Name: production of lentiviral vectors for transducing cells from the central nervous system
Uploaded: 2012-05-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System at JoVE.com

这项工作是由国家卫生研究院神经科学蓝图的核心赠款（P29 NS057105，BJS）的计划项目资助NS032636（BJS）的华盛顿大学和神经系统疾病的希望中心的​​支持。

1。慢病毒载体的包装。 慢病毒载体慢病毒转移载体和磷酸钙转染法将293T细胞包装所需的其他质粒共转染的产生。我们使用此协议的10 100毫米组织培养皿。它可以放大或缩小的申请而定。在293T细胞线被维持在Dulbecco的改良老鹰培养基（DMEM培养基），高血糖（4500毫克/大号），辅以10％胎牛血清（FBS），100个单位/ ml青霉素，100微克/毫升在37℃链霉素与5％ 二氧化碳培养箱...

<ol>
	<li>Naldini, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+gene+delivery+and+stable+transduction+of+nondividing+cells+by+a+lentiviral+vector.">In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector.</a> Science. 272, 263-267 (1996).</li><li>Zufferey, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-inactivating+lentivirus+vector+for+safe+and+efficient+in+vivo+gene+delivery.">Self-inactivating lentivirus vector for safe and efficient in vivo gene delivery.</a> J. Virol. 72, 9873-9880 (1998).</li><li>Davidson, B. L., Breakefield, X. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+vectors+for+gene+delivery+to+the+nervous+system.">Viral vectors for gene delivery to the nervous system.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 353-364 (2003).</li><li>Gascon, S., Paez-Gomez, J. A., Diaz-Guerra, M., Scheiffele, P., Scholl, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-promoter+lentiviral+vectors+for+constitutive+and+regulated+gene+expression+in+neurons.">Dual-promoter lentiviral vectors for constitutive and regulated gene expression in neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 168, 104-1012 (2008).</li><li>Hioki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transduction+of+neurons+by+lentivirus+with+enhanced+neuron-specific+promoters.">Efficient gene transduction of neurons by lentivirus with enhanced neuron-specific promoters.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 872-882 (2007).</li><li>Li, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+promoter+usage+for+lentiviral+vector-mediated+transduction+of+cultured+central+nervous+system+cells.">Optimal promoter usage for lentiviral vector-mediated transduction of cultured central nervous system cells.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 189, 56-64 (2010).</li><li>Naldini, L., Blomer, U., Gage, F. H., Trono, D., Verma, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+transfer,+integration,+and+sustained+long-term+expression+of+the+transgene+in+adult+rat+brains+injected+with+a+lentiviral+vector.">Efficient transfer, integration, and sustained long-term expression of the transgene in adult rat brains injected with a lentiviral vector.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 11382-11388 (1996).</li><li>Blomer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+and+sustained+gene+transfer+in+adult+neurons+with+a+lentivirus+vector.">Highly efficient and sustained gene transfer in adult neurons with a lentivirus vector.</a> J. Virol. 71, 6641-6649 (1997).</li><li>Consiglio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+in+vivo+gene+transfer+into+adult+mammalian+neural+stem+cells+by+lentiviral+vectors.">Robust in vivo gene transfer into adult mammalian neural stem cells by lentiviral vectors.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 14835-14840 (2004).</li><li>Jakobsson, J., Ericson, C., Jansson, M., Bjork, E., Lundberg, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+transgene+expression+in+rat+brain+using+lentiviral+vectors.">Targeted transgene expression in rat brain using lentiviral vectors.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 73, 876-885 (2003).</li><li>Arya, S. K., Guo, C., Josephs, S. F., Wong-Staal, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-activator+gene+of+human+T-lymphotropic+virus+type+III+(HTLV-III).">Trans-activator gene of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III).</a> Science. 229, 69-73 (1985).</li><li>Sirven, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type-1+central+DNA+flap+is+a+crucial+determinant+for+lentiviral+vector+nuclear+import+and+gene+transduction+of+human+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 central DNA flap is a crucial determinant for lentiviral vector nuclear import and gene transduction of human hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Blood. 96, 4103-4110 (2000).</li><li>Burns, J. C., Friedmann, T., Driever, W., Burrascano, M., Yee, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vesicular+stomatitis+virus+G+glycoprotein+pseudotyped+retroviral+vectors:+concentration+to+very+high+titer+and+efficient+gene+transfer+into+mammalian+and+nonmammalian+cells.">Vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein pseudotyped retroviral vectors: concentration to very high titer and efficient gene transfer into mammalian and nonmammalian cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8033-8037 (1993).</li><li>Farson, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new-generation+stable+inducible+packaging+cell+line+for+lentiviral+vectors.">A new-generation stable inducible packaging cell line for lentiviral vectors.</a> Hum. Gene Ther. 12, 981-997 (2001).</li><li>Broussau, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+packaging+cells+for+large-scale+production+of+lentiviral+vectors+in+serum-free+suspension+culture.">Inducible packaging cells for large-scale production of lentiviral vectors in serum-free suspension culture.</a> Mol. Ther. 16, 500-507 (2008).</li><li>Wang, X., McManus, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentivirus+production.">Lentivirus production.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (32), e1499 (2009).</li><li>Sastry, L., Johnson, T., Hobson, M. J., Smucker, B., Cornetta, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Titering+lentiviral+vectors:+comparison+of+DNA,+RNA+and+marker+expression+methods.">Titering lentiviral vectors: comparison of DNA, RNA and marker expression methods.</a> Gene Ther. 9, 1155-1162 (2002).</li><li>Snider, B. J., Lobner, D., Yamada, K. A., Choi, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditioning+heat+stress+reduces+excitotoxic+and+apoptotic+components+of+oxygen-glucose+deprivation-induced+neuronal+death+in+vitro.">Conditioning heat stress reduces excitotoxic and apoptotic components of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death in vitro.</a> J. Neurochem. 70, 120-129 (1998).</li><li>Mazarakis, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rabies+virus+glycoprotein+pseudotyping+of+lentiviral+vectors+enables+retrograde+axonal+transport+and+access+to+the+nervous+system+after+peripheral+delivery.">Rabies virus glycoprotein pseudotyping of lentiviral vectors enables retrograde axonal transport and access to the nervous system after peripheral delivery.</a> Hum. Mol. Genet. 10, 2109-2121 (2001).</li><li>Kato, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuron-specific+gene+transfer+through+retrograde+transport+of+lentiviral+vector+pseudotyped+with+a+novel+type+of+fusion+envelope+glycoprotein.">Neuron-specific gene transfer through retrograde transport of lentiviral vector pseudotyped with a novel type of fusion envelope glycoprotein.</a> Hum. Gene Ther. 22, 1511-1523 (2011).</li><li>Segura, M. M., Garnier, A., Durocher, Y., Ansorge, S., Kamen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+protocol+for+lentiviral+vector+mass+production.">New protocol for lentiviral vector mass production.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 614, 39-52 (2010).</li><li>Kutner, R. H., Puthli, S., Marino, M. P., Reiser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+production+and+concentration+of+HIV-1-based+lentiviral+vectors+using+HYPERFlask+vessels+and+anion+exchange+membrane+chromatography.">Simplified production and concentration of HIV-1-based lentiviral vectors using HYPERFlask vessels and anion exchange membrane chromatography.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 9, 10 (2009).</li><li>Laughlin, M. A., Chang, G. Y., Oakes, J. W., Gonzalez-Scarano, F., Pomerantz, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+butyrate+stimulation+of+HIV-1+gene+expression:+a+novel+mechanism+of+induction+independent+of+NF-kappa+B.">Sodium butyrate stimulation of HIV-1 gene expression: a novel mechanism of induction independent of NF-kappa B.</a> J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 9, 332-339 (1995).</li><li>Gasmi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirements+for+efficient+production+and+transduction+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1-based+vectors.">Requirements for efficient production and transduction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based vectors.</a> J. Virol. 73, 1828-1834 (1999).</li><li>Palsson, B., Andreadis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physico-chemical+factors+that+govern+retrovirus-mediated+gene+transfer.">The physico-chemical factors that govern retrovirus-mediated gene transfer.</a> Exp. Hematol. 25, 94-102 (1997).</li><li>Lizee, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+quantitative+reverse+transcriptase-polymerase+chain+reaction+as+a+method+for+determining+lentiviral+vector+titers+and+measuring+transgene+expression.">Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction as a method for determining lentiviral vector titers and measuring transgene expression.</a> Hum. Gene Ther. 14, 497-507 (2003).</li><li>Lee, J. K., Chung, J., McAlpine, F. E., Tansey, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulator+of+G-Protein+Signaling-10+Negatively+Regulates+NF-{kappa}B+in+Microglia+and+Neuroprotects+Dopaminergic+Neurons+in+Hemiparkinsonian+Rats.">Regulator of G-Protein Signaling-10 Negatively Regulates NF-{kappa}B in Microglia and Neuroprotects Dopaminergic Neurons in Hemiparkinsonian Rats.</a> J. Neurosci. 31, 11879-11888 (2011).</li><li>Shevtsova, Z., Malik, J. M., Michel, U., Bahr, M., Kugler, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Promoters+and+serotypes:+targeting+of+adeno-associated+virus+vectors+for+gene+transfer+in+the+rat+central+nervous+system+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Promoters and serotypes: targeting of adeno-associated virus vectors for gene transfer in the rat central nervous system in vitro and in vivo.</a> Exp. Physiol. 90, 53-59 (2005).</li></ol>

在这个协议中，我们已经证明，生产慢病毒载体和应用皮层文化载体。我们证明了这些方法所产生的向量与效率和细胞类型特异性的转导。当突触启动，GFP的表达是严格神经元特异性。当使用GFAP启动子，GFP的表达完全是在星形胶质细胞。如果没有细胞类型特异性表达是必需的，一个无处不在的启动也可使用。我们发现两个ubiqutin和磷酸激酶（PGK）发起人可以驱动6皮层文化高水平的基因表?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 试剂名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM培养液</td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> D5796 </td></tr><tr><td>的MEM </td><td> Invitrogen公司</td><td> 11090-081 </td></tr><tr><td>胎牛血清</td><td>胎牛血清</td><td> SV3001403 </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td>敏达</td><td> 21-040-CM </td></tr><tr><td>胰蛋白酶EDTA </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> T3924 </td></tr><tr><td>丁酸钠</td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> B5887 </td></tr><tr><td> hexadimethrine溴（凝聚胺） </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich公司</td><td> H9268 </td></tr><tr><td> 293T细胞</td><td> ATCC </td><td> CRL-11268 </td></tr><tr><td> HT1080细胞</td><td> ATCC </td><td> CCL-121 </td></tr><tr><td>猎鹰100×20毫米组织的文化性E盘</td><td> BD公司</td><td> 353003 </td></tr><tr><td> 1×3半，在polyallomoer离心管中</td><td>贝克曼 - 库尔特</td><td> 326823 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.2微米注射器过滤器</td><td>康宁</td><td> 431219 </td></tr><tr><td>采用QIAamp DNA的迷你包</td><td> Qiagen公司</td><td> 51304 </td></tr></tbody></table>

production of lentiviral vectors for transducing cells from the central nervous system

在中枢神经系统（CNS）的高效基因传递是非常重要的研究基因功能，神经系统疾病的建模和开发治疗方法。慢病毒载体在中枢神经系统的神经元和其他类型的细胞转导分裂和非分裂细胞，支持转基因的持续表达，因为他们转导有吸引力的工具，并有比较大的包装能力和毒性低1-3。慢病毒载体已成功地使用在4-6 体外转导在许多神经细胞类型，并在动物7-10。 已作出很大努力，发展与改善生物安全和基因传递效率慢病毒载体。 图1描述了目前的第三代（SIN）的复制缺陷和自我失活慢病毒载体。分裂成四个质粒载体包装所需的要素。在慢病毒转FER质粒，在5&#39;长末端重复序列（LTR）的U3区与另一种病毒的强启动子取代。这一修改，允许艾滋病毒艾滋病毒基因表达11，通常需要1 Tat蛋白的独立的向量序列的转录。包装信号（Ψ）包壳和牧师响应元素（RRE的）是必不可少的需要生产高滴度的载体。中央polypurine道（cPPT）是非常重要的载体DNA，核进口转导非分裂细胞12所必需的功能。在3&#39;LTR的顺式调控序列被完全删除从U3的地区。删除复制后5&#39;LTR的反转录，从而导致转录失活两公升。的质粒pMDLg / pRRE包含HIV-1基因，GAG / POL提供结构蛋白和逆转录酶。 PRSV-REV编码冯结合RRE的高效RNA从细胞核出口。 PCMV-Ğ编码水泡性口炎病毒糖蛋白（VSV-G的）替换HIV-1病毒包膜。 VSV-G的扩展取向的载体，并允许通过超速13的浓度。所有的基因蛋白质编码的附件，包括VIF，VPR，VPU，和NEF被排除在包装系统。慢病毒载体的生产和操作应根据NIH的研究指引，涉及重组DNA（ <a href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf</a> ）开展。使用慢病毒载体之前，可能需要从个别机构的生物和化学安全委员会批准。慢病毒载体转染293T细胞与慢病毒转移质粒和辅助质粒载体包装所需的蛋白质编码产生的。许多慢病毒转移质粒和辅助质粒可以得到来自Addgene，非非营利质粒库（ <a href="http://www.addgene.org/" target="_blank">http://www.addgene.org/~~V</a> ）。一些稳定的包装细胞系已发达，但这些系统提供了灵活性和他们的包装效率普遍下降14随着时间的推移，15。市售的转染试剂盒，可支持转16的高效率，但也可以是非常昂贵的大型载体制剂。磷酸钙沉淀法转染293T细胞，并提供高效，从而提供一个可靠的和慢病毒载体生产成本的有效途径。 在这个协议中，我们生产的由磷酸钙沉淀的原则，其次是超速20％的蔗糖垫与纯化，并通过浓度，根据质粒转染293T细胞的慢病毒载体。载体滴度测定荧光激活细胞分选（FACS）肛门ysis或通过实时定量PCR。在这个协议的慢病毒载体的生产和滴定法9天就可以完成。我们提供的这些载体转导到含有神经元和神经胶质细胞的小鼠皮层文化的例子。我们表明，慢病毒载体转导和细胞类型特定的中枢神经系统的原代培养细胞中的基因表达支持高效率。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System at JoVE.com

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

在这个协议中，我们描述了慢病毒载体的生产，提纯和滴定。我们提供了一个在原代培养的神经元和神经胶质细胞的慢病毒载体介导的基因传递的例子。我们的方法也适用于其他类型的细胞<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;和<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;。

从中枢神经系统转导细胞的慢病毒载体生产

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

全身和局部给药治疗的中枢神经系统疾病的啮齿动物模型

Thorough preclinical testing of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics includes a consideration of routes of administration and agent biodistribution ...

科研

神经科学

Multimodal Imaging of Stem Cell Implantation in the Central Nervous System of Mice

在中央小鼠中枢神经系统的干细胞移植的多模态成像

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, ...

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

标记的单细胞在中枢神经系统<em&gt;果蝇</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

啮齿动物的中枢神经系统药物直接脑室交货

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

Immunohistochemical Analysis in the Rat Central Nervous System and Peripheral Lymph Node Tissue Sections

免疫组化分析大鼠中枢神经系统和周围淋巴结组织切片

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides highly specific, reliable and attractive protein visualization. Correct performance and interpretation of an IHC-based ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

在啮齿动物中枢神经系统的体内光遗传学刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY

鼠标中枢神经系统的光透明使用被动CLARITY

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique ...

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar Drosophila Melanogaster

Electrophysiological Recording of The Central Nervous System Activity of Third-Instar  Drosophila Melanogaster

第三星果蝇中枢神经系统活动的电生理记录

The majority of the currently available insecticides target the nervous system and genetic mutations of invertebrate neural proteins oftentimes yield ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

将化学遗传工程皮质内神经内生前生移植到早期产后小鼠大脑

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...

Intrathecal Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides in the Rat Central Nervous System

大鼠中枢神经系统中反义寡核苷酸的细胞内传递

The blood brain barrier (BBB) is an important defense against the entrance of potentially toxic or pathogenic agents from the blood into the central ...