Name: a polished and reinforced thinned-skull window for long-term imaging of the mouse brain
Uploaded: 2012-03-07T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Polished and Reinforced Thinned-skull Window for Long-term Imaging of the Mouse Brain at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto dalla American Heart Association (Post-doctoral fellowship a AYS) e il National Institutes of Health (MH085499, EB003832 e OD006831 a DK). Ringraziamo Beth Friedman e Pablo Blinder per i commenti sul manoscritto.

1. Preparazione per la chirurgia i <ol><li> Pulire gli strumenti chirurgici dalla sonicazione in una miscela di latte Maxizyme e chirurgica in un pulitore ad ultrasuoni. Sterilizzare gli strumenti chirurgici prima di ogni esperimento. </li><li> Assicurarsi che tutti i reagenti necessari e monouso sono disponibili. Un elenco di reagenti e prodotti monouso è fornita in Tabella 2. Reagenti e monouso che vengono in contatto con il tessuto esposto deve essere sterile, quando possibile. </li><li> Indurre l&#39;a...

<ol>
	<li>Cetin, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotaxic+gene+delivery+in+the+rodent+brain.">Stereotaxic gene delivery in the rodent brain.</a> Nature Protocols. 1, 3166-3173 (2006).</li><li>Kleinfeld, D., Delaney, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distributed+representation+of+vibrissa+movement+in+the+upper+layers+of+somatosensory+cortex+revealed+with+voltage+sensitive+dyes.">Distributed representation of vibrissa movement in the upper layers of somatosensory cortex revealed with voltage sensitive dyes.</a> Journal of Comparative Neurology. 375, 89-108 (1996).</li><li>Driscoll, J. D., Yuste, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+two-photon+imaging+of+blood+flow+in+cortex.">Quantitative two-photon imaging of blood flow in cortex.</a> Imaging in Neuroscience and Development. , 927-937 (2011).</li><li>Drew, P. J., Shih, A. Y., Kleinfeld, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluctuating+and+sensory-induced+vasodynamics+in+rodent+cortex+extends+arteriole+capacity.">Fluctuating and sensory-induced vasodynamics in rodent cortex extends arteriole capacity.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 108, 8473-8473 (2011).</li><li>Mostany, R., Portera-Cailliau, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+for+2-Photon+Imaging+of+Blood+Flow+in+the+Neocortex+through+a+Cranial+Window.">A Method for 2-Photon Imaging of Blood Flow in the Neocortex through a Cranial Window.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (12), e678-e678 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+reversible+changes+in+dendritic+spine+structure+in+vivo+gated+by+the+degree+of+ischemia.">Rapid reversible changes in dendritic spine structure in vivo gated by the degree of ischemia.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 25, 5333-5338 (2005).</li><li>Takano, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocyte-mediated+control+of+cerebral+blood+flow.">Astrocyte-mediated control of cerebral blood flow.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 9, 260-267 (2006).</li><li>Drew, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+optical+access+through+a+polished+and+reinforced+thinned+skull.">Chronic optical access through a polished and reinforced thinned skull.</a> Nature Methods. 7, 981-984 (2010).</li><li>Marker, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+thin-skull+window+technique+for+chronic+two-photon+in+vivo+imaging+of+murine+microglia+in+models+of+neuroinflammation.">A thin-skull window technique for chronic two-photon in vivo imaging of murine microglia in models of neuroinflammation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (43), e2059-e2059 (2010).</li><li>Feng, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+multiple+spectral+variants+of+GFP.">Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28, 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Martin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+neural-hemodynamic+coupling+and+the+hemodynamic+response+function+in+the+awake+rat.">Investigating neural-hemodynamic coupling and the hemodynamic response function in the awake rat.</a> Neuroimage. 32, 33-48 (2006).</li><li>Shih, A. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+microscopy+as+a+tool+to+study+blood+flow+and+neurovascular+coupling+in+the+rodent+brain.">Two-photon microscopy as a tool to study blood flow and neurovascular coupling in the rodent brain.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. , (2011).</li><li>Kobat, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+multiphoton+microscopy+using+longer+wavelength+excitation.">Deep tissue multiphoton microscopy using longer wavelength excitation.</a> Optics Express. 17, 13354-13364 (2009).</li><li>Holtmaat, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=high-resolution+imaging+in+the+mouse+neocortex+through+a+chronic+cranial+window.">high-resolution imaging in the mouse neocortex through a chronic cranial window.</a> Nature Protocols. 4, 1128-1144 (2009).</li><li>Xu, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choice+of+cranial+window+type+for+in+vivo+imaging+affects+dendritic+spine+turnover+in+the+cortex.">Choice of cranial window type for in vivo imaging affects dendritic spine turnover in the cortex.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 10, 549-551 (2007).</li><li>Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., Helmchen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting+microglial+cells+are+highly+dynamic+surveillants+of+brain+parenchyma+in+vivo.">Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo.</a> Science. 308, 1314-1318 (2005).</li><li>Davalos, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ATP+mediates+rapid+microglial+response+to+local+brain+injury+in+vivo.">ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 8, 752-758 (2005).</li><li>Ascenzi, A., Fabry, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+for+dissection+and+measurement+of+refractive+index+of+osteons.">Technique for dissection and measurement of refractive index of osteons.</a> The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 6, 139-142 (1959).</li><li>Stosiek, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+two-photon+calcium+imaging+of+neuronal+networks.">In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal networks.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 100, 7319-7324 (2003).</li><li>Grinvald, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+architecture+of+cortex+revealed+by+optical+imaging+of+intrinsic+signals.">Functional architecture of cortex revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals.</a> Nature. 324, 361-364 (1986).</li><li>Dunn, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+imaging+of+cerebral+blood+flow+using+laser+speckle.">Dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow using laser speckle.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &amp; Metabolism. 21, 195-201 (2001).</li><li>Villringer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capillary+perfusion+of+the+rat+brain+cortex:+An+in+vivo+confocal+microscopy+study.">Capillary perfusion of the rat brain cortex: An in vivo confocal microscopy study.</a> Circulation Research. 75, 55-62 (1994).</li><li>Denk, W., Strickler, J. H., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+laser+scanning+fluorescence+microscopy.">Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy.</a> Science. 248, 73-76 (1990).</li><li>Srinivasan, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+coherence+tomography+for+the+quantitative+study+of+cerebrovascular+physiology.">Optical coherence tomography for the quantitative study of cerebrovascular physiology.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &#38; Metabolism. 31, 1339-1345 (2011).</li><li>Hu, S., Wang, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoacoustic+imaging+and+characterization+of+the+microvasculature.">Photoacoustic imaging and characterization of the microvasculature.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 15, 011101-011101 (2010).</li><li>Flecknell, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laboratory animal anesthesia. , (1987).</li></ol>

Two-photon immagini attraverso una finestra Porte richiede la trasmissione attraverso l&#39;osso assottigliata e la dura madre, che attenua la luce laser e aggiunge aberrazioni ottiche a maggiori profondità 8. Tuttavia, nonostante questo inconveniente, profondità di imaging fino a 250 um sotto la superficie piale può essere ottenuto con eccitazione 900 nm. Profondità maggiori di imaging possono in linea di principio essere possibile con lunghezze d&#39;onda di eccitazione più 13. Un importante...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Agente </td><td> Via di consegna </td><td> Dose per il mouse </td><td> Durata </td><td> Note </td><td> Fonte </td><td> Rif. Rif. </td></tr><tr><td> Pentobarbital (Nembutal) </td><td> IP </td><td> 90 ug / g </td><td> 15-60 min </td><td> Margine di sicurezza stretta. Lavorare fino a giusta dose di anestesia lentamente. Supplemento 10% della dose di induzione come richiesto. </td><td> 036093; Butler Schein </td><td> 7 </td></tr><tr><td> Ketamina (Ketaset) miscelato con Xylazina (Anased) </td><td> IP </td><td> 60 mcg / g (K) 10 pg / g (X) (in miscela stessa siringa) </td><td> 20-30 min </td><td> Xilazina è co-iniettata come un rilassante muscolare e analgesico. Supplemento solo ketamina al 50% della dose di induzione come richiesto. </td><td> (K) 010.177, (X) 033.198; Butler Schein </td><td> 7 </td></tr><tr><td> Isoflurano (Isothesia) </td><td> Inalazione </td><td> 4% concentrazione media alveolare (MAC) per l&#39;induzione; 1-2% MAC per la manutenzione </td><td> 4-6 h. </td><td> Purché in miscela di 70% di ossigeno e il 30% di ossido di azoto. L&#39;anestesia prolungata porta a rallentare il recupero. </td><td> 029403; Butler Schein </td><td> 26 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 1. Consigliato agenti anestetici per gli studi di sopravvivenza. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> VOCE </td><td> AZIENDA </td><td><strong&gt; CATALOGO # / MODEL </td></tr><tr><td> Betadine </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 6906950 </td></tr><tr><td> Buprenorfina (Buprenex) </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 031919 </td></tr><tr><td> Isotiocianato di fluorescina destrano, 2 MDa peso molecolare </td><td> Sigma </td><td> FD2000S </td></tr><tr><td> Alcol isopropilico </td><td> Pescatore </td><td> AC42383-0010 </td></tr><tr><td> Soluzione di Ringer lattato </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 009846; </td></tr><tr><td> Lidocaina soluzione, 2% (v / v) </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 002468 </td></tr><tr><td> Salino </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 009861 </td></tr><tr><td> Milk chirurgico </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td&gt; 014.325 </td></tr><tr><td> Texas Red destrano, 70 kDa peso molecolare </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> D1864 </td></tr><tr><td> Maxizyme </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 035646 </td></tr><tr><td> MONOUSO </td></tr><tr><td> Carbide sbavature, ugello di dimensioni 1/2 mm </td><td> Strumenti di Scienze Belle </td><td> 19007-05 </td></tr><tr><td> Applicatori punta la foglia </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 23-400-100 </td></tr><tr><td> Vetro di copertura, no. 0 spessore </td><td> Thomas Scientific </td><td> 6661B40 </td></tr><tr><td> Colla di cianoacrilato </td><td> ND Industries </td><td> H04308 31428 </td></tr><tr><td> Gas duster </td><td> Newegg </td><td> N82E16848043429 </td></tr><tr><td> Grip di cemento in polvere </td><td> Dentsply </td><td> 675571 </td></tr><tr><td> Grip cemento solvente </td><td> Dentsply </td><td> 675572 </td></tr><tr><td> Insulina siringa, 0,3 mL di volume con il 29,5 gauge </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 018384 </td></tr><tr><td> Dado e bullone per fissare la testa </td><td> Digikey </td><td> Dado, H723-ND, bullone, R2-56X1/4-ND </td></tr><tr><td> Unguento oftalmico </td><td> Butler Schein </td><td> 039886 </td></tr><tr><td> Lame di bisturi </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 12-460-448 </td></tr><tr><td> Viti, autofilettante # 000 </td><td> JI Morris Azienda </td><td> FF000CE125 </td></tr><tr><td> Silicone sigillante acquario </td><td> Perfecto Manufacturing </td><td> 31001 </td></tr><tr><td> Tin polvere di ossido di </td><td> Mama Minerals </td><td> EQT-TINOX </td></tr><tr><td> ATTREZZATURE </td></tr><tr><td> Glass scriba </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 08-675 </td></tr><tr><td> Dissezione microscopio </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td> OPMI FC-1 </td></tr><tr><td> Trapano elettrico alimentato </td><td> Foredom o Osada </td><td> K.1020 (Foredom) o EXL-M40 (Osada) </td></tr><tr><td> Rasoio elettrico </td><td> Wahl </td><td> Serie 8900 </td></tr><tr><td> Pinza, Dumont no. 55 </td><td> Strumenti di Scienze Belle </td><td> 11255-20 </td></tr><tr><td> Commenti pad termico regolamentato </td><td> FHC </td><td> 40-90-8 (termistore rettale, 40-90-5D-02; hmangiare pad, 40-90-2-07) </td></tr><tr><td> Vaporizzatore isoflurano </td><td> Ohmeda </td><td> IsoTec4 </td></tr><tr><td> Pulsossimetro </td><td> Starr Life Sciences </td><td> MouseOx </td></tr><tr><td> Cacciavite miniatura </td><td> Garret Wade </td><td> 26B09.01 </td></tr><tr><td> Telaio stereotassico </td><td> Kopf Instruments </td><td> Modello 900 (con maschera del mouse l&#39;anestesia e non rottura barre di auricolari) </td></tr><tr><td> Forbici chirurgiche, fine blunt </td><td> Strumenti di Scienze Belle </td><td> 14078-10 </td></tr><tr><td> Pulitore ad ultrasuoni </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 15-335-30 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabella 2. Elenco dei reagenti specifici e le attrezzature, i materiali monouso.

a polished and reinforced thinned-skull window for long-term imaging of the mouse brain

In vivo imaging della funzione corticale richiede l&#39;accesso ottico al cervello senza interruzioni dell&#39;ambiente intracranica. Vi presentiamo un metodo per formare un cranio lucido e rinforzato diluito (porte) finestra nel cranio del mouse che si estende su parecchi millimetri di diametro ed è stabile per mesi. Il cranio è diluito a 10 a 15 pm di spessore con una mano trapano per ottenere chiarezza ottica, e viene poi ricoperto con colla di cianoacrilato e un vetro di copertura a: 1) fornire rigidità, 2) inibiscono la ricrescita ossea e 3) ridurre la dispersione della luce da irregolarità sulla superficie dell&#39;osso. Dal momento che il cranio non è violato, qualsiasi infiammazione che potrebbe influenzare il processo in fase di studio è notevolmente ridotto. Imaging profondità fino a 250 um sotto la superficie corticale può essere realizzato utilizzando due fotoni microscopia a scansione laser. Questa finestra è particolarmente adatta a studiare il flusso ematico cerebrale e la funzione cellulare in preparazioni sia anestetizzati e sveglio. Offre inoltre l&#39;opportunità di manipolare l&#39;attività delle cellule utilizzando optogenetics o per interrompere il flusso di sangue nei vasi destinatari irradiazione di circolazione fotosensibilizzanti.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Polished and Reinforced Thinned-skull Window for Long-term Imaging of the Mouse Brain at JoVE.com

A Polished and Reinforced Thinned-skull Window for Long-term Imaging of the Mouse Brain

Presentiamo un metodo per formare una finestra di imaging nel cranio topo che si estende millimetri ed è stabile per mesi senza infiammazione cerebrale. Questo metodo è adatto per studi longitudinali di flusso sanguigno, dinamica cellulare, e cellule / struttura vascolare con microscopia a due fotoni.

Un lucido e rinforzato Assottigliato cranio-Window a lungo termine Imaging del cervello di topo

In vivo imaging of cortical function requires optical access to the brain without disruption of the intracranial environment. We present a method to form ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Chronic Imaging of Mouse Visual Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Imaging cronica di mouse corteccia visiva Utilizzando un Assottigliato-teschio di preparazione

In vivo imaging using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (2PLSM) allows the study of living cells and neuronal processes in the intact brain. The ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Intravital Microscopy of the Mouse Brain Microcirculation using a Closed Cranial Window

Microscopia intravitale della microcircolazione cervello di topo usando una finestra chiusa del cranio

This experimental model was designed to assess the mouse pial microcirculation during acute and chronic, physiological and pathophysiological hemodynamic, ...

Multiple-mouse Neuroanatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Multiple-topo Imaging neuroanatomici Risonanza Magnetica

The field of mouse phenotyping with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is rapidly growing, motivated by the need for improved tools for characterizing and ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Formazione estinzione durante la finestra di riconsolidamento impedisce il recupero della paura

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

Una lettura molecolare di lungo termine adattamento olfattivo nel<em&gt; C. elegans</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Thinned-skull Cortical Window Technique for In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging

Diluito-cranio Tecnica finestra corticale per<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Tomografia a coerenza ottica Imaging

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a biomedical imaging technique  with high spatial-temporal resolution. With its minimally invasive approach OCT  has ...

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Miglioramento della preparazione e la conservazione di fette mouse ippocampo per una registrazione molto stabile e riproducibile di potenziamento a lungo termine

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a type of synaptic plasticity characterized by an increase in synaptic strength and believed to be involved in memory ...

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Two-Photon in vivo Imaging of Dendritic Spines in the Mouse Cortex Using a Thinned-skull Preparation

Two-Photon<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Imaging di spine dendritiche nella corteccia mouse Uso un teschio Diluito-Preparazione

In the mammalian cortex, neurons form extremely complicated networks and exchange information at synapses. Changes in synaptic strength, as well as ...

Long-term Time Lapse Imaging of Mouse Cochlear Explants

A lungo termine Time Lapse Imaging del mouse cocleari Espianti

Here we present a method for long-term time-lapse imaging of live embryonic mouse cochlear explants. The developmental program responsible for building ...

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Agarose Microchambers for Long-term Calcium Imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans

Microchambers Agarose per lungo termine Imaging di calcio<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Behavior is controlled by the nervous system. Calcium imaging is a straightforward method in the transparent nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to measure ...