Name: using reverse genetics to manipulate the nss gene of the rift valley fever virus mp-12 strain to improve vaccine safety and efficacy
Uploaded: 2011-11-01T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy at JoVE.com

Detta arbete har finansierats av licensnummer 5 U54 AI057156-07 via Western Regional Center of Excellence (WRCE), 1 R01 AI08764301-A1 från National Institute of Allergy och infektionssjukdomar, och en intern finansiering från Sealy Centrum för utvecklingen av vaccin vid University of Texas Medical Branch.

1. Återvinning av rekombinant MP-12-kodning NSS mutation (er) från plasmid DNA 2 <ol><li> Sprid barn hamstern njure (BHK) / T7-9 celler 15 som stabilt uttrycka T7 RNA-polymeras, till 6-cm rätter i Minimum Essential Medium (MEM)-alfa (Invitrogen, Cat # 32.561.037) med 10% fetalt bovint serum (FBS ), penicillin-streptomycin (Penicillin: 100 U / ml, streptomycin: 100 mikrogram / ml) (Invitrogen, Cat # 15.140.122) och 600 mikrogram / ml hygromycin B (Cellgro, Cat # 30-240-CR). * Effektivite...

<ol>
	<li>Bird, B. H., Ksiazek, T. G., Nichol, S. T., Maclachlan, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus.">Rift Valley fever virus.</a> J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 234, 883-893 (2009).</li><li>Ikegami, T., Won, S., Peters, C. J., Makino, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+infectious+rift+valley+fever+virus+entirely+from+cDNA,+analysis+of+virus+lacking+the+NSs+gene,+and+expression+of+a+foreign+gene.">Rescue of infectious rift valley fever virus entirely from cDNA, analysis of virus lacking the NSs gene, and expression of a foreign gene.</a> J. Virol. 80, 2933-2940 (2006).</li><li>Billecocq, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+polymerase+I-mediated+expression+of+viral+RNA+for+the+rescue+of+infectious+virulent+and+avirulent+Rift+Valley+fever+viruses.">RNA polymerase I-mediated expression of viral RNA for the rescue of infectious virulent and avirulent Rift Valley fever viruses.</a> Virology. 378, 377-384 (2008).</li><li>Habjan, M., Penski, N., Spiegel, M., Weber, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T7+RNA+polymerase-dependent+and+-independent+systems+for+cDNA-based+rescue+of+Rift+Valley+fever+virus.">T7 RNA polymerase-dependent and -independent systems for cDNA-based rescue of Rift Valley fever virus.</a> J. Gen. Virol. 89, 2157-2166 (2008).</li><li>Gerrard, S. R., Bird, B. H., Albarino, C. G., Nichol, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NSm+proteins+of+Rift+Valley+fever+virus+are+dispensable+for+maturation,+replication+and+infection.">The NSm proteins of Rift Valley fever virus are dispensable for maturation, replication and infection.</a> Virology. 359, 459-465 (2007).</li><li>Billecocq, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NSs+protein+of+Rift+Valley+fever+virus+blocks+interferon+production+by+inhibiting+host+gene+transcription.">NSs protein of Rift Valley fever virus blocks interferon production by inhibiting host gene transcription.</a> J. Virol. 78, 9798-9806 (2004).</li><li>May, N. L. e. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TFIIH+transcription+factor,+a+target+for+the+Rift+Valley+hemorrhagic+fever+virus.">TFIIH transcription factor, a target for the Rift Valley hemorrhagic fever virus.</a> Cell. 116, 541-550 (2004).</li><li>Ikegami, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus+NSs+protein+promotes+post-transcriptional+downregulation+of+protein+kinase+PKR+and+inhibits+eIF2alpha+phosphorylation.">Rift Valley fever virus NSs protein promotes post-transcriptional downregulation of protein kinase PKR and inhibits eIF2alpha phosphorylation.</a> PLoS Pathog. 5, e1000287-e1000287 (2009).</li><li>Habjan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NSs+protein+of+Rift+valley+fever+virus+induces+the+specific+degradation+of+the+double-stranded+RNA-dependent+protein+kinase.">NSs protein of Rift valley fever virus induces the specific degradation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase.</a> J. Virol. 83, 4365-4375 (2009).</li><li>Garcia-Sastre, A., Biron, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+1+interferons+and+the+virus-host+relationship:+a+lesson+in+detente.">Type 1 interferons and the virus-host relationship: a lesson in detente.</a> Science. 312, 879-882 (2006).</li><li>Bon, A. L. e. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+i+interferons+potently+enhance+humoral+immunity+and+can+promote+isotype+switching+by+stimulating+dendritic+cells+in+vivo.">Type i interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo.</a> Immunity. 14, 461-470 (2001).</li><li>Le Bon, A., Tough, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Links+between+innate+and+adaptive+immunity+via+type+I+interferon.">Links between innate and adaptive immunity via type I interferon.</a> Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14, 432-436 (2002).</li><li>Tough, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Type+I+interferon+as+a+link+between+innate+and+adaptive+immunity+through+dendritic+cell+stimulation.">Type I interferon as a link between innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic cell stimulation.</a> Leuk. Lymphoma. 45, 257-264 (2004).</li><li>Ito, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+recovery+of+rabies+virus+from+cloned+cDNA+using+a+vaccinia+virus-free+reverse+genetics+system.">Improved recovery of rabies virus from cloned cDNA using a vaccinia virus-free reverse genetics system.</a> Microbiol. Immunol. 47, 613-617 (2003).</li><li>Terasaki, K., Murakami, S., Lokugamage, K. G., Makino, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+tripartite+RNA+genome+packaging+in+Rift+Valley+fever+virus.">Mechanism of tripartite RNA genome packaging in Rift Valley fever virus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 804-809 (2010).</li><li>Buchholz, U. J., Finke, S., Conzelmann, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+bovine+respiratory+syncytial+virus+(BRSV)+from+cDNA:+BRSV+NS2+is+not+essential+for+virus+replication+in+tissue+culture,+and+the+human+RSV+leader+region+acts+as+a+functional+BRSV+genome+promoter.">Generation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) from cDNA: BRSV NS2 is not essential for virus replication in tissue culture, and the human RSV leader region acts as a functional BRSV genome promoter.</a> J. Virol. 73, 251-259 (1999).</li><li>Diaz, M. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homozygous+deletion+of+the+alpha-+and+beta+1-interferon+genes+in+human+leukemia+and+derived+cell+lines.">Homozygous deletion of the alpha- and beta 1-interferon genes in human leukemia and derived cell lines.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 5259-5263 (1988).</li><li>Mosca, J. D., Pitha, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+and+posttranscriptional+regulation+of+exogenous+human+beta+interferon+gene+in+simian+cells+defective+in+interferon+synthesis.">Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of exogenous human beta interferon gene in simian cells defective in interferon synthesis.</a> Mol. Cell. Biol. 6, 2279-2283 (1986).</li><li>Constantinescu, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+signaling+specificity+of+the+IFNAR+chain+of+the+type+I+interferon+receptor+complex.">Expression and signaling specificity of the IFNAR chain of the type I interferon receptor complex.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 10487-10491 (1995).</li><li>Kumar, K. G., Tang, W., Ravindranath, A. K., Clark, W. A., Croze, E., Fuchs, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SCF(HOS)+ubiquitin+ligase+mediates+the+ligand-induced+down-regulation+of+the+interferon-alpha+receptor.">SCF(HOS) ubiquitin ligase mediates the ligand-induced down-regulation of the interferon-alpha receptor.</a> EMBO J. 22, 5480-5490 (2003).</li><li>Kakach, L. T., Suzich, J. A., Collett, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus+M+segment:+phlebovirus+expression+strategy+and+protein+glycosylation.+Virology.">Rift Valley fever virus M segment: phlebovirus expression strategy and protein glycosylation. Virology.</a> 170, 505-510 (1989).</li><li>Kakach, L. T., Wasmoen, T. L., Collett, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus+M+segment:+use+of+recombinant+vaccinia+viruses+to+study+Phlebovirus+gene+expression.">Rift Valley fever virus M segment: use of recombinant vaccinia viruses to study Phlebovirus gene expression.</a> J. Virol. 62, 826-833 (1988).</li><li>Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., Miyazaki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+selection+for+high-expression+transfectants+with+a+novel+eukaryotic+vector.">Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector.</a> Gene. 108, 193-199 (1991).</li><li>Muller, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+clone+13,+a+naturally+attenuated+avirulent+isolate+of+Rift+Valley+fever+virus,+which+is+altered+in+the+small+segment.">Characterization of clone 13, a naturally attenuated avirulent isolate of Rift Valley fever virus, which is altered in the small segment.</a> Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53, 405-411 (1995).</li><li>Le May, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+SAP30+complex+inhibits+IFN-beta+expression+in+Rift+Valley+fever+virus+infected+cells.">A SAP30 complex inhibits IFN-beta expression in Rift Valley fever virus infected cells.</a> PLoS Pathog. 4, e13-e13 (2008).</li><li>Kalveram, B., Lihoradova, O., Ikegami, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NSs+Protein+of+Rift+Valley+Fever+Virus+Promotes+Post-Translational+Downregulation+of+the+TFIIH+Subunit+p62.">NSs Protein of Rift Valley Fever Virus Promotes Post-Translational Downregulation of the TFIIH Subunit p62.</a> J. Virol. 85, 6234-6243 (2011).</li><li>Taniguchi, T., Ogasawara, K., Takaoka, A., Tanaka, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IRF+family+of+transcription+factors+as+regulators+of+host+defense.">IRF family of transcription factors as regulators of host defense.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 19, 623-655 (2001).</li><li>Marie, I., Durbin, J. E., Levy, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+viral+induction+of+distinct+interferon-alpha+genes+by+positive+feedback+through+interferon+regulatory+factor-7.">Differential viral induction of distinct interferon-alpha genes by positive feedback through interferon regulatory factor-7.</a> EMBO J. 17, 6660-6669 (1998).</li><li>Ikegami, T., Won, S., Peters, C. J., Makino, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus+NSs+mRNA+is+transcribed+from+an+incoming+anti-viral-sense+S+RNA+segment.">Rift Valley fever virus NSs mRNA is transcribed from an incoming anti-viral-sense S RNA segment.</a> J. Virol. 79, 12106-12111 (2005).</li><li>Mims, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+Fever+virus+in+mice.+I.+General+features+of+the+infection.">Rift Valley Fever virus in mice. I. General features of the infection.</a> Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 37, 99-109 (1956).</li><li>Bouloy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+evidence+for+an+interferon-antagonistic+function+of+rift+valley+fever+virus+nonstructural+protein+NSs.">Genetic evidence for an interferon-antagonistic function of rift valley fever virus nonstructural protein NSs.</a> J. Virol. 75, 1371-1377 (2001).</li><li>Bird, B. H., Albarino, C. G., Nichol, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rift+Valley+fever+virus+lacking+NSm+proteins+retains+high+virulence+in+vivo+and+may+provide+a+model+of+human+delayed+onset+neurologic+disease.">Rift Valley fever virus lacking NSm proteins retains high virulence in vivo and may provide a model of human delayed onset neurologic disease.</a> Virology. 362, 10-15 (2007).</li></ol>

Omvänd genetik system för RVFV har utvecklats av flera grupper genom att använda T7 promotorn 2,4,5 eller mus 3 eller mänsklig 4 Pol-I promotor. I detta manuskript, beskriver vi ett protokoll för att generera rekombinant RVFV MP-12 stammar genom att använda BHK/T7-9 celler 15 som stabilt uttrycka T7 RNA-polymeras. Effektiviteten av viral återhämtning varierat beroende på skick BHK/T7-9 celler, mängden plasmider, antalet transfekterade celler och så vidare. Vi först...

<table border="1"><tr><td> Reagensets namn </td><td> Företag </td><td> Katalognummer </td><td> Kommentarer (tillval) </td></tr><tr><td> Minimum Essential Medium (MEM)-alfa </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 32561037 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco ändrade minimiantal nödvändiga medel </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11965092 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Modified Eagle Medium (MEM 2x) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11935046 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Penicillin-streptomycin </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 15140122 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hygromycin B </td><td> Cellgro </td><td> 30-240-CR </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tryptos fosfat buljong </td><td> MP biomedicals </td><td> 1682149 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Noble agar </td><td> VWR </td><td> 101170-362 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Transit-LT1 </td><td> Mirus </td><td> MIR2300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Opti-MEM </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 31985070 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Aerosol tätt lock </td><td> Eppendorf </td><td> C-2223 till 25 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 0,33% neutralt rött-lösning </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> N2889-100 ml </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> C57/WT MEF celler </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> MEF-c57wt </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Blasticidin S </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> Ant-BL-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zeocin </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> ant-Zn-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Kvantita-Blå </td><td> InvivoGen </td><td> represen-qb1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BHK/T7-9 celler 15 </td><td> Gifu University, Japan </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vero E6 celler </td><td> ATCC </td><td> CRL-1586 </td><td></td></tr></table>

using reverse genetics to manipulate the nss gene of the rift valley fever virus mp-12 strain to improve vaccine safety and efficacy

Rift Valley-feber-virus (RVFV), som orsakar hemorragisk feber, neurologiska störningar eller blindhet hos människor, och en hög grad abort och fosterskador hos idisslare 1, har klassificerats som en HHS / USDA överlappning välja agent och en riskgrupp 3 patogen. Det tillhör släktet Phlebovirus i familjen Bunyaviridae och är en av de mest virulenta medlemmar av denna familj. Flera omvänd genetik system för RVFV MP-12 vaccinstammen 2,3 samt vildtyp RVFV stammar 4-6, inklusive ZH548 och ZH501, har utvecklats sedan 2006. MP-12-stam (som är en riskgrupp 2 patogen och en icke-select agent) är mycket försvagade av flera mutationer i sitt M-och L-segment, men ändå bär virulenta S etapper RNA 3, som kodar en funktionell virulens faktor, NSS. Den rMP12-C13type (C13type) transporterar 69% i-frame radering av NSS ORF saknar alla kända NSS funktioner, medan den replikerar som efficma liksom MP-12 i VeroE6 celler som saknar typ I IFN. NSS inducerar en avstängning av värd transkription inklusive interferon (IFN)-beta mRNA 7,8 och främjar nedbrytningen av dubbelsträngat RNA-beroende proteinkinas (PKR) på posttranslationella nivå. 9,10 IFN-beta är transkriptionellt uppregleras av interferon reglerande faktor 3 (IRF-3), NF-kB och aktivator protein-1 (AP-1), och bindningen av IFN-beta för att IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR) stimulerar transkription av IFN-alfa gener eller andra interferon stimuleras gener (ISGs) 11, som inducerar värd antivirala aktiviteter, medan värd transkription förtryck inklusive IFN-beta genen av NSS förhindrar genen upregulations av dessa ISGs svar på virusreplikationen även IRF-3, NF-kB och aktivator protein-1 (AP-1) kan aktiveras genom RVFV7. . Således är NSS ett utmärkt mål för att ytterligare dämpa MP-12, och öka värd medfödda immunförsvaret genom att avskaffa IFN-beta undertryckande funktion. HärBeskriver vi ett protokoll för att skapa en rekombinant MP-12 kodning muterat NSS, och ger ett exempel på en screening metod för att identifiera NSS mutanter som saknar funktion för att undertrycka IFN-beta mRNA-syntes. Förutom sin viktiga roll i medfödd immunitet, är typ I IFN viktiga för mognaden av dendritiska celler och induktion av ett adaptivt immunsvar 12-14. Således NSS mutanter framkalla typ I-IFN är ytterligare dämpas, men samtidigt är mer effektiva på att stimulera värd immunsvar än vildtyp MP-12, vilket gör dem idealiska kandidater för vaccination metoder.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy at JoVE.com

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Det omvända genetik systemet för Rift Valley-feber-virus MP-12 vaccinstam är ett användbart verktyg för att skapa ytterligare MP-12 mutanter med ökad dämpning och immunogenicitet. Vi beskriver protokollet att generera och karaktärisera NSS muterade stammar.

Använda omvänd genetik att manipulera NSS Gene i Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain att förbättra vaccin säkerhet och effekt

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), which causes hemorrhagic fever, neurological disorders or blindness in humans, and a high rate abortion and fetal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Reverse Genetics Mediated Recovery of Infectious Murine Norovirus

Omvänd genetik Medierad Återvinning av infektiös Murine Norovirus

Human noroviruses are responsible for most cases of human gastroenteritis (GE) worldwide and are recurrent problem in environments where close ...

Using Click Chemistry to Measure the Effect of Viral Infection on Host-Cell RNA Synthesis

Använda klicka kemi för att mäta effekten av virusinfektion på Host-cell RNA-syntes

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cell-baserade flödescytometri analys för att mäta cytotoxisk aktivitet

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In vitro Analys av MyD88-medierad cellulärt immunsvar till West Nile-virus mutant stam Infektion

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy And Toxicity of RNAs Targeting HIV-1 Production for Use in Gene or Drug Therapy

Utvärdering av effekt och toxicitet av RNA Targeting HIV-1-produktion för användning i Gene eller Drug Therapy

Small RNA therapies targeting post-integration steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle are among the top candidates for gene therapy and have the potential ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Generation av Escape varianter av neutraliserande influensa Virus monoklonala antikroppar

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Overuttryck och rening av människa<em&gt; Cis</em&gt; -prenyltransferas i<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Använda fylogenetisk analys för att undersöka eukaryota gen ursprung

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct ...

Assembly and Purification of Prototype Foamy Virus Intasomes

Montering och rening av prototyp skummande Virus Intasomes

A defining feature and necessary step of the retrovirus life cycle is the integration of the viral genome into the host genome. All retroviruses encode an ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Utvärdering av värd-patogen svaren och vaccinets effekt hos möss

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...