Name: determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children
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الكتاب ممتنون للمجتمعات المحلية في مقاطعة يوننان، وجمهورية الصين الشعبية وأغبوفيل، وكوت ديفوار، لمشاركتهم في الدراسات المذكورة أعلاه. نحن مدينون للفرق الميدانية المحلية التي ساعدت في اختبار وتنفيذ البروتوكولات. ونحن ممتنون بشكل خاص للزملاء التالية من المعهد السويسري الصحة العامة الاستوائية و: إيفيت Endriss لتوفير الصور المجهرية، هانزبيتر مارتي وفريقه على الدعم المختبري وKrauth ستيفاني لمساعدتها أثناء تصوير الفيديو. وأخيرا، نشكر الحكام 2 مجهول لسلسلة من الملاحظات المفيدة.

1. كاتو كاتز، وتقنيات <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> وضع معيار كاتو كاتز-قالب مع وجود ثقب لعقد 41،7 ملليغرام (ملغم) من البراز على شريحة المجهر. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> حلج القطن 2-3 غرام (ز) من عينة البراز الطازجة على قطعة من الصحيفة أو رقائق الألومني?...

<ol>
	<li>Steinmann, P., Utzinger, J., Du, Z. W., Zhou, X. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiparasitism:+a+neglected+reality+on+global,+regional+and+local+scale.">Multiparasitism: a neglected reality on global, regional and local scale.</a> Advances in Parasitology. 73, 21-50 (2010).</li><li>Bethony, J., Brooker, S., Albonico, M., Geiger, S., Loukas, A., Diemert, D., Hotez, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+soil-transmitted+helminth+infections:+ascariasis,+trichuriasis,+and+hookworm.">The soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm.</a> Lancet. 367, 1521-1532 (2006).</li><li>Hotez, P. J., Molyneux, D. H., Fenwick, A., Kumaresan, J., Ehrlich Sachs, S., Sachs, J. 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K., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis,+clinical+features,+and+self-reported+morbidity+of+Strongyloides+stercoralis+and+hookworm+infection+in+a+co-endemic+setting.">Diagnosis, clinical features, and self-reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection in a co-endemic setting.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5, e1292 (2011).</li><li>World Health Organization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+against+worms.">Action against worms.</a> WHO Newsletter. (11), (2008).</li><li>Montresor, A., Crompton, D. W. T., Hall, A., Bundy, D. A. P., Savioli, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+evaluation+of+soil-transmitted+helminthiasis+and+schistosomiasis+at+community+level.">Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level.</a> World Health Organization. , (1998).</li><li>Garc&#237;a, L. S., Bruckner, D. 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M., Brigham, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+in+physical+fitness+of+Kenyan+schoolboys+infected+with+hookworm,+Trichuris+trichiura+and+Ascaris+lumbricoides+following+a+single+dose+of+albendazole.">Improvements in physical fitness of Kenyan schoolboys infected with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides following a single dose of albendazole.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 84, 277-282 (1990).</li><li>Stephenson, L. S., Latham, M. C., Adams, E. J., Kinoti, S. N., Pertet, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+fitness,+growth+and+appetite+of+Kenyan+school+boys+with+hookworm,+Trichuris+trichiura+and+Ascaris+lumbricoides+infections+are+improved+four+months+after+a+single+dose+of+albendazole.">Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole.</a> Journal of Nutrition. 123, 1036-1046 (1993).</li><li>Bustinduy, A. L., Thomas, C. L., Fiutem, J. J., Parraga, I. M., Mungai, P. L., Muchiri, E. M., Mutuku, F., Kitron, U., King, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+fitness+of+Kenyan+children+with+polyparasitic+infections+using+the+20-meter+shuttle+run+test+as+a+morbidity+metric.">Measuring fitness of Kenyan children with polyparasitic infections using the 20-meter shuttle run test as a morbidity metric.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5, e1213 (2011).</li><li>M&#252;ller, I., Coulibaly, J. T., F&#252;rst, T., Knopp, S., Hattendorf, J., Krauth, S. J., Stete, K., Righetti, A. A., Glinz, D., Yao, A. K., P&#252;hse, U., N'Goran, E. K., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+schistosomiasis+and+soil-transmitted+helminth+infections+on+physical+fitness+of+school+children+in+C&#244;te+d'Ivoire.">Effect of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections on physical fitness of school children in C&#244;te d'Ivoire.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5, e1239 (2011).</li><li>Yap, P., Du, Z. W., Chen, R., Zhang, L. P., Wu, F. W., Wang, J., Wang, X. Z., Zhou, H., Zhou, X. N., Utzinger, J., Steinmann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil-transmitted+helminth+infections+and+physical+fitness+in+school-aged+Bulang+children+of+southwest+China:+results+from+a+cross-sectional+survey.">Soil-transmitted helminth infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children of southwest China: results from a cross-sectional survey.</a> Parasites and Vectors. 5, 50 (2012).</li><li>L&#233;ger, L. A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., Lambert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multistage+20+metre+shuttle+run+test+for+aerobic+fitness.">The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 6, 93-101 (1988).</li><li>Tomkinson, G. R., L&#233;ger, L. A., Olds, T. S., Cazorla, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secular+trends+in+the+performance+of+children+and+adolescents+(1980-2000):+an+analysis+of+55+studies+of+the+20+m+shuttle+run+test+in+11+countries.">Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents (1980-2000): an analysis of 55 studies of the 20 m shuttle run test in 11 countries.</a> Sports Medicine. 33, 285-300 (2003).</li><li>Mahon, A. D., Marjerrison, A. D., Lee, J. D., Woodruff, M. E., Hanna, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+prediction+of+maximal+heart+rate+in+children+and+adolescents.">Evaluating the prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 81, 466-471 (2010).</li><li>Bogitsh, B. J., Carter, C. E., Oeltmann, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Human Parasitology. , (2011).</li><li>Steinmann, P., Zhou, X. N., Du, Z. W., Jiang, J. Y., Wang, L. B., Wang, X. Z., Li, L. H., Marti, H., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurence+of+Strongyloides+stercoralis+in+Yunnan+province,+China,+and+comparison+of+diagnostic+methods.">Occurence of Strongyloides stercoralis in Yunnan province, China, and comparison of diagnostic methods.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 1, e75 (2007).</li><li>Martin, L. K., Beaver, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Kato+thick-smear+technique+for+quantitative+diagnosis+of+helminth+infections.">Evaluation of Kato thick-smear technique for quantitative diagnosis of helminth infections.</a> American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 17, 382-391 (1968).</li><li>Dacombe, R. J., Crampin, A. C., Floyd, S., Randall, A., Ndhlovu, R., Bickle, Q., Fine, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+delays+between+patient+and+laboratory+selectively+affect+accuracy+of+helminth+diagnosis.">Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101, 140-145 (2007).</li><li>Knopp, S., Mgeni, A. F., Khamis, I. S., Steinmann, P., Stothard, J. 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وقد تم اختبار البروتوكولات الثلاثة المذكورة في هذه الورقة، وأعدم في الجزء الجنوبي الغربي من مقاطعة يوننان، وجمهورية الصين الشعبية بين أفراد الأقلية العرقية Bulang 21 و في أجزاء مختلفة من أفريقيا 6،13،14. هناك العديد من الق...

ملاحظة: مواد في هذه القائمة هي عامة ويمكن الحصول عليها من مصادر مختلفة. <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم كاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> كتالوج رقم </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> كاتو كاتز، طقم [400 قوالب البلاستيك مع وجود ثقب من 6 مليمتر (مم) (القطر) في قالب سميكة 1.5 ملم و 400 ملعقة من البلاستيك؛ دورا م 20 من النايلون الشاشة من حجم فتحات الشباك 80؛ دورا م 20 من السيلوفان ماء، 34 سميكة ميكرومتر.] </td><td> Vestergaard فراندسين </td><td></td><td> يرجى ملاحظة أن لا يتم تضمين حل الخضراء الجليسرين-المرمر في هذه المجموعة ولكن يمكن شراؤها من أي مورد الكيميائية. </td></tr><tr><td> قمع الزجاج [حوالي 8 سنتيمتر (سم) واسعة وعميقة 6 سم] </td><td></td><td></td><td> ينبغي للقمع زجاج لتقنية بيرمان تكون قادرة على اجراء حوالي 60 مل من الماء. ال(ه) من حجم خرطوم مطاطي والشاش يعتمد على نوع الزجاج المستخدم قمع. </td></tr><tr><td> المجهر البيولوجية </td><td> OLYMPUS </td><td> CX21LED/CX21 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> نبذ </td><td> شنغهاي الأدوات الطبية المجموعة </td><td> 80 - 2T </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> إشارات المسجلة مسبقا </td><td> Bitworks التصميم </td><td> نسخة تجريبية فريق تنبيها 1.3.1 </td><td> اي فون تطبيق </td></tr><tr><td> رصد معدل ضربات القلب </td><td> POLAR </td><td> FT1 </td><td> رايتس ووتش والارسال </td></tr></tbody></table>

determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common. Indeed, more than 1 billion people are affected, mainly in the developing world where poverty prevails and hygiene behavior, water supply, and sanitation are often deficient1,2. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the two hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, are the most prevalent STHs3. The estimated global burden due to hookworm disease, ascariasis, and trichuriasis is 22.1, 10.5, and 6.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), respectively4. Furthermore, an estimated 30-100 million people are infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, the most neglected STH species of global significance which arguably also causes a considerable public health impact5,6. Multiple-species infections (i.e., different STHs harbored in a single individual) are common, and infections have been linked to lowered productivity and thus economic outlook of developing countries1,3.
For the diagnosis of common STHs, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Kato-Katz technique7,8, which is a relatively straightforward method for determining the prevalence and intensity of such infections. It facilitates the detection of parasite eggs that infected subjects pass in their feces.
With regard to the diagnosis of S.stercoralis, there is currently no simple and accurate tool available. The Baermann technique is the most widely employed method for its diagnosis. The principle behind the Baermann technique is that active S.stercoralis larvae migrate out of an illuminated fresh fecal sample as the larvae are phototactic9. It requires less sophisticated laboratory materials and is less time consuming than culture and immunological methods5.
Morbidities associated with STH infections range from acute but common symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pruritus, to chronic symptoms, such as anemia, under- and malnutrition, and cognitive impairment10. Since the symptoms are generally unspecific and subtle, they often go unnoticed, are considered a normal condition by affected individuals, or are treated as symptoms of other diseases that might be more common in a given setting. Hence, it is conceivable that the true burden of STH infections is underestimated by assessment tools relying on self-declared signs and symptoms as is usually the case in population-based surveys.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Stephenson and colleagues highlighted the possibility of STH infections lowering the physical fitness of boys aged 6-12 years11,12. This line of scientific inquiry gained new momentum recently13,14,15. The 20-meter (m) shuttle run test was developed and validated by L&eacute;ger et al.16 and is used worldwide to measure the aerobic fitness of children17. The test is easy to standardize and can be performed wherever a 20-m long and flat running course and an audio source are available, making its use attractive in resource-constrained settings13. To facilitate and standardize attempts at assessing whether STH infections have an effect on the physical fitness of school-aged children, we present methodologies that diagnose STH infections or measure physical fitness that are simple to execute and yet, provide accurate and reproducible outcomes. This will help to generate new evidence regarding the health impact of STH infections.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children at JoVE.com

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

عدوى مزمنة مع الديدان المعوية (STHs) يؤدي سوء الامتصاص، التقزم، والهزال في الطفل المتنامية. وبالتالي، فإنه من المعقول أن هذه العدوى يقلل أيضا من اللياقة البدنية للأطفال. هنا، ونحن تصور اثنين من التقنيات لتشخيص وSTHs على المدى المكوك بطول 20 مترا اختبار اللياقة البدنية لتقييم الأطفال بدنيا.

تحديد التربة المنقولة الإصابة بالديدان الحالة واللياقة البدنية من الأطفال في سن المدرسة

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common. Indeed, more than 1 billion people are affected, mainly in the developing world where poverty ...

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