Name: viral tracing of genetically defined neural circuitry
Uploaded: 2012-10-17T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Viral Tracing of Genetically Defined Neural Circuitry at JoVE.com

Si desidera ringraziare Sean Whelan per l&#39;assistenza con il salvataggio varianti VSV ricombinanti, e Didem Goz e Ryan Chrenek per l&#39;assistenza tecnica. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da HHMI (CLC), e # NS068012-01 (KTB).

1. Fare Virus da cDNA: Recupero di VSV da cDNA utilizzando Vaccinia-T7 sistema 10 <ol><li> Un giorno prima di sperimentare, dividere BsrT7 cellule in antenna di 60 mm contenente DMEM + 10% FBS. Cellule Seed 2E6 al piatto. BsrT7 cellule derivano da BHK21, o bambino renali di criceto, cellule. </li><li> PBS caldo con 1 mM di magnesio e 1 mM di calcio a 37 ° C. </li><li> Ottenere una piccola aliquota vTF7-3, un virus vaccinia esprimere polimerasi T7, e scongelamento a temperatura ambiente. vTF7-3 è un vaccin...

<ol>
	<li>Wickersham, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monosynaptic+restriction+of+transsynaptic+tracing+from+single,+genetically+targeted+neurons.">Monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons.</a> Neuron. 53, 639-647 (2007).</li><li>Marshel, J. H., Mori, T., Nielsen, K. J., Callaway, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+single+neuronal+networks+for+gene+expression+and+cell+labeling+in+vivo.">Targeting single neuronal networks for gene expression and cell labeling in vivo.</a> Neuron. 67, 562-574 (2010).</li><li>Wall, N. R., Wickersham, I. R., Cetin, A., De La Parra, M., Callaway, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monosynaptic+circuit+tracing+in+vivo+through+Cre-dependent+targeting+and+complementation+of+modified+rabies+virus.">Monosynaptic circuit tracing in vivo through Cre-dependent targeting and complementation of modified rabies virus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 21848-21853 (2010).</li><li>Wickersham, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monosynaptic+restriction+of+transsynaptic+tracing+from+single,+genetically+targeted+neurons.">Monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons.</a> Neuron. 53, 639-647 (2007).</li><li>Yonehara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+asymmetric+reorganization+of+inhibition+establishes+a+motion-sensitive+circuit.">Spatially asymmetric reorganization of inhibition establishes a motion-sensitive circuit.</a> Nature. 469, 407-410 (2011).</li><li>Stepien, A. E., Tripodi, M., Arber, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monosynaptic+rabies+virus+reveals+premotor+network+organization+and+synaptic+specificity+of+cholinergic+partition+cells.">Monosynaptic rabies virus reveals premotor network organization and synaptic specificity of cholinergic partition cells.</a> Neuron. 68, 456-472 (2010).</li><li>Beier, K. T., Samson, M. E. S., Matsuda, T., Cepko, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+expression+of+the+TVA+receptor+allows+clonal+analysis+of+descendents+from+Cre-expressing+progenitor+cells.">Conditional expression of the TVA receptor allows clonal analysis of descendents from Cre-expressing progenitor cells.</a> Dev. Biol. 353, 309-320 (2011).</li><li>Seidler, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Cre-loxP-based+mouse+model+for+conditional+somatic+gene+expression+and+knockdown+in+vivo+by+using+avian+retroviral+vectors.">A Cre-loxP-based mouse model for conditional somatic gene expression and knockdown in vivo by using avian retroviral vectors.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 10137-10142 (2008).</li><li>Beier, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anterograde+or+retrograde+transsynaptic+labeling+of+CNS+neurons+with+vesicular+stomatitis+virus+vectors.">Anterograde or retrograde transsynaptic labeling of CNS neurons with vesicular stomatitis virus vectors.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 15414-15419 (2011).</li><li>Whelan, S. P., Ball, L. A., Barr, J. N., Wertz, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+recovery+of+infectious+vesicular+stomatitis+virus+entirely+from+cDNA+clones.">Efficient recovery of infectious vesicular stomatitis virus entirely from cDNA clones.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 8388-8392 (1995).</li><li>Fuerst, T. R., Niles, E. G., Studier, F. W., Moss, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+Transient-Expression+System+Based+on+Recombinant+Vaccinia+Virus+That+Synthesizes+Bacteriophage+T7+RNA+Polymerase.">Eukaryotic Transient-Expression System Based on Recombinant Vaccinia Virus That Synthesizes Bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase.</a> PNAS. 83, 8122-8126 (1986).</li><li>Young, J. A., Bates, P., Varmus, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+chicken+gene+that+confers+susceptibility+to+infection+by+subgroup+A+avian+leukosis+and+sarcoma+viruses.">Isolation of a chicken gene that confers susceptibility to infection by subgroup A avian leukosis and sarcoma viruses.</a> J. Virol. 67, 1811-1816 (1993).</li><li>Madisen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+robust+and+high-throughput+Cre+reporting+and+characterization+system+for+the+whole+mouse+brain.">A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain.</a> Nat Neurosci. 13, 133-140 (2010).</li><li>Franklin, K., Paxinos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (1997).</li><li>van den Pol, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+strategies+for+studying+the+brain,+including+a+replication-restricted+self-amplifying+delta-G+vesicular+stomatis+virus+that+rapidly+expresses+transgenes+in+brain+and+can+generate+a+multicolor+golgi-like+expression.">Viral strategies for studying the brain, including a replication-restricted self-amplifying delta-G vesicular stomatis virus that rapidly expresses transgenes in brain and can generate a multicolor golgi-like expression.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 516, 456-481 (2009).</li></ol>

Usando virus per studiare circuiti neurali è un metodo relativamente elevata velocità di analizzare neuroni collegati. Tuttavia, generando sia VSV e virioni RABV non è banale. Anche se il protocollo di cui sopra per il salvataggio virus dal cDNA è fornito, è ancora una bassa probabilità dell&#39;evento. I livelli di ciascuna delle N, P, L e plasmidi bisogno di essere regolato con precisione, e molte prove e repliche deve essere fatto per garantire soccorso virale. La formazione della particella ribonucleotide inco...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Tissue Culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Baby Hamster Kidney (BSRT7) cells</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vaccinia (vTF7-3)</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pN, pP, pl plasmids</td>
			<td>available upon request</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK 293T cells</td>
			<td>Open Biosystems</td>
			<td>HCL4517</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm TC-Treated Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430166</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75 cm2 Rectangular Canted Neck Cell Culture Flask with Vent Cap</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430641</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Media : DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12491-015</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Gibo</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS: Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10437-028</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PKS</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-163</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2,000 Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe: 5 ml Luer-Lock syringe</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Z248010-1PAK</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Filters</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>190-2520</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI: High Potency Linear PEI</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>23966</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Viral Centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning 150 ml Tube Top Vacuum Filter System, 0.45 &mu;m Pore</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430314</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thinwall, Ultra-Clear, 38.5 ml, 25 x 89 mm ultracentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman-Coulter</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman-Coulter</td>
			<td>optima XL-80K</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW28 Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman-Coulter</td>
			<td>342207</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Mouse Injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary micropipets</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>5-000-2005</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotax</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>SR-5M</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>SM-15</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ump injector</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Sys-Micro4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Four channel microcontroller</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>UMP3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M.TXB Bench Motor with C.EMX-1 Dial Control, 115 Volt</td>
			<td>Foredom</td>
			<td>M.TXB-EM</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H.10 Handpiece, Quick Change</td>
			<td>Foredom</td>
			<td>H.10</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Step Drill, 0.5 mm</td>
			<td>Foredom</td>
			<td>A-58005P</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode holder</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MEH2S</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>995-2949</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>4015809TV</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>1118217</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 gauge injection needle</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td>305106</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protective Ophthalmic Ointment</td>
			<td>Doctors Foster and Smith</td>
			<td>9N-014748</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>493511</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>PVP1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Surgery and Dissection tools</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>91402-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11000-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11255-20</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-00</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10003-12</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blades</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10015-00</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutures</td>
			<td>Robbins Instruments</td>
			<td>20.SK640</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Dissection and antibody staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey Serum</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td>017-000-121</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
			<td>millipore</td>
			<td>AB144P</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-gfp</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab13970</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-chicken Dylight 488</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>703-545-155</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-chicken Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td>Jackson immunoresearch</td>
			<td>705-605-147</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Tissue mounting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>12-550-100</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glass 22 x 22, 0 thickness</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72198-10</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone elastomer</td>
			<td>Rogers Corp</td>
			<td>HT-6220</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clear nail polish</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72180</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

viral tracing of genetically defined neural circuitry

I metodi classici per studiare i circuiti neuronali sono velocità piuttosto bassa. Transsynaptic virus, in particolare la pseudorabbia (PRV) e del virus della rabbia (RABV), e più recentemente virus della stomatite vescicolare (VSV), per lo studio di circuiti, sta diventando sempre più popolare. Questi metodi di throughput superiori usare virus che trasmettono tra neuroni sia in direzione anterograda o retrograda. Recentemente, un RABV modificato per monosinaptico retrograda traccia è stata sviluppata. (Figura 1A). In questo metodo, la (G) gene glicoproteina viene eliminato dal genoma virale, e fornita solo in neuroni mirati. Specificità infezione si ottiene sostituendo un G chimerico, composto del dominio extracellulare del ASLV A-glicoproteina e il dominio citoplasmatico del RABV-G (A / RG), per il normale RABV-G 1. Questo G chimerico infetta specificamente le cellule che esprimono il recettore TVA 1. Il gene che codifica TVA può essere delivered con vari metodi 2-8. Dopo RABV-G infezione di un TVA che esprimono neurone, il RABV può trasmettere ad altri neuroni, sinapticamente collegate in senso retrogrado di natura della sua G privato, che era co-espresso con il recettore TVA. Questa tecnica etichetta un numero relativamente elevato di ingressi (5-10%) 2 su un tipo di cellula definito, fornendo un campione di tutti gli ingressi su un tipo di avviamento definito cella. Recentemente abbiamo modificato questa tecnica da utilizzare VSV come transsynaptic tracciante 9. VSV ha diversi vantaggi, tra cui la rapidità di espressione genica. Qui i dettagli di un nuovo sistema di tracciamento virale utilizzando utile per sondare microcircuiti con risoluzione maggiore VSV. Mentre le strategie originali pubblicati da Wickersham et al. 4 e Beier et al. 9 etichettatura permesso di eventuali neuroni che sul progetto inizialmente-infetti TVA esprimono cellule, qui VSV è stato progettato per trasmettere solo alla TVA-cellule esprimenti (Figura 1B). Il virus viene prima pseudotyped con RABV-G per consentire infezione di neuroni a valle di TVA-neuroni che esprimono. Dopo aver infettato questa prima popolazione di cellule, il virus rilasciato può infettare solo TVA-esprimenti cellule. Perché la diffusione transsynaptic virale è limitata a TVA-esprimenti cellule, presenza di assenza di connettività di tipi cellulari definiti può essere esplorato con alta risoluzione. Un diagramma di flusso sperimentale di questi esperimenti è mostrata in Figura 2. Qui mostriamo un modello di circuito, che di direzione selettività nella retina di topo. Esaminiamo la connettività di starburst cellule amacrine (ZSC) a cellule gangliari della retina (RGC).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Viral Tracing of Genetically Defined Neural Circuitry at JoVE.com

Viral Tracing of Genetically Defined Neural Circuitry

Un metodo di tracciare neuroni sinapticamente collegate è descritto. Usiamo specificità TVA di una cella a monte per sondare se una popolazione di cellule riceve input sinaptico da tipi di cellule geneticamente definiti.

Viral Tracciamento di geneticamente definito circuiti neurali

Classical methods for studying neuronal circuits are fairly low throughput. Transsynaptic viruses, particularly the pseudorabies (PRV) and rabies virus ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Physiological, Morphological and Neurochemical Characterization of Neurons Modulated by Movement

Fisiologici, caratterizzazione morfologica e neurochimica dei neuroni modulati Movimenti

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Riproducibile nervo sciatico Crush mouse e successiva valutazione da parte della Rigenerazione intera analisi Muscle Monte

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Ampliamento della embrionali e cellule staminali neurali adulte per<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elettroporazione o Viral iniezione stereotassica

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Selective Tracing of Auditory Fibers in the Avian Embryonic Vestibulocochlear Nerve

L&#39;analisi selettiva delle fibre uditive nel aviaria Nerve Embryonic vestibolococleare

The embryonic chick is a widely used model for the study of peripheral and central ganglion cell projections. In the auditory system, selective labeling ...

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Modellazione Astrocitoma Patogenesi<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; E<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Utilizzo corticale astrociti o cellule staminali neurali da condizionale, topi geneticamente ingegnerizzati

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Un laterizzazione Odore Learning Modello in ratti neonati per dissezione Formazione Neural circuiti Sostenere la memoria

Rat pups during a critical postnatal period (&#8804; 10 days) readily form a preference for an odor that is associated with stimuli mimicking maternal ...

Conditional Genetic Transsynaptic Tracing in the Embryonic Mouse Brain

Condizionale genetica Transsynaptic Tracing nel cervello embrionali di topo

Anatomical path tracing is of pivotal importance to decipher the relationship between brain and behavior. Unraveling the formation of neural circuits ...

Laser-guided Neuronal Tracing In Brain Explants

Neuronal Tracing negli espianti cerebrali a guida laser

We present a technique which combines an in vitro tracer injection protocol, which uses a series of electrical and pressure pulses to increase dye uptake ...

Single-cell RNA-Seq of Defined Subsets of Retinal Ganglion Cells

Sequenza RNA a singola cellula di sottogruppi definiti delle cellule del Ganglio retinico

The discovery of cell type-specific markers can provide insight into cellular function and the origins of cellular heterogeneity. With a recent push for ...

Time-dependent Increase in the Network Response to the Stimulation of Neuronal Cell Cultures on Micro-electrode Arrays

Aumento del tempo della risposta alla rete alla stimolazione delle colture cellulari neuronali sulle matrici di microelettrodi

Micro-electrode arrays (MEAs) can be used to investigate drug toxicity, design paradigms for next-generation personalized medicine, and study network ...