Name: fabrication of silica ultra high quality factor microresonators
Uploaded: 2012-07-02T08:04:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators at JoVE.com

A. Maker blev understøttet af en Annenberg Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship, og dette arbejde blev støttet af National Science Foundation [085281 og 1028440].

1. Mikrokugle Fabrication <ol><li> Vælge en lille mængde (ca. 5 inches) af optisk fiber, strimler ~ 1,5 &quot;beklædningen fra den ene ende og rengøre med enten methanol eller ethanol (figur 1a, b). </li><li> Hvis den findes, spalter ende med en optisk fiber Cleaver. Hvis ikke tilgængelig, skåret med bidetang eller saks, så at ~ 0,5 &quot;er tilbage. Fordelen ved at anvende en optisk fiber Cleaver er, at det giver en meget glat, ensartet snit som i figur 1b. Overdreven ruhed el...

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	<li>Armani, D. K., Kippenberg, T. J., Spillane, S. M., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high-Q+toroid+microcavity+on+a+chip.">Ultra-high-Q toroid microcavity on a chip.</a> Nature. 421, 925-928 (2003).</li><li>Gorodetsky, M. L., Savchenkov, A. A., Ilchenko, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultimate+Q+of+optical+microsphere+resonators.">Ultimate Q of optical microsphere resonators.</a> Optics Letters. 21, 453-455 (1996).</li><li>Armani, A. M., Kulkarni, R. P., Fraser, S. E., Flagan, R. C., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Label-Free,+Single-Molecule+Detection+with+Optical+Microcavities.">Label-Free, Single-Molecule Detection with Optical Microcavities.</a> Science. 317, 783 (2007).</li><li>Choi, H. S., Ismail, S., Armani, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+polymer+thin+films+with+hybrid+optical+microcavities.">Studying polymer thin films with hybrid optical microcavities.</a> Optics Letters. 36, 2152-2154 (2011).</li><li>Aoki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+strong+coupling+between+one+atom+and+a+monolithic+microresonator.">Observation of strong coupling between one atom and a monolithic microresonator.</a> Nature. 443, 671-674 (2006).</li><li>Hsu, H. -. S., Cai, C., Armani, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-low+threshold+Er:Yb+sol-gel+microlaser+on+silicon.">Ultra-low threshold Er:Yb sol-gel microlaser on silicon.</a> Optics Express. 17, 23265 (2009).</li><li>Zhu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On-chip+single+nanoparticle+detection+and+sizing+by+mode+splitting+in+an+ultrahigh-Q+microresonator.">On-chip single nanoparticle detection and sizing by mode splitting in an ultrahigh-Q microresonator.</a> Nature Photonics. 4, 46-49 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, X., Choi, H. -. S., Armani, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultimate+quality+factor+of+silica+microtoroid+resonant+cavities.">Ultimate quality factor of silica microtoroid resonant cavities.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 96, 153304 (2010).</li><li>Vernooy, D. W., Ilchenko, V. S., Mabuchi, H., Streed, E. W., Kimble, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Q+measurements+of+fused-silica+microspheres+in+the+near+infrared.">High-Q measurements of fused-silica microspheres in the near infrared.</a> Optics Letters. 23, 247-249 (1998).</li><li>Saleh, B. E. A., Teich, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fundamentals of Photonics. , (2007).</li><li>Ilchenko, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+quartz+optical+whispering-gallery+resonators.">Crystal quartz optical whispering-gallery resonators.</a> Optics Letters. 33, 1569-1571 (2008).</li><li>Soteropulos, C., Hunt, H., Armani, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+binding+kinetics+using+whispering+gallery+mode+microcavities.">Determination of binding kinetics using whispering gallery mode microcavities.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 99, 103703 (2011).</li><li>Barclay, P. E., Srinivasan, K., Painter, O., Lev, B., Mabuchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integration+of+fiber-coupled+high-Q+SiNx+microdisks+with+atom+chips.">Integration of fiber-coupled high-Q SiNx microdisks with atom chips.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 89, (2006).</li><li>Srinivasan, K., Painter, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mode+coupling+and+cavity-quantum-dot+interactions+in+a+fiber-coupled+microdisk+cavity.">Mode coupling and cavity-quantum-dot interactions in a fiber-coupled microdisk cavity.</a> Physical Review. A. 75, (2007).</li><li>Xu, Q. F., Lipson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-optical+logic+based+on+silicon+micro-ring+resonators.">All-optical logic based on silicon micro-ring resonators.</a> Optics Express. 15, 924-929 (2007).</li><li>Martin, A. L., Armani, D. K., Yang, L., Vahala, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replica-molded+high-Q+polymer+microresonators.">Replica-molded high-Q polymer microresonators.</a> Optics Letters. 29, 533-535 (2004).</li><li>Chao, C. Y., Guo, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymer+microring+resonators+fabricated+by+nanoimprint+technique.">Polymer microring resonators fabricated by nanoimprint technique.</a> Journal of Vacuum Science Technology B. 20, 2862-2866 (2002).</li><li>Armani, A. M., Armani, D. K., Min, B., Vahala, K. J., Spillane, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high-Q+microcavity+operation+in+H2O+and+D2O.">Ultra-high-Q microcavity operation in H2O and D2O.</a> Applied Physics Letters. 87, 151118 (2005).</li><li>Kovacs, G. T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook. , (1998).</li><li>Kovacs, G. T. A., Maluf, N. I., Petersen, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bulk+Micromaching+of+Silicon.">Bulk Micromaching of Silicon.</a> Proceedings of the IEEE. 86, 1536-1551 (1998).</li></ol>

Som med enhver optisk struktur, er at opretholde renlighed på alle trin i fremstillingsprocessen af ​​afgørende betydning. Da der er mange lærebøger skrevet om emnet litografi og fremstilling, er de forslag nedenfor ikke beregnet til at være omfattende, men at fremhæve et par af de mere almindelige problemer, forskerne har stået overfor. 19-20 På grund af ensartetheden af ​​microtoroid periferi bestemmes af ensartetheden af ​​det oprindelige disken, er det mege...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Navn del </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog nummer </td><td> Kommentarer </td></tr><tr><td> Fiber skriftklog </td><td> Newport </td><td> F-RFS </td><td> Valgfri </td></tr><tr><td> Optisk fiber </td><td> Newport </td><td> F-SMF-28 </td><td> Enhver type af optisk fiber kan anvendes. </td></tr><tr><td> Fibercoating stripper </td><td> Newport </td><td> F-STR-175 </td><td> Afisoleringstænger kan også anvendes </td></tr><tr><td> Ethanol </td><td> Enhver leverandør </td><td> Opløsningsmiddel niveau renhedsgrad </td><td> Methanol eller Isopropanol er substitutter </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabel 1. Mikrosfære Fabrication Materials. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Navn på reagenset </td><td> Firma </td><td> &lt;strong&gt; Katalog nummer </td><td> Kommentarer </td></tr><tr><td> Siliciumskiver med 2 um termisk dyrket silica </td><td> Arbejdsbetinget stress Materialer </td><td> n / a </td><td> Vi anvender iboende 8, &lt;100&gt;, 4 &quot;diameter </td></tr><tr><td> HMDS (hexamethyldisilazan) </td><td> Aldrich </td><td> 440191 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Fotoresistbelagte </td><td> Shipley </td><td> S1813 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Udvikler </td><td> Shipley </td><td> MF-321 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Buffered HF - Forbedret </td><td> Transene </td><td> n / a </td><td> Den forbedrede bufferet HF giver en glattere, bedre kvalitet etch end almindeligt BOE eller HF </td></tr><tr><td> Acetone, methanol, isopropanol </td><td> Enhver leverandør </td><td> 99,8% renhed </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Tabel 2 nedenfor. MICRotoroid Fabrication Materialer. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Udstyr Navn </td><td> Producent </td><td> Katalog nummer </td><td> Kommentarer </td></tr><tr><td> Spinner </td><td> Solitec </td><td> 5110-ND </td><td> Enhver spinner kan anvendes. </td></tr><tr><td> Aligner </td><td> Suss Microtec </td><td> MJB 3 </td><td> Enhver indretningsenhed kan anvendes. </td></tr><tr><td> XeF 2 etcher </td><td> Avanceret Kommunikation Devices, Inc. </td><td> # ADCETCH2007 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> Tabel 3. Microtoroid fabrikation udstyr. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Navn del </td><td> Firma </td><td> Katalog nummer </td><td> Kommentarer </td></tr><tr><td> CO 2 </sub&gt; Laser </td><td> Synrad </td><td> Serien 48 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3-Axis etape </td><td> OptoSigma </td><td> 120-0770 </td><td> Tilgængelig fra andre leverandører også. </td></tr><tr><td> Si reflektor 1 &quot;diameter) </td><td> II-VI </td><td> 308325 </td><td> Tilgængelig fra andre leverandører også. </td></tr><tr><td> Kinematisk gimbal mount (for Si reflektor) </td><td> Thor Labs </td><td> KX1G </td><td> Tilgængelig fra andre leverandører også. </td></tr><tr><td> Strålekombineringsenhed (1 &quot;diameter) </td><td> Meller Optik </td><td> L19100008-B0 </td><td> Tilgængelig fra andre leverandører også. </td></tr><tr><td> 4 &quot;brændvidde (1&quot; diameter) </td><td> Meller Optics eller II-VI </td><td></td><td> Tilgængelig fra andre leverandører samt </td></tr><tr><td> Diverse indlæg, linse holdere </td><td> Thor Labs, Newport, Edmund Optics eller Optosigma </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Zoom 6000 machine vision-system </td><td> Navitar </td><td> n / a </td><td> Kræver generisk USB-kamera og computer for real-time scanning. Dette er købt som et kit. </td></tr><tr><td> Okularet for Zoom 6000-systemet </td><td> Edmund Optics </td><td> 54-792 </td><td> Tilgængelig fra andre leverandører også. </td></tr><tr><td> Xz Axis Svejseborde for Zoom 6000 </td><td> Parker Daedal </td><td> CR4457, CR4452, 4499 </td><td> CR4457 er X-aksen, CR4452 er Z-aksen, er 4499 monteringskonsol. </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabel 4. CO 2 Laser Reflow Set-up.

fabrication of silica ultra high quality factor microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators at JoVE.com

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Vi beskriver anvendelsen af ​​en carbondioxid-laser reflow teknik til at fremstille silica hulrumsresonatorer, herunder fritstående mikrosfærer og on-chip microtoroids. Den reflow metode fjerner overfladeuregelmæssigheder, så lange foton levetid i begge enheder. De resulterende enheder har ultra høj kvalitet faktorer, der muliggør ansøgninger fra telekommunikation til biodetection.

Fabrikation af Silica Ultra High Quality-Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

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