Name: an in vitro preparation for eliciting and recording feeding motor programs with physiological movements in aplysia californica
Uploaded: 2012-12-05T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica Video at JoVE.com

이 연구는 NIH 보조금 NS047073 및 NSF 보조금 DMS1010434에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 솔루션의 준비 <ol><li> 동물 유지되는 해수 (~ 1000 millosmolar)에 등장합니다 염화 마그네슘 솔루션을 준비하려면 원하는 볼륨 수준에 큰 용기를 표시합니다. 이 수준의 약 80 % 증류수로 용기를 작성하고, 최종 볼륨에서 333 MM 솔루션을 만들 마그네슘 염화물 hexahydrate의 적절한 금액을 무게. 통에 염화 마그네슘을 추가 뚜껑을 닫고 염화 마그네슘이 완전히 해소 될 때까지 힘차게 흔들어 다음 최종 ?...

<ol>
	<li>Neustadter, D. M., Herman, R. L., Drushel, R. F., Chestek, D. W., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+kinematics+of+multifunctionality:+comparisons+of+biting+and+swallowing+in+Aplysia+californica.">The kinematics of multifunctionality: comparisons of biting and swallowing in Aplysia californica.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 210, 238-260 (2007).</li><li>Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+buccal+nerve+activity+that+distinguishes+ingestion+from+rejection+can+be+used+to+predict+behavioral+transitions+in+Aplysia.">In vivo buccal nerve activity that distinguishes ingestion from rejection can be used to predict behavioral transitions in Aplysia.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 172, 17-32 (1993).</li><li>Hurwitz, I., Neustadter, D., Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J., Susswein, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+patterns+of+the+B31/B32+pattern+initiators+innervating+the+I2+muscle+of+the+buccal+mass+during+normal+feeding+movements+in+Aplysia+californica.">Activity patterns of the B31/B32 pattern initiators innervating the I2 muscle of the buccal mass during normal feeding movements in Aplysia californica.</a> J. Neurophys. 75, 1309-1326 (1996).</li><li>Cullins, M. J., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrode+fabrication+and+implantation+in+Aplysia+californica+for+multi-channel+neural+and+muscular+recordings+in+intact,+freely+behaving+animals.">Electrode fabrication and implantation in Aplysia californica for multi-channel neural and muscular recordings in intact, freely behaving animals.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (40), e1791 (2010).</li><li>Warman, E. N., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+technique+for+chronic+single+extracellular+recording+in+freely+behaving+animals+using+pipette+electrodes.">A new technique for chronic single extracellular recording in freely behaving animals using pipette electrodes.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 57, 161-169 (1995).</li><li>Lu, H., Chestek, C. A., Shaw, K. M., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+extracellular+stimulation+of+individual+neurons+in+ganglia.">Selective extracellular stimulation of individual neurons in ganglia.</a> J. Neural Eng. 5, 287-309 (2008).</li><li>Church, P. J., Lloyd, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+diverse+neuropeptide+cotransmitters+by+identified+motor+neurons+in+Aplysia.">Expression of diverse neuropeptide cotransmitters by identified motor neurons in Aplysia.</a> J. Neurosci. 11, 618-625 (1991).</li><li>Church, P. J., Lloyd, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+of+multiple+identified+motor+neurons+recorded+intracellularly+during+evoked+feedinglike+motor+programs+in+Aplysia.">Activity of multiple identified motor neurons recorded intracellularly during evoked feedinglike motor programs in Aplysia.</a> J. Neurophys. 72, 1794-1809 (1994).</li><li>Nargeot, R. N., Baxter, D. A., Byrne, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contingent-dependent+enhancement+of+rhythmic+motor+patterns:+an+in+vitro+analog+of+operant+conditioning.">Contingent-dependent enhancement of rhythmic motor patterns: an in vitro analog of operant conditioning.</a> J. Neurosci. 17, 8093-8105 (1997).</li><li>Kandel, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Behavioral biology of Aplysia. , (1979).</li><li>Scott, M. L., Govind, C. K., Kirk, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+organization+of+the+buccal+system+in+Aplysia+californica.">Neuromuscular organization of the buccal system in Aplysia californica.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 312, 207-222 (1991).</li><li>Susswein, A. J., Rosen, S. C., Gapon, S., Kupfermann, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+buccal+motor+programs+elicited+by+a+cholinergic+agonist+applied+to+the+cerebral+ganglion+of+Aplysia+californica.">Characterization of buccal motor programs elicited by a cholinergic agonist applied to the cerebral ganglion of Aplysia californica.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 179, 509-524 (1996).</li><li>Kupfermann, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+behavior+in+Aplysia:+A+simple+system+for+the+study+of+motivation.">Feeding behavior in Aplysia: A simple system for the study of motivation.</a> Behav. Biol. 10, 1-26 (1974).</li><li>Morton, D. W., Chiel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+timing+of+activity+in+motor+neurons+that+produce+radula+movements+distinguishes+ingestion+from+rejection+in+Aplysia.">The timing of activity in motor neurons that produce radula movements distinguishes ingestion from rejection in Aplysia.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 173, 519-536 (1993).</li><li>Weiss, K. R., Chiel, H. J., Koch, U., Kupfermann, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+of+an+identified+histaminergic+neuron,+and+its+possible+role+in+arousal+of+feeding+behavior+in+semi-intact+Aplysia.">Activity of an identified histaminergic neuron, and its possible role in arousal of feeding behavior in semi-intact Aplysia.</a> J. Neurosci. 6, 2403-2415 (1986).</li><li>Jing, J., Weiss, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+variants+of+a+motor+act+in+a+modular+and+hierarchical+motor+network.">Generation of variants of a motor act in a modular and hierarchical motor network.</a> Curr. Biol. 15, 1712-1721 (2005).</li><li>Jing, J., Weiss, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+of+motor+program+switching+in+Aplysia.">Neural mechanisms of motor program switching in Aplysia.</a> J. Neurosci. 21, 7349-7362 (2001).</li><li>Morgan, P. T., Jing, J., Vilim, F. S., Weiss, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneuronal+and+peptidergic+control+of+motor+pattern+switching+in+Aplysia.">Interneuronal and peptidergic control of motor pattern switching in Aplysia.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 87, 49-61 (2002).</li><li>Jing, J., Cropper, E. C., Hurwitz, I., Weiss, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+construction+of+movement+with+behavior-specific+and+behavior-independent+modules.">The construction of movement with behavior-specific and behavior-independent modules.</a> J. Neurosci. 24, 6315-6325 (2004).</li></ol>

이전 작업은 그대로 동물과 같은 고립 된 신경절 등의 감소 준비에서 Aplysia 모터 프로그램을 특징으로하고 있습니다. 개별 뉴런의 녹음은 5를 획득 한하지만 그대로 동물에서 같은 실험은 매우 어려운이며, 전극은 먹이를하는 동안 신경 세포로 신경 세포에서 이동할 수 없습니다. 절연 신경절에서 신경 활동에 의해 유도 먹이 움직임이 관찰 할 수 없습니다. 정지 구강 대량 준비는?...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S671</td>
			<td>Biological, Certified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P217</td>
			<td>Certified ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>19753</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M63</td>
			<td>Certified ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientifc</td>
			<td>C79</td>
			<td>Certified ACS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose (dextrose)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td>BioXtra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS buffer</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>17263</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbachol</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>10824</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SS255</td>
			<td>Certified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SA49</td>
			<td>Certified</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single-barreled capillary glass</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>6150</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flaming-Brown micropipette puller model P-80/PC</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Filament used: FT345B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enamel coated stainless steel wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>0.001D, coating h</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Household Silicone II Glue</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duro Quick-Gel superglue</td>
			<td>Henkel corp.</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A-M Systems model 1700 amplifier</td>
			<td>A-M Systems</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Filter settings: 300-500 Hz nerves,10-500 Hz I2 muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulsemaster Multi-Channel Stimulator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>A300</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Isolator</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>A360</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AxoGraph X</td>
			<td>AxoGraph Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veeder-Root Totalizing Counter</td>
			<td>Danaher</td>
			<td>C342-0562</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold Connector Pins</td>
			<td>Bulgin</td>
			<td>SA3148/1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold Connector Sockets</td>
			<td>Bulgin</td>
			<td>SA3149/1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 50 mm Crystalizing Dish</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Vacuum Grease</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet Tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-375D</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minutien Pins</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>26002-10</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Modeling Clay</td>
			<td>Sargent Art</td>
			<td>22-4400</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silk Sutures</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>K89OH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whisper Air Pump</td>
			<td>Tetra</td>
			<td>77849</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aquarium Tubing</td>
			<td>Eheim</td>
			<td>7783</td>
			<td>12/16 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elite Airstone</td>
			<td>Hagen</td>
			<td>A962</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Fine Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11254-20</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yaki Sushi Nori Seaweed</td>
			<td>Rhee Bros</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>34155</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vitro preparation for eliciting and recording feeding motor programs with physiological movements in aplysia californica

Multifunctionality, 여러, 독특한 행동 하나를 생성 한 주변 구조의 기능은 동물이 빠르게 환경을 변화하는 자신의 행동을 적응 할 수 있습니다. 해양 연체 동물 Aplysia californica는 multifunctionality 연구를위한 다루기 쉬운 시스템을 제공합니다. 수유하는 동안, Aplysia 같은 먹이 장치, 구강 대량를 사용하여 행동의 여러 독특한 종류를 생성합니다. 이러한 행동을 제어하는​​ 신경절은 electrophysiological 연구 액세스 할 수 있습니다 대형 식별 뉴런의 번호가 포함되어 있습니다. 이러한 뉴런의 활동은 신경 활동에 음식 움켜 잡 기사의 친척을 종료하는 신경 활동의 타이밍에 따라 두 가지 종류, ingestive 및 egestive 프로그램으로 나눌 수 있습니다 모터 프로그램에 설명 된 해당 protracts 또는 retracts 움켜 잡 기사 2. 그러나, 절연 신경절에서 이러한 행동을 생산 것입니다 근육 운동은하는, 결석 아르더 생체, 신경과 근육 레코딩의 프로그램에게 2,3,4를 공급하는 해당 획득했습니다. 관찰 모터 프로그램은 실제 행동의 상관 관계 여부를 확신 할 수 있지만, 직접 5 개의 개별 뉴런에서 기록하는 것은 매우 어렵습니다 수 있습니다. 또한, 생체에 ingestive 프로그램은 더 물린 상처와 제비의 1,2, 대부분의 이전에 체외 준비에 설명에 할 어려운 차이로 나눌 수 있습니다. 정지 구강 대량 준비 (그림 1) 절연 신경절과 그대로 동물 사이의 간격을 다리. 이 준비에는 ingestive 행동 - 물고과 삼키는 모두 포함 - 개별 뉴런이에서 녹화 및 세포 전극에게 6을 사용하여 자극 할 수 있으므로 및 egestive 행동 (거부)가 동시에 elicited 수 있습니다. 서로 다른 행동과 관련된 먹이 움직임이 recor 할 수 있습니다ded, 정량화 및 모터 프로그램에 직접 관련된. 중지 된 구강 대량 준비의 모터 프로그램은 모터 프로그램이 분리 된 신경절에 elicited하는 것보다 생체에서 관찰 것과 더 유사하게 나타납니다. 따라서이 준비 모터 프로그램은보다 직접적으로 생체 행동에 관한 할 수 있습니다, 같은 시간에, 개별 뉴런은 그대로 동물에 비해 녹음 및 자극에 더 액세스 할 수 있습니다. 또한,로 분리 신경절과 그대로 동​​물 사이의 중간 단계, 정지 구강 대량의 연구 결과는 더 감소 등 그대로 두 설정에서 얻은 데이터의 해석에 도움이 수 있습니다. 정지 구강 대량 준비 Aplysia의 multifunctionality의 신경 제어를 특징위한 유용한 도구입니다.

When an extracellular electrode is positioned above a neuron's soma and used to stimulate the neuron, a one-for-one correspondence between spikes on the soma channel and on the nerve(s) the neuron projects to can be observed (Figure 6, left panel, stimulation of identified neuron B9). The soma channel (top channel) is set to stimulating mode when the current is applied (time 1 in the figure), and is then quickly switched to recording mode (time 2). By maintaining the position of the electrode, the...

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An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica Video (Video) | JoVE

우리는 extracellularly 기록하고 신경, 근육, 및 개인 식별 뉴런에서 자극 할 수있는 기술을 설명<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt; 도출하도록 의도 및 공급 장치에서 동작을 공급 다른 종류의 관찰<em&gt; Aplysia</em&gt;.

<em&gt; 체외에서</em의 생리적 운동과 수유 모터 프로그램을 도출하도록 의도하고 녹음&gt; 준비<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

Multifunctionality, the ability of one peripheral  structure to generate multiple, distinct behaviors1, allows animals  to rapidly adapt their behaviors ...

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Neuroscience

An In Vitro Preparation for Eliciting and Recording Feeding Motor Programs with Physiological Movements in Aplysia californica

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals

Electrode Fabrication and Implantation in Aplysia californica for Multi-channel Neural and Muscular Recordings in Intact, Freely Behaving Animals (Video) | JoVE 

의 전극 제작 및 주입 Aplysia californica 손상, 자유롭게 행동 동물의 다중 채널 및 신경 근육질 레코딩을위한

Recording from key nerves and muscles of Aplysia during feeding behavior allows us to study the patterns of neural control in an intact animal.  ...

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신경과학

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain (Video) | JoVE 

개발 Zebrafish Forebrain에 Clonally 관련 신경 전구 세포의 시간 경과 라이브 영상

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo Video (Video) | JoVE

역행 형광 라벨이 확인 된 신경 세포의 표적 세포 외 단일 단위 기록을 허용<em&gt; 생체 내</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents Video (Video) | JoVE

쥐에 활동 륜 실행에 녹음 및 Circadian 리듬 분석

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica Video (Video) | JoVE

Extracellularly의 근육 모터 풀에 모터 뉴런을 확인<em&gt; Aplysia californica</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents Video (Video) | JoVE

의 감각 뉴런의 분리<em&gt; 군소 californica</em&gt; 글루타메이트 전류의 패치 클램프 녹음을위한

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila

Functional Analysis of the Larval Feeding Circuit in Drosophila Video (Video) | JoVE

의 애벌레 먹이 회로의 기능적 분석 초파리</i

The serotonergic  feeding circuit in Drosophila  melanogaster larvae can be used to investigate neuronal substrates of  critical importance during the ...

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo

Electrophysiological Method for Recording Intracellular Voltage Responses of Drosophila Photoreceptors and Interneurons to Light Stimuli In Vivo Video (Video) | JoVE

의 기록 세포 내 전압 응답에 대한 전기 생리 방법<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 빛 자극에 광수와의 interneurons<em&gt; 생체</em

Voltage responses of insect photoreceptors and visual interneurons can be accurately recorded with conventional sharp microelectrodes. The method ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains Video (Video) | JoVE

간단한 한 단계 성인의 전체 마운트 준비에 대한 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 두뇌

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons

Preparations and Protocols for Whole Cell Patch Clamp Recording of Xenopus laevis Tectal Neurons Video (Video) | JoVE

준비 및 Xenopus laevis Tectal 신경의 전체 셀 패치 클램프 기록에 대 한 프로토콜

The Xenopus tadpole retinotectal circuit, comprised of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye which form synapses directly onto neurons in the optic ...