Name: three dimensional vestibular ocular reflex testing using a six degrees of freedom motion platform
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1. 6DF मोशन प्लेटफार्म Vestibular उत्तेजनाओं स्वतंत्रता (एफसीएस-MOOG, Nieuw-Vennep, नीदरलैंड) के छह डिग्री की कुल पर कोणीय और translational उत्तेजनाओं पैदा करने में सक्षम एक प्रस्ताव मंच (चित्रा 1 देखें) के साथ दिया ग...

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impulsive+testing+of+individual+semicircular+canal+function.">Impulsive testing of individual semicircular canal function.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 942, 192-200 (2001).</li><li>Tabak, S., Collewijn, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+human+vestibulo-ocular+reflex+at+high+frequencies+with+a+helmet,+driven+by+reactive+torque.">Evaluation of the human vestibulo-ocular reflex at high frequencies with a helmet, driven by reactive torque.</a> Acta. Otolaryngol. Suppl. 520 Pt. 1, 4-8 (1995).</li><li>Crawford, J. 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इस कागज को सही रूप में मानव में पूरे शरीर घुमाव के जवाब में 3 डी कोणीय VOR को मापने के लिए एक विधि का वर्णन करता है. विधि का लाभ यह है कि सभी तीन आयामों में लाभ और 3 डी कोणीय VOR के misalignment के बारे में मात्रात्मक जानक?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Motion Base MB-E-6DOF/24/1800KG * (Formerly E-CUE 624-1800)</td>
			<td>FCS-MOOG, Nieuw-Vennep, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic field with detector, Model EMP3020</td>
			<td>Skalar Medical, Delft, The Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CED power 1401, running Spike2 v6</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electromagnetic search coils</td>
			<td>Chronos Vision, Berlin, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
 </tbody>
	</table>

three dimensional vestibular ocular reflex testing using a six degrees of freedom motion platform

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the vestibular organ results in mild to severe equilibrium problems, such as vertigo, dizziness, oscillopsia, gait unsteadiness nausea and/or vomiting. A good and frequently used measure to quantify gaze stabilization is the gain, which is defined as the magnitude of compensatory eye movements with respect to imposed head movements. To test vestibular function more fully one has to realize that 3D VOR ideally generates compensatory ocular rotations not only with a magnitude (gain) equal and opposite to the head rotation but also about an axis that is co-linear with the head rotation axis (alignment). Abnormal vestibular function thus results in changes in gain and changes in alignment of the 3D VOR response.
Here we describe a method to measure 3D VOR using whole body rotation on a 6DF motion platform. Although the method also allows testing translation VOR responses 1, we limit ourselves to a discussion of the method to measure 3D angular VOR. In addition, we restrict ourselves here to description of data collected in healthy subjects in response to angular sinusoidal and impulse stimulation.
Subjects are sitting upright and receive whole-body small amplitude sinusoidal and constant acceleration impulses. Sinusoidal stimuli (f = 1 Hz, A = 4&deg;) were delivered about the vertical axis and about axes in the horizontal plane varying between roll and pitch at increments of 22.5&deg; in azimuth. Impulses were delivered in yaw, roll and pitch and in the vertical canal planes. Eye movements were measured using the scleral search coil technique 2. Search coil signals were sampled at a frequency of 1 kHz.
The input-output ratio (gain) and misalignment (co-linearity) of the 3D VOR were calculated from the eye coil signals 3.
Gain and co-linearity of 3D VOR depended on the orientation of the stimulus axis. Systematic deviations were found in particular during horizontal axis stimulation. In the light the eye rotation axis was properly aligned with the stimulus axis at orientations 0&deg; and 90&deg; azimuth, but gradually deviated more and more towards 45&deg; azimuth.
The systematic deviations in misalignment for intermediate axes can be explained by a low gain for torsion (X-axis or roll-axis rotation) and a high gain for vertical eye movements (Y-axis or pitch-axis rotation (see Figure 2). Because intermediate axis stimulation leads a compensatory response based on vector summation of the individual eye rotation components, the net response axis will deviate because the gain for X- and Y-axis are different.
In darkness the gain of all eye rotation components had lower values. The result was that the misalignment in darkness and for impulses had different peaks and troughs than in the light: its minimum value was reached for pitch axis stimulation and its maximum for roll axis stimulation.
Case Presentation
Nine subjects participated in the experiment. All subjects gave their informed consent. The experimental procedure was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus University Medical Center and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects.
Six subjects served as controls. Three subjects had a unilateral vestibular impairment due to a vestibular schwannoma. The age of control subjects (six males and three females) ranged from 22 to 55 years. None of the controls had visual or vestibular complaints due to neurological, cardio vascular and ophthalmic disorders.
The age of the patients with schwannoma varied between 44 and 64 years (two males and one female). All schwannoma subjects were under medical surveillance and/or had received treatment by a multidisciplinary team consisting of an othorhinolaryngologist and a neurosurgeon of the Erasmus University Medical Center. Tested patients all had a right side vestibular schwannoma and underwent a wait and watch policy (Table 1; subjects N1-N3) after being diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma. Their tumors had been stabile for over 8-10 years on magnetic resonance imaging.

Sinusoidal उत्तेजना प्रकाश चित्रा 4 (शीर्ष पैनल) नियंत्रण समूह के प्रकाश में क्षैतिज विमान में सभी परीक्षण sinusoidal stimulations के लिए, क्षैतिज और ऊर्ध्वाधर मरोड़ कोणीय वेग घटकों का मतलब लाभ के लिए पता चल?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform at JoVE.com

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

एक विधि आजादी के छह डिग्री (6DF) गति सिम्युलेटर का उपयोग मानव में तीन आयामी vestibulo नेत्र सजगता (3 डी VOR) को मापने के लिए वर्णित है. 3 डी कोणीय VOR के लाभ और misalignment के vestibular समारोह की गुणवत्ता का एक सीधा उपाय प्रदान करते हैं. स्वस्थ विषयों पर प्रतिनिधि डेटा प्रदान की जाती हैं

स्वतंत्रता मोशन प्लेटफार्म के एक छह डिग्री का प्रयोग त्रिविमीय Vestibular नेत्र पलटा परीक्षण

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the ...

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