Name: establishment of microbial eukaryotic enrichment cultures from a chemically stratified antarctic lake and assessment of carbon fixation potential
Uploaded: 2012-04-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of Microbial Eukaryotic Enrichment Cultures from a Chemically Stratified Antarctic Lake and Assessment of Carbon Fixation Potential at JoVE.com

Forfatterne takker J. Priscu, A. Chiuchiolo og McMurdo LTER Limnologi team for assistance i indsamling og bevaring af prøverne i Antarktis. Vi takker Ratheon Polar Service og Phi helikoptere for logistisk støtte. Lysmikrografer blev genereret i Miami Center for Avanceret Mikroskopi og Imaging Center. Dette arbejde blev støttet af NSF Office of Polar Programs Tilskud 0631659 og 1056396.

1. Prøve Køb <ol><li> Vælg og forberede prøvetagningsstedet én dag før prøvetagning vandsøjlen. Dette vil give de lagdelte lag af vandsøjlen til at reformere efter forstyrrelse på grund af bore-og is-hul smeltning. Identificere placeringen af ​​borestedet med GPS. </li><li> For at få adgang vandsøjlen, begynder ved at bore et hul gennem isen med en Jiffy is snegl knyttet til en 4-tommer Jiffy flyvning udvidelse og skæring bit. For at forhindre frysning af boret i hullet, forsøge at undgå boring i de...

<ol>
	<li>Morgan-Kiss, R. M., Priscu, J. P., Pocock, T., Gudynaite-Savitch, L., H&#252;ner, N. P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptation+and+acclimation+of+photosynthetic+microorganisms+to+permanently+cold+environments.">Adaptation and acclimation of photosynthetic microorganisms to permanently cold environments.</a> Microbiol Mol. Biol. Rev. 70, 222-252 (2006).</li><li>Priscu, J. C., Wolf, C. F., Takacs, C. D., Fritsen, C. H., Laybourn-Parry, J., Roberts, J. K. M., Berry-Lyons, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbon+transformations+in+the+water+column+of+a+perennially+ice-covered+Antarctic+Lake.">Carbon transformations in the water column of a perennially ice-covered Antarctic Lake.</a> Biosci. 49, 997-1008 (1999).</li><li>Caron, D. A., Worden, A. Z., Countway, P. D., Demir, E., Heidelberg, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protists+are+microbes+too:+a+perspective.">Protists are microbes too: a perspective.</a> ISME J. 3, 4-12 (2009).</li><li>Bielewicz, S., Bell, E. M., Kong, W., Friedberg, I., Priscu, J. C., Morgan-Kiss, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protist+diversity+in+a+permanently+ice-covered+Antarctic+lake+during+the+polar+night+transition.">Protist diversity in a permanently ice-covered Antarctic lake during the polar night transition.</a> ISME J. 5, 1559-1564 (2011).</li><li>Laybourn-Parry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No+place+too+cold.">No place too cold.</a> Science. 324, 1521-1522 (2009).</li><li>Roberts, E. C., Laybourn-Parry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixotrophic+cryptophytes+and+their+predators+in+the+Dry+Valley+lakes+of+Antarctica.">Mixotrophic cryptophytes and their predators in the Dry Valley lakes of Antarctica.</a> Freshwat. Biol. 41, 737-746 (1999).</li><li>Roberts, E. C., Priscu, J. C., Laybourn-Parry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplankton+dynamics+in+a+perennially+ice-covered+Antarctic+lake-Lake+Hoare.">Microplankton dynamics in a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake-Lake Hoare.</a> Freshwat Biol. 27, 238-249 (2004).</li><li>Bell, E. M., Laybourn-Parry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixotrophy+in+the+Antarctic+phytoflagellate+Pyramimonas+gelidicola.">Mixotrophy in the Antarctic phytoflagellate Pyramimonas gelidicola.</a> J. Phycol. 39, 644-649 (2003).</li><li>De Wever, A., Leliaert, F., Verleyen, E., Vanormelingen, P., Van der Gucht, K., Hodgson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hidden+levels+of+phylodiversity+in+Antarctic+green+algae:+further+evidence+for+the+existence+of+glacial+refugia.">Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia.</a> Proc. Biol. Sci. , 276-3591 (2009).</li><li>Laybourn-Parry, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+mechanisms+in+Antarctic+lakes.">Survival mechanisms in Antarctic lakes.</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 357, 863-869 (2002).</li><li>Lizotte, M. P., Priscu, J. C., Priscu, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution,+succession+and+fate+of+phytoplankton+in+the+dry+valley+lakes+of+Antarctica,+based+on+pigment+analysis.">Distribution, succession and fate of phytoplankton in the dry valley lakes of Antarctica, based on pigment analysis.</a> Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys. , 229-240 (1998).</li><li>Ellis, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Most+abundance+protein+in+the+world.">Most abundance protein in the world.</a> Tren. Biochem. Sci. 4, 241-244 (1979).</li><li>Tortell, P. D., Martin, C. L., Corkum, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inorganic+carbon+uptake+and+intracellular+assimilation+by+subarctic+Pacific+phytoplankton+assemblages.">Inorganic carbon uptake and intracellular assimilation by subarctic Pacific phytoplankton assemblages.</a> Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 2102-2110 (2006).</li><li>Jeffrey, S. W., Humphrey, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+spectrophotometric+equations+for+determining+chlorophyll+a,+b,+c1,+c2+in+higher+plants,+algae+and+natural+phytoplankton.">New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophyll a, b, c1, c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton.</a> Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz. 167, 191-194 (1975).</li><li>Morgan, R. M., Ivanov, A. G., Priscu, J. C., Maxwell, D. P., H&#252;ner, N. P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+composition+of+the+photochemical+apparatus+of+the+Antarctic+green+alga,+Chlamydomonas+subcaudata.">Structure and composition of the photochemical apparatus of the Antarctic green alga, Chlamydomonas subcaudata.</a> Photosyn. Res. 56, 303-314 (1998).</li><li>Guillard, R. R. L., Smith, W. L., Chanley, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+of+phytoplankton+for+feeding+marine+invertebrates.">Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates.</a> Culture of Marine Invertebrate Animals. , 29-60 (1975).</li><li>Johnson, M. D., Tengs, T., Oldach, D., Stoecker, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequestration,+performance,+and+functional+control+of+cryptophyte+plastids+in+the+ciliate+Myrionecta+rubra+(Ciliophora.">Sequestration, performance, and functional control of cryptophyte plastids in the ciliate Myrionecta rubra (Ciliophora.</a> J. Phycol. 42, 1235-1246 (2006).</li><li>Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J., Herdman, M., Stanier, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generic+assignments,+strain+histories+and+properties+of+pure+cultures+of+cyanobacteria.">Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria.</a> J. Gen. Microbiol. 111, 1-61 (1979).</li><li>Not, F., del Campo, J., Balague, V., De Vargas, C., Massana, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+diversity+of+marine+picoeukaryotes.">New insights into the diversity of marine picoeukaryotes.</a> PLoS ONE. 4, e7143 (2009).</li><li>Sherr, B. F., Sherr, E. B., Caron, D. A., Vaulot, D., Worden, A. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oceanic+Protists.">Oceanic Protists.</a> Oceanography. 20, 130-135 (2007).</li><li>Finlay, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protist+taxonomy:+an+ecological+perspective.">Protist taxonomy: an ecological perspective.</a> Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 359, 599-610 (2004).</li><li>Foissner, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protist+diversity:+estimates+of+the+near-imponderable.">Protist diversity: estimates of the near-imponderable.</a> Protist. 150, 363-368 (1999).</li><li>Gast, R. J., Moran, D. M., Dennett, M. R., Caron, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kleptoplasty+in+an+Antarctic+dinoflagellate:+caught+in+evolutionary+transition.">Kleptoplasty in an Antarctic dinoflagellate: caught in evolutionary transition.</a> Environmental Microbiology. 9, 39-45 (2007).</li><li>Gast, R. J., Moran, M. A., Beaudoin, D. J., Blythe, J. N., Dennett, M. R., Caron, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+abundance+of+a+novel+dinoflagellate+phylotype+in+the+Ross+Sea.">High abundance of a novel dinoflagellate phylotype in the Ross Sea.</a> Antarctica. J. Phycol. 42, 233-242 (2006).</li><li>Moran, D. M., Anderson, O. R., Dennett, M. R., Caron, D. A., Gast, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Description+of+Seven+Antarctic+Marine+Gymnamoebae+Including+a+New+Subspecies,+Two+New+Species+and+a+New+Genus:+Neoparamoeba+aestuarina+antarctica+n.+subsp.,+Platyamoeba+oblongata+n.+sp.,+Platyamoeba+contorta+n.+sp.+and+Vermistella+antarctica+n.+gen.+n.+sp.">A Description of Seven Antarctic Marine Gymnamoebae Including a New Subspecies, Two New Species and a New Genus: Neoparamoeba aestuarina antarctica n. subsp., Platyamoeba oblongata n. sp., Platyamoeba contorta n. sp. and Vermistella antarctica n. gen. n. sp.</a> Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 54, 169-183 (2007).</li><li>Rose, J. M., Vora, N. M., Countway, P. D., Gast, R. J., Caron, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+temperature+on+growth+rate+and+gross+growth+efficiency+of+an+Antarctic+bacterivorous+protist.">Effects of temperature on growth rate and gross growth efficiency of an Antarctic bacterivorous protist.</a> The ISME journal. 3, 252-260 (2009).</li></ol>

Nylige molekylære undersøgelser har rapporteret stor mangfoldighed af encellede eukaryoter tværs af en række miljøer 3, 19, 20, men på grund af manglende isolater hele rækken af protist levesteder funktionelle roller disse individuelle arter fødekæder stort set ukendt. I denne undersøgelse har vi beskrevet metoder til berigelse for mikrobielle eukaryote art, der udviser metaboliske alsidighed fra en forholdsvis undersamplet miljø, en permanent isdækkede Antarktis sø. Kulturer beriget fra forskell...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Navn på reagenset </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog nummer </td><td> Kommentarer </td></tr><tr><td> BBM </td><td> Sigma </td><td> B5282 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> BG11 </td><td> Sigma </td><td> C3061 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> F / 2 </td><td> Sigma </td><td> G9903 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GF / F-filter, 25 mm </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 09-874-64 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GF / F-filter, 47 mm </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 09-874-71 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Polyethersulfon filter, 0,45 um porestørrelse, 47 mm </td><td> Pall Life Sciences </td><td> 61854 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Steril cellekultur kolbe, 25 cm 2 </td><td> Corning </td><td> 430639 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Diurnal vækstkammer </td><td> VWR </td><td> 35960-076 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zirconiumoxid / silicaperler, 0,1 mm diameter, </td><td> Biospec Produkter </td><td> 11079101z </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mini-Bead Beater </td><td> Biospec Produkter </td><td> 3110BX </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Skruelåg mikrocentrifugerør (1,5 ul) </td><td> USA Videnskabelig </td><td> 1415-8700 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> NaH 14 CO3 </td><td> ViTrax </td><td> VC 194 </td><td> Holde i alikvoter på 400 ul ved -20 ° C </td></tr><tr><td> RuBP </td><td> Sigma </td><td> R0878-100mg </td><td> Opløses i 10 mM Tris-propionsyre (pH 6,5) </td></tr></tbody></table>

establishment of microbial eukaryotic enrichment cultures from a chemically stratified antarctic lake and assessment of carbon fixation potential

Lake Bonney er en af ​​talrige permanent isdækkede søer placeret i McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarktis. Den flerårige isdække opretholder en kemisk lagdelt vandsøjle og i modsætning til andre indre organer af vand, forhindrer i høj grad eksternt input af kulstof og næringsstoffer fra vandløb. Biota er udsat for en lang række miljømæssige belastninger, herunder året rundt alvorlige mangelsymptomer, lave temperaturer, ekstrem skygge, hypersalinity, og 24-timers mørke om vinteren 1. Disse ekstreme miljøforhold begrænse biota i Lake Bonney næsten udelukkende til mikroorganismer 2. Encellede mikrobielle eukaryoter (kaldet &quot;protister&quot;) er vigtige aktører i den globale biogeokemiske kredsløb 3 og spille vigtige økologiske roller i cykling af kulstof i de tørre dal søerne, besætter både primære og tertiære roller i den akvatiske fødekæde. I de tørre dalen akvatiske fødekæde, protister at fastsætte inorganic kulstof (autotrophy) er de største producenter af organisk kulstof for organotrofe organismer 4, 2. Phagotrophic eller heterotrofe protister i stand til at indtage bakterier og mindre protister fungerer som de øverste rovdyr i fødekæden 5. Endelig en ukendt del af protist population er i stand til kombineret mixotrophic metabolisme 6, 7. Mixotrophy i protister indebærer evnen til at kombinere fotosyntetiske kapacitet med phagotrophic indtagelse af bytte mikroorganismer. Denne form for mixotrophy afviger fra mixotrophic metabolisme i bakteriearter, der involverer generelt uptake opløst carbon-molekyler. Der er i øjeblikket meget få protist isolater fra permanent is-udjævnede polære søer, og undersøgelser af protist mangfoldighed og økologi i dette ekstreme miljø har været begrænset 8, 4, 9, 10, 5. En bedre forståelse af protist metabolisk alsidighed i den simple tørre Valley Lake fødekæden vil bidrage i udviklingen af ​​modeller for role af protister i det globale kulstofkredsløb. Vi anvendte en berigelseskulturen fremgangsmåde til at isolere potentielt fototrofe og mixotrophic protister fra søen Bonney. Prøvetagning dybder i vandsøjlen blev valgt baseret på placeringen af den primære produktion maxima og protist fylogenetiske mangfoldighed 4, 11, samt forskelle i de større abiotiske faktorer, der påvirker protist trofiske modes: lavvandede prøvetagning dybder er begrænset til større næringsstoffer, mens dybere prøveudtagning dybder er begrænset af lys tilgængelighed. Derudover blev søvandet prøver suppleret med flere typer vækstmedie til fremme af vækst af en række fototrofe organismer. RuBisCO katalyserer hastighedsbegrænsende trin i Calvin Benson Bassham (CBB) cyklus, den store vej, som autotrofe organismer fastsætte uorganisk kulstof og give organisk kulstof for højere trofiske niveauer i akvatiske og terrestriske fødekæder 12. I denne undersøgelse, we anvendes en radioaktiv isotop analyse modificeret til filtrerede prøver 13 for at overvåge maksimal carboxylase aktivitet som en proxy for kulstofbinding potentiale og metabolisk alsidighed i Lake Bonney berigelse kulturer.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of Microbial Eukaryotic Enrichment Cultures from a Chemically Stratified Antarctic Lake and Assessment of Carbon Fixation Potential at JoVE.com

Establishment of Microbial Eukaryotic Enrichment Cultures from a Chemically Stratified Antarctic Lake and Assessment of Carbon Fixation Potential

Mikrobielle eukaryoter er både en kilde til fotosyntetisk-afledt kulstof og top aggressiv arter i permanent isdækkede Antarktis søer. Denne rapport beskriver en berigelseskultur tilgang til at isolere metabolisk alsidige mikrobielle eukaryoter fra Antarktis sø, Lake Bonney, og vurderer uorganisk kulstof fiksering potentiale ved hjælp af en radioaktiv isotop analyse for ribulose-1 ,5-bisphophate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) aktivitet.

Etablering af Mikrobielle Eukaryote berigelseskulturer fra en kemisk Stratificeret Antarktis Lake og vurdering af kulstofbinding potentiale

Lake Bonney is one of numerous permanently ice-covered lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The perennial ice cover maintains a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

Enrichment of NK Cells from Human Blood with the RosetteSep Kit from StemCell Technologies

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that belong to the innate immune system and play major roles in fighting against cancer ...

Extraction of High Molecular Weight DNA from Microbial Mats

Successful and accurate analysis and interpretation of metagenomic data is dependent upon the efficient extraction  of high-quality, high molecular weight ...

Collection, Isolation and Enrichment of Naturally Occurring Magnetotactic Bacteria from the Environment

Indsamling, Isolering og berigelse af naturligt forekommende Magnetotactic Bakterier fra Miljø

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are aquatic microorganisms that were first notably described in 19751 from sediment samples collected in salt marshes of ...

Pyrosequencing for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Pyrosequencing for Mikrobiel identifikation og karakterisering

Pyrosequencing is a versatile technique that facilitates microbial genome sequencing that can be used to identify bacterial species, discriminate ...

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

En hybrid DNA Extraction Metode til kvalitativ og kvantitativ vurdering af bakteriel Fællesskabers fra fjerkræproduktion Prøver

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Hele genomet Oprensning af ekstrakromosomalt cirkulært DNA fra eukaryote celler

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are common genetic elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and are reported in other eukaryotes as well. EccDNAs ...

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

En protokol til brug af gen sæt berigelse analyse til at identificere den passende dyremodel for Translationel forskning

Recent studies that compared transcriptomic datasets of human diseases with datasets from mouse models using traditional gene-to-gene comparison ...

Establishment of a Clonal Culture of Unicellular Conjugating Algae

Etablering af en klonal kultur af encellede de tråddannende alger

It is essential to establish clonal cultures of microalgae for use in studies of various topics, such as physiology, genetics, taxonomy, and microbiology. ...

Establishment and Maintenance of Gnotobiotic American Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)

Establishment and Maintenance of Gnotobiotic American Cockroaches Periplaneta americana

Etablering og vedligeholdelse af gnotobiotiske amerikanske kakerlakker (Periplaneta americana)

Gnotobiotic animals are a powerful tool for the study of controls on microbiome structure and function. Presented here is a protocol for the establishment ...