Name: determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children
Uploaded: 2012-08-22T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children at JoVE.com

लेखकों युन्नान प्रांत, चीन जनवादी गणराज्य और Agboville, कोटे डी आइवर में समुदायों के लिए ऊपर वर्णित अध्ययन में उनकी भागीदारी के लिए आभारी हैं. हम स्थानीय क्षेत्र टीमों है कि परीक्षण और प्रोटोकॉल के निष्पादन में सहायता प्रदान की है के लिए आभारी हैं. वीडियो फिल्माने के दौरान उसकी सहायता के लिए सूक्ष्म, छवियों Hanspeter Marti और ​​प्रयोगशाला समर्थन और स्टेफनी KRAUTH के लिए उनकी टीम को प्रदान करने के लिए Yvette Endriss: हम विशेष रूप से स्विस उष्णकटिबंधीय और सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य संस्थान से निम्नलिखित सहयोगियों के लिए आभारी हैं. अंत में, हम उपयोगी टिप्पणी की एक श्रृंखला के लिए दो गुमनाम रेफरी धन्यवाद.

1. Kato-Katz तकनीक <ol><li> एक खुर्दबीन स्लाइड पर मल के 41.7 मिलीग्राम (एमजी) के आयोजन के लिए एक छेद के साथ एक मानक टेम्पलेट Kato Katz रखें. </li><li> अखबार या एल्यूमीनियम पन्नी के एक टुकड़े पर एक ताजा fecal नमूना के 2-3 ग्राम स्कूप (छ), और ...

<ol>
	<li>Steinmann, P., Utzinger, J., Du, Z. W., Zhou, X. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiparasitism:+a+neglected+reality+on+global,+regional+and+local+scale.">Multiparasitism: a neglected reality on global, regional and local scale.</a> Advances in Parasitology. 73, 21-50 (2010).</li><li>Bethony, J., Brooker, S., Albonico, M., Geiger, S., Loukas, A., Diemert, D., Hotez, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+soil-transmitted+helminth+infections:+ascariasis,+trichuriasis,+and+hookworm.">The soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm.</a> Lancet. 367, 1521-1532 (2006).</li><li>Hotez, P. J., Molyneux, D. H., Fenwick, A., Kumaresan, J., Ehrlich Sachs, S., Sachs, J. D., Savioli, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+neglected+tropical+diseases.">Control of neglected tropical diseases.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 357, 1018-1027 (2007).</li><li>Chan, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+global+burden+of+intestinal+nematode+infections-fifty+years+on.">The global burden of intestinal nematode infections-fifty years on.</a> Parasitology Today. 13, 438-443 (1997).</li><li>Olsen, A., van Lieshout, L., Marti, H., Polderman, T., Polman, K., Steinmann, P., Stothard, R., Thybo, S., Verweij, J. J., Magnussen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strongyloidiases+-+the+most+neglected+of+the+neglected+tropical+diseases.">Strongyloidiases - the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 103, 967-972 (2009).</li><li>Becker, S. L., Sieto, B., Silue, K. D., Adjossan, L., Kone, S., Hatz, C., Kern, W. V., N'Goran, E. K., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis,+clinical+features,+and+self-reported+morbidity+of+Strongyloides+stercoralis+and+hookworm+infection+in+a+co-endemic+setting.">Diagnosis, clinical features, and self-reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection in a co-endemic setting.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5, e1292 (2011).</li><li>World Health Organization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+against+worms.">Action against worms.</a> WHO Newsletter. (11), (2008).</li><li>Montresor, A., Crompton, D. W. T., Hall, A., Bundy, D. A. P., Savioli, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+evaluation+of+soil-transmitted+helminthiasis+and+schistosomiasis+at+community+level.">Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level.</a> World Health Organization. , (1998).</li><li>Garc&#237;a, L. S., Bruckner, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Diagnostic medical parasitology. , (2001).</li><li>Brooker, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+the+global+distribution+and+disease+burden+of+intestinal+nematode+infection:+adding+up+the+numbers+-+a+review.">Estimating the global distribution and disease burden of intestinal nematode infection: adding up the numbers - a review.</a> International Journal for Parasitology. 40, 1137-1144 (2010).</li><li>Stephenson, L. S., Latham, M. C., Kinoti, S. N., Kurz, K. M., Brigham, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improvements+in+physical+fitness+of+Kenyan+schoolboys+infected+with+hookworm,+Trichuris+trichiura+and+Ascaris+lumbricoides+following+a+single+dose+of+albendazole.">Improvements in physical fitness of Kenyan schoolboys infected with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides following a single dose of albendazole.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 84, 277-282 (1990).</li><li>Stephenson, L. S., Latham, M. C., Adams, E. J., Kinoti, S. N., Pertet, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+fitness,+growth+and+appetite+of+Kenyan+school+boys+with+hookworm,+Trichuris+trichiura+and+Ascaris+lumbricoides+infections+are+improved+four+months+after+a+single+dose+of+albendazole.">Physical fitness, growth and appetite of Kenyan school boys with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections are improved four months after a single dose of albendazole.</a> Journal of Nutrition. 123, 1036-1046 (1993).</li><li>Bustinduy, A. L., Thomas, C. L., Fiutem, J. J., Parraga, I. M., Mungai, P. L., Muchiri, E. M., Mutuku, F., Kitron, U., King, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+fitness+of+Kenyan+children+with+polyparasitic+infections+using+the+20-meter+shuttle+run+test+as+a+morbidity+metric.">Measuring fitness of Kenyan children with polyparasitic infections using the 20-meter shuttle run test as a morbidity metric.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5, e1213 (2011).</li><li>M&#252;ller, I., Coulibaly, J. T., F&#252;rst, T., Knopp, S., Hattendorf, J., Krauth, S. J., Stete, K., Righetti, A. A., Glinz, D., Yao, A. K., P&#252;hse, U., N'Goran, E. K., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+schistosomiasis+and+soil-transmitted+helminth+infections+on+physical+fitness+of+school+children+in+C&#244;te+d'Ivoire.">Effect of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections on physical fitness of school children in C&#244;te d'Ivoire.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5, e1239 (2011).</li><li>Yap, P., Du, Z. W., Chen, R., Zhang, L. P., Wu, F. W., Wang, J., Wang, X. Z., Zhou, H., Zhou, X. N., Utzinger, J., Steinmann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil-transmitted+helminth+infections+and+physical+fitness+in+school-aged+Bulang+children+of+southwest+China:+results+from+a+cross-sectional+survey.">Soil-transmitted helminth infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children of southwest China: results from a cross-sectional survey.</a> Parasites and Vectors. 5, 50 (2012).</li><li>L&#233;ger, L. A., Mercier, D., Gadoury, C., Lambert, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multistage+20+metre+shuttle+run+test+for+aerobic+fitness.">The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness.</a> Journal of Sports Sciences. 6, 93-101 (1988).</li><li>Tomkinson, G. R., L&#233;ger, L. A., Olds, T. S., Cazorla, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secular+trends+in+the+performance+of+children+and+adolescents+(1980-2000):+an+analysis+of+55+studies+of+the+20+m+shuttle+run+test+in+11+countries.">Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents (1980-2000): an analysis of 55 studies of the 20 m shuttle run test in 11 countries.</a> Sports Medicine. 33, 285-300 (2003).</li><li>Mahon, A. D., Marjerrison, A. D., Lee, J. D., Woodruff, M. E., Hanna, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+prediction+of+maximal+heart+rate+in+children+and+adolescents.">Evaluating the prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents.</a> Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 81, 466-471 (2010).</li><li>Bogitsh, B. J., Carter, C. E., Oeltmann, T. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Human Parasitology. , (2011).</li><li>Steinmann, P., Zhou, X. N., Du, Z. W., Jiang, J. Y., Wang, L. B., Wang, X. Z., Li, L. H., Marti, H., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurence+of+Strongyloides+stercoralis+in+Yunnan+province,+China,+and+comparison+of+diagnostic+methods.">Occurence of Strongyloides stercoralis in Yunnan province, China, and comparison of diagnostic methods.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 1, e75 (2007).</li><li>Martin, L. K., Beaver, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Kato+thick-smear+technique+for+quantitative+diagnosis+of+helminth+infections.">Evaluation of Kato thick-smear technique for quantitative diagnosis of helminth infections.</a> American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 17, 382-391 (1968).</li><li>Dacombe, R. J., Crampin, A. C., Floyd, S., Randall, A., Ndhlovu, R., Bickle, Q., Fine, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+delays+between+patient+and+laboratory+selectively+affect+accuracy+of+helminth+diagnosis.">Time delays between patient and laboratory selectively affect accuracy of helminth diagnosis.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101, 140-145 (2007).</li><li>Knopp, S., Mgeni, A. F., Khamis, I. S., Steinmann, P., Stothard, J. R., Rollinson, D., Marti, H., Utzinger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+soil-transmitted+helminths+in+the+era+of+preventive+chemotherapy:+effect+of+multiple+stool+sampling+and+use+of+different+diagnostic+techniques.">Diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths in the era of preventive chemotherapy: effect of multiple stool sampling and use of different diagnostic techniques.</a> PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2, e331 (2008).</li></ol>

तीन इस पत्र में वर्णित प्रोटोकॉल परीक्षण किया गया है और युन्नान प्रांत, पीपुल्स Bulang जातीय अल्पसंख्यक 21 के सदस्यों के बीच और 6,13,14 अफ्रीका के विभिन्न भागों में चीन के गणराज्य के दक्षिण - पश्चिमी भाग...

नोट: इस सूची में सामग्री सामान्य हैं और विभिन्न स्रोतों से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> अभिकर्मक के नाम </td><td> कंपनी </td><td> सूचीपत्र संख्या </td><td> टिप्पणियां </td></tr><tr><td> Kato-Katz किट [400 एक 1.5 मिमी मोटी टेम्पलेट में 6 मिलीमीटर (मिमी) (व्यास) के एक छेद के साथ प्लास्टिक टेम्पलेट्स, 400 प्लास्टिक रंग, 80 जाल आकार की नायलॉन स्क्रीन के एक 20-मीटर भूमिका, हाइड्रोफिलिक सिलोफ़न की एक भूमिका 20-मीटर, 34 मोटी सुक्ष्ममापी.] </td><td> Vestergaard Frandsen </td><td></td><td> कृपया ध्यान दें कि हरे रंग ग्लिसरीन मैलाकाइट समाधान इस किट में शामिल नहीं है, लेकिन किसी भी रासायनिक आपूर्तिकर्ता से खरीदा जा सकता है. </td></tr><tr><td> [8 (सेमी) सेंटीमीटर चौड़ा और 6 सेमी गहरी के बारे में] ग्लास कीप </td><td></td><td></td><td> BAERMANN तकनीक के लिए कांच कीप पानी के बारे में 60 एमएल धारण करने में सक्षम होना चाहिए. गुई रबर नली और धुंध के आकार कांच चिमनी के इस्तेमाल के प्रकार पर निर्भर करता है. </td></tr><tr><td> जैविक खुर्दबीन </td><td> ओलिंप </td><td> CX21LED/CX21 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> अपकेंद्रित्र </td><td> शंघाई चिकित्सा उपकरण समूह </td><td> 80 - 2T </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> पूर्व दर्ज संकेतों </td><td> Bitworks डिजाइन </td><td> टीम आवाज़ टेस्ट 1.3.1 संस्करण </td><td> iPhone आवेदन </td></tr><tr><td> हृदय की दर को मॉनिटर </td><td> POLAR </td><td> FT1 </td><td> देखो और ट्रांसमीटर </td></tr></tbody></table>

determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical fitness of school-aged children

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common. Indeed, more than 1 billion people are affected, mainly in the developing world where poverty prevails and hygiene behavior, water supply, and sanitation are often deficient1,2. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and the two hookworm species, Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus, are the most prevalent STHs3. The estimated global burden due to hookworm disease, ascariasis, and trichuriasis is 22.1, 10.5, and 6.4 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), respectively4. Furthermore, an estimated 30-100 million people are infected with Strongyloides stercoralis, the most neglected STH species of global significance which arguably also causes a considerable public health impact5,6. Multiple-species infections (i.e., different STHs harbored in a single individual) are common, and infections have been linked to lowered productivity and thus economic outlook of developing countries1,3.
For the diagnosis of common STHs, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the Kato-Katz technique7,8, which is a relatively straightforward method for determining the prevalence and intensity of such infections. It facilitates the detection of parasite eggs that infected subjects pass in their feces.
With regard to the diagnosis of S.stercoralis, there is currently no simple and accurate tool available. The Baermann technique is the most widely employed method for its diagnosis. The principle behind the Baermann technique is that active S.stercoralis larvae migrate out of an illuminated fresh fecal sample as the larvae are phototactic9. It requires less sophisticated laboratory materials and is less time consuming than culture and immunological methods5.
Morbidities associated with STH infections range from acute but common symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and pruritus, to chronic symptoms, such as anemia, under- and malnutrition, and cognitive impairment10. Since the symptoms are generally unspecific and subtle, they often go unnoticed, are considered a normal condition by affected individuals, or are treated as symptoms of other diseases that might be more common in a given setting. Hence, it is conceivable that the true burden of STH infections is underestimated by assessment tools relying on self-declared signs and symptoms as is usually the case in population-based surveys.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Stephenson and colleagues highlighted the possibility of STH infections lowering the physical fitness of boys aged 6-12 years11,12. This line of scientific inquiry gained new momentum recently13,14,15. The 20-meter (m) shuttle run test was developed and validated by L&eacute;ger et al.16 and is used worldwide to measure the aerobic fitness of children17. The test is easy to standardize and can be performed wherever a 20-m long and flat running course and an audio source are available, making its use attractive in resource-constrained settings13. To facilitate and standardize attempts at assessing whether STH infections have an effect on the physical fitness of school-aged children, we present methodologies that diagnose STH infections or measure physical fitness that are simple to execute and yet, provide accurate and reproducible outcomes. This will help to generate new evidence regarding the health impact of STH infections.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children at JoVE.com

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Malabsorption पुरानी मिट्टी संचारित helminths (STHs) के साथ संक्रमण का कारण बनता है, stunting, और बढ़ती बच्चे में बर्बाद. इसलिए, यह प्रशंसनीय है कि इन संक्रमणों को भी बच्चों की शारीरिक फिटनेस को कम. यहाँ, हम STHs और बच्चों की शारीरिक फिटनेस का आकलन करने के लिए 20 मीटर शटल रन परीक्षण के निदान के लिए दो तकनीकों कल्पना.

का निर्धारण मिट्टी संचारित पेट का कीड़ा संक्रमण की स्थिति और स्कूल के आयु वर्ग के बच्चों के शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are common. Indeed, more than 1 billion people are affected, mainly in the developing world where poverty ...

Research

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Determining the Reactivity and Titre of Serum using a Haemagglutination Assay

जेट और सीरम के Titre एक Haemagglutination परख का उपयोग कर निर्धारण

Haemagglutination is a specific form of agglutination and is used when antibodies bind to red blood cells, which act as a particulate antigen. Red blood ...

Determining the Phagocytic Activity of Clinical Antibody Samples

क्लीनिकल एंटीबॉडी नमूने के Phagocytic गतिविधि निर्धारण

Antibody-driven phagocytosis is induced via the engagement of Fc receptors on professional phagocytes, and can contribute to both clearance as well as ...

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

Using Eggs from Schistosoma mansoni as an In vivo Model of Helminth-induced Lung Inflammation

से अंडे का प्रयोग<em&gt; शिस्टोस्टोमा mansoni</em&gt; के रूप में<em&gt; Vivo में</em&gt; मॉडल पेट का कीड़ा प्रेरित फेफड़ों की सूजन

Schistosoma parasites are blood flukes that infect an estimated 200 million people worldwide 1. In chronic infection with Schistosoma, the severe ...

Analysis of Pulmonary Dendritic Cell Maturation and Migration during Allergic Airway Inflammation

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Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key players involved in initiation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-specific T cells. DCs are present in ...

Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells

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Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols ...

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

कुल प्रोटीन निष्कर्षण और 2 डी जेल वैद्युतकणसंचलन तरीके के लिए<em&gt; Burkholderia</em&gt; प्रजाति

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

इन विट्रो रोगजनक प्रेरित न्यूट्रोफिल ट्रांस-एपिथेलियल माइग्रेशन का आकलन करने के लिए कोकल्चर परख

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

Pairwise Growth Competition Assay for Determining the Replication Fitness of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses

ह्यूमन इम्यूनो वायरस की प्रतिकृति स्वास्थ्य निर्धारण के लिए जोड़ो में ग्रोथ प्रतियोगिता परख

In vitro fitness assays are essential tools for determining viral replication fitness for viruses such as HIV-1. Various measurements have been used to ...

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

निर्धारण ऑटोइम्यून माइलिन रहित में औषधीय हस्तक्षेप के लिए सीएनएस संरक्षण बनाम प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली दमन

A major hallmark of the autoimmune demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is immune cell infiltration into the brain and spinal cord resulting in ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilm विकास पर थूक के प्रभाव Visualizing एक संभाग coverglass मॉडल का उपयोग

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...