Name: monitoring protein adsorption with solid-state nanopores
Uploaded: 2011-12-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Protein Adsorption with Solid-state Nanopores at JoVE.com

저자들은 조언 존 Grazul (코넬 대학), 안드레 Marziali (밴쿠버에서 브리티시 컬럼비아 대학)와 빈센트 토바드 - Cossa을 (오타와 대학) 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 미국 국립 과학 재단 (DMR - 0706517와 DMR - 1006332)와 국립 보건원 (R01 - GM088403)에서 부여로 일부 자금이다. 재료 연구 과학 및 공학 센터 (MRSEC) 프로그램 (DMR 0520404) - nanopore 드릴링은 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)의 지원으로 재료 연구 코넬 센터 (CCMR)의 전자 현미경 시설에서 수행되었다. 실리콘 질화물 점막의 준비는 국립 과학 재단 (부여 항법 - 0335765)에서 지원하는 코넬 NanoScale 시설, 국립 나노기술 인프라 네트워크의 일원에서 실시되었습니다.

1. 실리콘 질화물 점막에서 고체 nanopores의 제조 <ol><li> 200 kV의 가속 전압에 황비홍 Tecnai F20 S / TEM을 가져와. 다른 S / TEM을 사용하는 경우, 가속 전압보다 크거나 200 kV 9이어야합니다 </li><li> TEM 샘플 홀더에 20 nm의 두꺼운 SPI 실리콘 질화물 창 그리드를로드하고 소유자로부터 오염 물질을 제거하는 30 초 동안 산소 플라즈마로 닦아주십시오. </li><li> S / TEM에 샘플을로드하고 아래 펌프로 진?...

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고체 표면에 27-29로 단백질의 자연 흡착는 biochip 응용 프로그램 및 기능 하이브리드의 biomaterials의 새로운 클래스의 디자인 분야의 숫자에 근본적으로 중요합니다. 이전 연구는 고체 표면에 adsorbed 단백질이 측면이나 이동성을 크게 탈착 속도를 표시하지 않는 것으로 나타났습니다, 따라서 단백질 흡착은 일반적으로 돌이킬 수와 특이 현상이 프로세스를 30-32로 간주됩니다. 고체 ?...

<table border="1"><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 댓글 </td></tr><tr><td> Tecnai F20 S / TEM </td><td> 페이 </td><td></td><td> S / TEM은 가속 전압 ≥ 200kV 및 현장 방출 소스를 필요로합니다. </td></tr><tr><td> TEM 20 NM 두꺼운 실리콘 질화 막 창 </td><td> SPI </td><td> 4163SN - BA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 축삭 Axopatch 200B 패치 - 클램프 증폭기 </td><td> 분자 장치 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 축삭 Digidata 1440A </td><td> 분자 장치 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 10 소프트웨어를 pCLAMP </td><td> 분자 장치 </td><td></td><td> 전기 생리학 데이터 수집 및 분석 소프트웨어 </td></tr><tr><td> 황산 </td><td> Fisher 과학 </td><td> A300 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 과산화수소 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> H325 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 실리콘 O - 링 </td><td> McMaster - 카 </td><td> 003 S70 </td><td> 또한 PDMS를 사용하여 </td></tr><tr><td> 실버 와이어 </td><td> 시그마 - 올드 리치 </td><td> 348,759 </td><td> 전극에 대한 </td></tr><tr><td> SPC 기술, D 하위 연락처, 핀 </td><td> 뉴어크 </td><td> 9K4978 </td><td> 전극에 대한 </td></tr><tr><td> 염화칼륨 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P9541 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 인산 칼륨 이염 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P2222 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 인산 칼륨 일염기의 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> P5379 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PDMS </td><td> 다우 코닝 </td><td></td><td> Sylgar 184 Elastomer가 설정할 수 있습니다. 챔버를 만들기위한. </td></tr><tr><td> Kwik - 캐스트 밀봉제 </td><td> 세계 정밀 계측기 </td><td> KWIK - CAST </td><td> 빠른 행동 실리콘 밀봉제 </td></tr><tr><td> 핫 플레이트 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 패러데이 케이지 </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></table>

monitoring protein adsorption with solid-state nanopores

고체 nanopores은 지역 구조와 유연성 핵산 1-6, 단백질 7 전개, 그리고 다른 리간드 8 바인딩 선호도를 조사하는 단일 분자 수준에서 측정을 수행하는 데 사용되었습니다. 9-12 저항 펄스 기술로 이러한 nanopores을 결합함으로써, 그러한 측정은 다양한 조건 하에서와 라벨 3에 대한 필요없이 할 수 있습니다. 저항 펄스 기술에서는 이온 소금 솔루션은 nanopore의 양쪽에 도입입니다. 따라서, 이온은 지속적으로 현재의 결과, 적용 transmembrane 잠재력에 의해 챔버의 한쪽에서 다른 구동됩니다. nanopore에 analyte의 파티션은 단일 분자 정보를 추출하는 분석할 수이 현재에 잘 정의된 편향을 발생합니다. 이 기법을 사용하여 nanopore 벽에 단일 단백질의 흡착은 다양한 범위의 아래에 모니터할 수 있습니다조건 13. microfluidic 장치의 크기 축소로, 하나의 단백질과 함께 이러한 시스템의 상호 작용이 우려되고 있기 때문에 단백질 흡착은 중요성이 높아지고있다. 이 프로토콜은 쉽게 nanopore 드릴링 의무가 다른 박막, 또는 작용 질화 표면에 확장될 수 있습니다 질화물 필름에 바인딩 단백질에 대한 신속한 분석을 설명합니다. 단백질의 다양한 솔루션 및 denaturing 조건 하에서 광범위한 탐험 수 있습니다. 또한이 프로토콜은 nanopore 분광법을 사용하여보다 기본적인 문제를 탐구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Monitoring Protein Adsorption with Solid-state Nanopores at JoVE.com

Monitoring Protein Adsorption with Solid-state Nanopores

무기 표면에 단백질이 아닌 구체적인 흡착을 모니터링하는 고체 nanopores를 사용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 방법은 실시간과 단일 분자 수준에서 탐색할 수 흡착 수있게 저항 펄스의 원칙을 사용합니다. 하나의 단백질 흡착 과정 멀리 평형에서이기 때문에, 우리는 양적 단백질 흡착의 상수 명백한 처음 주문 반응 속도의 결정뿐만 아니라 및 Langmuir 흡착 상수 사용, 합성 nanopores의 병렬 배열의 고용을 제안합니다.

고체 Nanopores와 모니터링 단백질 흡착

Solid-state nanopores have been used to perform measurements at the single-molecule level to examine the local structure and flexibility of nucleic acids ...

monitoring-protein-adsorption-with-solid-state-nanopores

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end organs. The latter include the lung, RES, and brain and are operative during human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. Macrophage entry into tissues is notable in areas of active HIV-1 replication and sites of inflammation. In order to assess the potential of macrophages as nanocarriers, superparamagnetic iron-oxide and/or drug laden particles coated with surfactants were parenterally injected into HIV-1 encephalitic mice. This was done to quantitatively assess particle and drug biodistribution. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test results were validated by histological coregistration and enhanced image processing. End organ disease as typified by altered brain histology were assessed by MRI. The demonstration of robust migration of nanoformulations into areas of focal encephalitis provides '"proof of concept" for the use of advanced bioimaging techniques to monitor macrophage migration. Importantly, histopathological aberrations in brain correlate with bioimaging parameters making the general utility of MRI in studies of cell distribution in disease feasible. We posit that using such methods can provide a real time index of disease burden and therapeutic efficacy with translational potential to humans.

Bioimaging methods used to assess cell biodistribution of nanoparticles are applicable for therapeutic and diagnostic monitoring of nanoformulated compounds. The methods described herein are sensitive and specific when assessed by histological coregistration. The methodologies provide a translational pathway from rodent to human applications.

진단 및 치료 모니터링을위한 Nanomaterials 등록 Bioimaging

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end ...

연구

생체공학

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

microfluidic 비말 플랫폼 형광 검출 방법

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

Mass Cytometry: Protocol for Daily Tuning and Running Cell Samples on a CyTOF Mass Cytometer

In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the issue of spectral overlap of fluorophore emissions has limited the number of simultaneous probes. In contrast, the new CyTOF mass cytometer by DVS Sciences couples a liquid single-cell introduction system to an ICP-MS.1 Rather than fluorophores, chelating polymers containing highly-enriched metal isotopes are coupled to antibodies or other specific probes.2-5 Because of the metal purity and mass resolution of the mass cytometer, there is no "spectral overlap" from neighboring isotopes, and therefore no need for compensation matrices. Additionally, due to the use of lanthanide metals, there is no biological background and therefore no equivalent of autofluorescence. With a mass window spanning atomic mass 103-203, theoretically up to 100 labels could be distinguished simultaneously. Currently, more than 35 channels are available using the chelating reagents available from DVS Sciences, allowing unprecedented dissection of the immunological profile of samples.6-7
Disadvantages to mass cytometry include the strict requirement for a separate metal isotope per probe (no equivalent of forward or side scatter), and the fact that it is a destructive technique (no possibility of sorting recovery). The current configuration of the mass cytometer also has a cell transmission rate of only ~25%, thus requiring a higher input number of cells.
Optimal daily performance of the mass cytometer requires several steps. The basic goal of the optimization is to maximize the measured signal intensity of the desired metal isotopes (M) while minimizing the formation of oxides (M+16) that will decrease the M signal intensity and interfere with any desired signal at M+16. The first step is to warm up the machine so a hot, stable ICP plasma has been established. Second, the settings for current and make-up gas flow rate must be optimized on a daily basis. During sample collection, the maximum cell event rate is limited by detector efficiency and processing speed to 1000 cells/sec. However, depending on the sample quality, a slower cell event rate (300-500 cells/sec) is usually desirable to allow better resolution between cells events and thus maximize intact singlets over doublets and debris. Finally, adequate cleaning of the machine at the end of the day helps minimize background signal due to free metal.

The steps necessary for daily tuning and optimization of the performance of a CyTOF mass cytometer are described. Comments on optimal sample preparation and flow rate are discussed

대량 세포 계측법 : CyTOF 질량 Cytometer에 매일 조정하고 실행 세포 샘플에 대한 프로토콜

In recent years, the rapid analysis of single cells has commonly been performed using flow cytometry and fluorescently-labeled antibodies. However, the ...

Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications in environmental, biomedical, agricultural, biological, and spaceflight research require an ion-selective electrode (ISE) that can withstand prolonged storage in complex biological media 1-4. An all-solid-state ion-selective-electrode (ASSISE) is especially attractive for the aforementioned applications. The electrode should have the following favorable characteristics: easy construction, low maintenance, and (potential for) miniaturization, allowing for batch processing. A microfabricated ASSISE intended for quantifying H+, Ca2+, and CO32- ions was constructed. It consists of a noble-metal electrode layer (i.e. Pt), a transduction layer, and an ion-selective membrane (ISM) layer. The transduction layer functions to transduce the concentration-dependent chemical potential of the ion-selective membrane into a measurable electrical signal.
The lifetime of an ASSISE is found to depend on maintaining the potential at the conductive layer/membrane interface 5-7. To extend the ASSISE working lifetime and thereby maintain stable potentials at the interfacial layers, we utilized the conductive polymer (CP) poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) 7-9 in place of silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) as the transducer layer. We constructed the ASSISE in a lab-on-a-chip format, which we called the multi-analyte biochip (MAB) (Figure 1).
Calibrations in test solutions demonstrated that the MAB can monitor pH (operational range pH 4-9), CO32- (measured range 0.01 mM - 1 mM), and Ca2+ (log-linear range 0.01 mM to 1 mM). The MAB for pH provides a near-Nernstian slope response after almost one month storage in algal medium. The carbonate biochips show a potentiometric profile similar to that of a conventional ion-selective electrode. Physiological measurements were employed to monitor biological activity of the model system, the microalga Chlorella vulgaris.
The MAB conveys an advantage in size, versatility, and multiplexed analyte sensing capability, making it applicable to many confined monitoring situations, on Earth or in space.
Biochip Design and Experimental Methods
The biochip is 10 x 11 mm in dimension and has 9 ASSISEs designated as working electrodes (WEs) and 5 Ag/AgCl reference electrodes (REs). Each working electrode (WE) is 240 &mu;m in diameter and is equally spaced at 1.4 mm from the REs, which are 480 &mu;m in diameter. These electrodes are connected to electrical contact pads with a dimension of 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. The schematic is shown in Figure 2.
Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic deposition methods are used to electropolymerize the PEDOT films using a Bioanalytical Systems Inc. (BASI) C3 cell stand (Figure 3). The counter-ion for the PEDOT film is tailored to suit the analyte ion of interest. A PEDOT with poly(styrenesulfonate) counter ion (PEDOT/PSS) is utilized for H+ and CO32-, while one with sulphate (added to the solution as CaSO4) is utilized for Ca2+. The electrochemical properties of the PEDOT-coated WE is analyzed using CVs in redox-active solution (i.e. 2 mM potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6)). Based on the CV profile, Randles-Sevcik analysis was used to determine the effective surface area 10. Spin-coating at 1,500 rpm is used to cast ~2 &mu;m thick ion-selective membranes (ISMs) on the MAB working electrodes (WEs).
The MAB is contained in a microfluidic flow-cell chamber filled with a 150 &mu;l volume of algal medium; the contact pads are electrically connected to the BASI system (Figure 4). The photosynthetic activity of Chlorella vulgaris is monitored in ambient light and dark conditions.

Multi-analyte Biochip MAB Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes ASSISE for Physiological Research

All-solid-state ion-selective electrodes (ASSISEs) constructed from a conductive polymer (CP) transducer provide several months of functional lifetime in liquid media. Here, we describe the fabrication and calibration process of ASSISEs in a lab-on-a-chip format. The ASSISE is demonstrated to have maintained a near-Nernstian slope profile after prolonged storage in complex biological media.

생리 연구를위한 모든 고체 이온 선택성 전극 (ASSISE)를 기반으로 다중 분석 바이오칩 (MAB)

Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications in environmental, biomedical, agricultural, biological, and spaceflight research require an ion-selective electrode (ISE) ...

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

Metallic implants, especially titanium implants, are widely used in clinical applications. Tissue in-growth and integration to these implants in the tissues are important parameters for successful clinical outcomes. In order to improve tissue integration, porous metallic implants have being developed. Open porosity of metallic foams is very advantageous, since the pore areas can be functionalized without compromising the mechanical properties of the whole structure. Here we describe such modifications using porous titanium implants based on titanium microbeads. By using inherent physical properties such as hydrophobicity of titanium, it is possible to obtain hydrophobic pore gradients within microbead based metallic implants and at the same time to have a basement membrane mimic based on hydrophilic, natural polymers. 3D pore gradients are formed by synthetic polymers such as Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) by freeze-extraction method. 2D nanofibrillar surfaces are formed by using collagen/alginate followed by a crosslinking step with a natural crosslinker (genipin). This nanofibrillar film was built up by layer by layer (LbL) deposition method of the two oppositely charged molecules, collagen and alginate. Finally, an implant where different areas can accommodate different cell types, as this is necessary for many multicellular tissues, can be obtained. By, this way cellular movement in different directions by different cell types can be controlled. Such a system is described for the specific case of trachea regeneration, but it can be modified for other target organs. Analysis of cell migration and the possible methods for creating different pore gradients are elaborated. The next step in the analysis of such implants is their characterization after implantation. However, histological analysis of metallic implants is a long and cumbersome process, thus for monitoring host reaction to metallic implants in vivo an alternative method based on monitoring CGA and different blood proteins is also described. These methods can be used for developing in vitro custom-made migration and colonization tests and also be used for analysis of functionalized metallic implants in vivo without histology.

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

In this video, we will demonstrate modification techniques for porous metallic implants to improve their functionality and to control cell migration. Techniques include development of pore gradients to control cell movement in 3D and production of basement membrane mimics to control cell movement in 2-D. Also, a HPLC-based method for monitoring implant integration in-vivo via analysis of blood proteins is described.

모공 그라디언트, 고분자 전해질 및 그들의 간접적 인 모니터링과 금속 임플란트의 멀티 스케일 변경<em&gt; 생체 내</em

Metallic implants, especially titanium implants, are widely used in  clinical applications. Tissue in-growth and integration to these implants in  the ...

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic performance of microalgae-based biofuel production. Models that estimate microalgal growth under different conditions can help to optimize PBR design and operation. To be effective, the growth parameters used in these models must be accurately determined. Algal growth experiments are often constrained by the dynamic nature of the culture environment, and control systems are needed to accurately determine the kinetic parameters. The first step in setting up a controlled batch experiment is live data acquisition and monitoring. This protocol outlines a process for the assembly and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used to conduct microalgal growth experiments. This protocol describes how to size and assemble a flat-plate, bench-scale PBR from acrylic. It also details how to configure a PBR with continuous pH, light, and temperature monitoring using a data acquisition and control unit, analog sensors, and open-source data acquisition software.

This paper describes the assembly process and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used, in conjunction with other methods, to estimate pertinent kinetic growth parameters. This system continuously monitors the pH, light, and temperature using sensors, a data acquisition and control unit, and open-source data acquisition software.

키네 성장 시험을위한 온도, 빛 및 pH 모니터링을 갖춘 벤치 규모의 조류 광합성 생물 반응기의 건설 및 설치

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic ...

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

Compartmentalization of biochemical reactions is a central aspect of synthetic cells. For this purpose, peptide-based reaction compartments serve as an attractive alternative to liposomes or fatty acid-based vesicles. Externally or within the vesicles, peptides can be easily expressed and simplify the synthesis of membrane precursors. Provided here is a protocol for the creation of vesicles with diameters of ~200 nm based on the amphiphilic elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) utilizing dehydration-rehydration from glass beads. Also presented are protocols for bacterial ELP expression and purification via inverse temperature cycling, as well as their covalent functionalization with fluorescent dyes. Furthermore, this report describes a protocol to enable the transcription of RNA aptamer dBroccoli inside ELP vesicles as a less complex example for a biochemical reaction. Finally, a protocol is provided, which allows in vesiculo expression of fluorescent proteins and the membrane peptide, whereas synthesis of the latter results in vesicle growth.

Presented here are protocols for the creation of peptide-based small unilamellar vesicles capable of growth. To facilitate in vesiculo production of the membrane peptide, these vesicles are equipped with a transcription-translation system and the peptide-encoding plasmid.

자율 적인 소포 성장을 위한 펩티드 멤브레인 전구체의 베시큘로 합성

Compartmentalization of biochemical reactions is a central aspect of synthetic cells. For this purpose, peptide-based reaction compartments serve as an ...

Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound for Monitoring Cerebral Blood Flow

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to study neural activation occurring during stimuli such as physical movement, activation of tactile sensors in the skin, and viewing images. Neural activation is inferred from an increase in the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) supplying the region of the brain involved in processing sensory input. For example, viewing bright light causes increased neural activity in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex, leading to increased blood flow in the posterior cerebral artery, which supplies the occipital lobe. In fTCD, changes in CBFV are used to estimate changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF).
With its high temporal resolution measurement of blood flow velocities in the major cerebral arteries, fTCD complements other established functional imaging techniques. The goal of this Methods paper is to give step-by-step instructions for using fTCD to perform a functional imaging experiment. First, the basic steps for identifying the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and optimizing the signal will be described. Next, placement of a fixation device for holding the TCD probe in place during the experiment will be described. Finally, the breath-holding experiment, which is a specific example of a functional imaging experiment using fTCD, will be demonstrated.

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound complements other functional imaging modalities, with its high temporal resolution measurement of stimulus-induced changes in cerebral blood flow within the basal cerebral arteries. This Methods paper gives step-by-step instructions for using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound to perform a functional imaging experiment.&#160;

대뇌 혈류 를 모니터링하기위한 기능성 경두개 도플러 초음파

Functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD) is the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to study neural activation occurring during stimuli ...

Construction of a Wireless-Enabled Endoscopically Implantable Sensor for pH Monitoring with Zero-Bias Schottky Diode-based Receiver

Ambulatory pH monitoring of pathological reflux is an opportunity to observe the relationship between symptoms and exposure of the esophagus to acidic or non-acidic refluxate. This paper describes a method for the development, manufacturing, and implantation of a miniature wireless-enabled pH sensor. The sensor is designed to be implanted endoscopically with a single hemostatic clip. A fully passive rectenna-based receiver based on a zero-bias Schottky diode is also constructed and tested. To construct the device, a two-layer printed circuit board and off-the-shelf components were used. A miniature microcontroller with integrated analog peripherals is used as an analog front end for the ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) sensor and to generate a digital signal which is transmitted with an amplitude shift keying transmitter chip. The device is powered by two primary alkaline cells. The implantable device has a total volume of 0.6 cm3 and a weight of 1.2 grams, and its performance was verified in an ex vivo model (porcine esophagus and stomach). Next, a small footprint passive rectenna-based receiver which can be easily integrated either into an external receiver or the implantable neurostimulator, was constructed and proven to receive the RF signal from the implant when in proximity (20 cm) to it. The small size of the sensor provides continuous pH monitoring with minimal obstruction of the esophagus. The sensor could be used in routine clinical practice for 24/96 h esophageal pH monitoring without the need to insert a nasal catheter. The &#34;zero-power&#34; nature of the receiver also enables the use of the sensor for automatic in-vivo calibration of miniature lower esophageal sphincter neurostimulation devices. An active sensor-based control enables the development of advanced algorithms to minimize the used energy to achieve a desirable clinical outcome. One of the examples of such an algorithm would be a closed-loop system for on-demand neurostimulation therapy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

The manuscript presents a miniature implantable pH sensor with ASK modulated wireless output together with a fully passive receiver circuit based on zero-bias Schottky diodes. This solution can be used as a basis in the development of in vivo calibrated electrostimulation therapy devices and for ambulatory pH monitoring.

제로 바이어스 쇼트키 다이오드 기반 수신기를 사용하여 pH 모니터링을 위한 무선 지원 내시경 이식형 센서 구축

Ambulatory pH monitoring of pathological reflux is an opportunity to observe the relationship between symptoms and exposure of the esophagus to acidic or ...

Coral Growth and Monitoring Using the Micro-Device System

After setting the micro drive system, add one milliliter of the commercial microbiome source solution into 500 milliliters of the seawater while stirring. Next, inject 50 milliliters of the diluted solution and 10 microliters of the commercial coral nutrition solution into the circulation system. Switch on the inner circulation pump and turn on the air pump to culture the microbiome for 21 days.Cut the rock coral branches into a length of three to five centimeters. Adhere these coral branches onto 3D-printed coral support bases. Place the coral branch samples back into the original seawater tank for a minimum of seven days for recovery.Fix the coral support base onto the rotation unit using glue. Assemble the coral culture module and connect it to the outer circulation loop. Position the camera on the top of the studio and capture the images from a vertical view.Next, place the coral culture module in the mini photo studio with the coral positioned in the center and at the bottom. Capture coral images by rotating the outside handle. The coral culture module effectively controlled the seawater temperature and prevented temperature fluctuation, which can strongly affect coral survival.The sample corals'tentacles extended over one month indicating that the system provided a suitable survival environment for the coral.