). Careful analysis reveals that wasp infection induces the anterior-most lymph gland lobes to disperse at their peripheries (Fig. 6C, D).
We present representative data with Toll signal transduction pathway components Dorsal and Sp&auml;tzle (Figs. 4,5,7), and its target Drosomycin (Fig. 6), to illustrate how specific changes in the lymph gland and hemocoel can be studied after wasp infection. The dissection protocols described here also yield the wasp eggs (or developing stages of wasps) from the host hemolymph (Fig. 8).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response at JoVE.com

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

Паразитоид (паразитарных) ос представляют собой основной класс естественных врагов многих насекомых, включая<em&gt; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</em&gt;. Введем методы для распространения этих паразитов в<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; SPP. и продемонстрировать, как анализировать их влияние на иммунную ткани<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Личинок.

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