Name: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) with auditory stimulation in songbirds
Uploaded: 2013-06-03T08:56:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds at JoVE.com

이 연구는 연구 재단의 보조금에 의해 지원되었다 - 플랑드르 (FWO 프로젝트 NR G.0420.02 및 G.0443.11N), 앤트워프 대학에서 헤라클레스 재단 (부여 NR AUHA0012), 공동 연구 작업 (GOA 자금) 및 부분적으로 EC가 후원 - FP6 프로젝트는 참 LSHB-CT-2005-512146와 EC - FP6 프로젝트 에밀 A.VdL에 LSHC-CT-2004-503569는. 플랑드르 (FWO) - G.DG와 CP는 연구 재단의 박사 후 연구원입니다.

1. 청각 자극의 준비 <ol><li> 7T MR 시스템의 구멍 안에 재생되는 동안 소리 자극을 기록 첫번째로 올려주세요. 보어는 특정 청각 주파수의 향상의 결과 청각 자극을 왜곡 할 수있는 밀폐 된 공간입니다. 그림 1은 강화하고 자석에서 새의 머리의 위치에 만든 화이트 노이즈 우리의 녹음으로 표시 억제 주파수를 사용하여 구멍을 보여줍니다 광섬유 마이크 (Optimic 1160 Optoacoustics). 이 인공?...

<ol>
	<li>Van Meir, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+properties+of+the+BOLD+response+in+the+songbirds'+auditory+circuit+during+a+variety+of+listening+tasks.">Spatiotemporal properties of the BOLD response in the songbirds' auditory circuit during a variety of listening tasks.</a> Neuroimage. 25, 1242-1255 (2005).</li><li>Boumans, T., Theunissen, F. E., Poirier, C., Van Der Linden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+representation+of+spectral+and+temporal+features+of+song+in+the+auditory+forebrain+of+zebra+finches+as+revealed+by+functional+MRI.">Neural representation of spectral and temporal features of song in the auditory forebrain of zebra finches as revealed by functional MRI.</a> The European Journal of Neuroscience. 26, 2613-2626 (2007).</li><li>Boumans, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+in+zebra+finch+discerns+the+neural+substrate+involved+in+segregation+of+conspecific+song+from+background+noise.">Functional magnetic resonance imaging in zebra finch discerns the neural substrate involved in segregation of conspecific song from background noise.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 99, 931-938 (2008).</li><li>Boumans, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+MRI+of+auditory+responses+in+the+zebra+finch+forebrain+reveals+a+hierarchical+organisation+based+on+signal+strength+but+not+selectivity.">Functional MRI of auditory responses in the zebra finch forebrain reveals a hierarchical organisation based on signal strength but not selectivity.</a> PloS ONE. 3, e3184 (2008).</li><li>Vignal, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+brain+hemodynamic+changes+in+a+songbird:+responses+to+hypercapnia+measured+with+functional+MRI+and+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Measuring brain hemodynamic changes in a songbird: responses to hypercapnia measured with functional MRI and near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Physics in Medicine and Biology. 53, 2457-2470 (2008).</li><li>Van der Linden, A., Van Meir, V., Boumans, T., Poirier, C., Balthazart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MRI+in+small+brains+displaying+extensive+plasticity.">MRI in small brains displaying extensive plasticity.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 32, 257-266 (2009).</li><li>Poirier, C., Van der Linden, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin+echo+BOLD+fMRI+on+songbirds.">Spin echo BOLD fMRI on songbirds.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 771, 569-576 (2011).</li><li>Poirier, C., Verhoye, M., Boumans, T., Van der Linden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implementation+of+spin-echo+blood+oxygen+level-dependent+(BOLD)+functional+MRI+in+birds.">Implementation of spin-echo blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI in birds.</a> NMR in Biomedicine. 23, 1027-1032 (2010).</li><li>Poirier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+MRI+atlas+of+the+zebra+finch+brain+in+stereotaxic+coordinates.">A three-dimensional MRI atlas of the zebra finch brain in stereotaxic coordinates.</a> Neuroimage. 41, 1-6 (2008).</li><li>Zhao, F., Wang, P., Kim, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+depth-dependent+gradient-echo+and+spin-echo+BOLD+fMRI+at+9.4T.">Cortical depth-dependent gradient-echo and spin-echo BOLD fMRI at 9.4T.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 51, 518-524 (2004).</li><li>Harel, N., Lin, J., Moeller, S., Ugurbil, K., Yacoub, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+imaging-histological+study+of+cortical+laminar+specificity+of+fMRI+signals.">Combined imaging-histological study of cortical laminar specificity of fMRI signals.</a> NeuroImage. 29, 879-887 (2006).</li><li>Duong, T. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microvascular+BOLD+contribution+at+4+and+7+T+in+the+human+brain:+gradient-echo+and+spin-echo+fMRI+with+suppression+of+blood+effects.">Microvascular BOLD contribution at 4 and 7 T in the human brain: gradient-echo and spin-echo fMRI with suppression of blood effects.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 49, 1019-1027 (2003).</li><li>Lee, S. P., Silva, A. C., Ugurbil, K., Kim, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion-weighted+spin-echo+fMRI+at+9.4+T:+microvascular/tissue+contribution+to+BOLD+signal+changes.">Diffusion-weighted spin-echo fMRI at 9.4 T: microvascular/tissue contribution to BOLD signal changes.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 42, 919-928 (1999).</li><li>Uludag, K., Muller-Bierl, B., Ugurbil, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+integrative+model+for+neuronal+activity-induced+signal+changes+for+gradient+and+spin+echo+functional+imaging.">An integrative model for neuronal activity-induced signal changes for gradient and spin echo functional imaging.</a> NeuroImage. 48, 150-165 (2009).</li><li>Yacoub, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spin-echo+fMRI+in+humans+using+high+spatial+resolutions+and+high+magnetic+fields.">Spin-echo fMRI in humans using high spatial resolutions and high magnetic fields.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 49, 655-664 (2003).</li><li>Keilholz, S. D., Silva, A. C., Raman, M., Merkle, H., Koretsky, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+MRI+of+the+rodent+somatosensory+pathway+using+multislice+echo+planar+imaging.">Functional MRI of the rodent somatosensory pathway using multislice echo planar imaging.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 55, 316-324 (2006).</li><li>Keilholz, S. D., Silva, A. C., Raman, M., Merkle, H., Koretsky, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+MRI+of+the+rodent+somatosensory+pathway+using+multislice+echo+planar+imaging.">Functional MRI of the rodent somatosensory pathway using multislice echo planar imaging.</a> Magnetic Resonance in Medicine: Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine / Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. 52, 89-99 (2004).</li><li>Goloshevsky, A. G., Silva, A. C., Dodd, S. J., Koretsky, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BOLD+fMRI+and+somatosensory+evoked+potentials+are+well+correlated+over+a+broad+range+of+frequency+content+of+somatosensory+stimulation+of+the+rat+forepaw.">BOLD fMRI and somatosensory evoked potentials are well correlated over a broad range of frequency content of somatosensory stimulation of the rat forepaw.</a> Brain Research. 1195, 67-76 (2008).</li><li>Kida, I., Yamamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus+frequency+dependence+of+blood+oxygenation+level-dependent+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging+signals+in+the+somatosensory+cortex+of+rats.">Stimulus frequency dependence of blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals in the somatosensory cortex of rats.</a> Neuroscience Research. 62, 25-31 (2008).</li><li>Poirier, C., Boumans, T., Verhoye, M., Balthazart, J., Van der Linden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Own-song+recognition+in+the+songbird+auditory+pathway:+selectivity+and+lateralization.">Own-song recognition in the songbird auditory pathway: selectivity and lateralization.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 29, 2252-2258 (2009).</li><li>Poirier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Own+song+selectivity+in+the+songbird+auditory+pathway:+suppression+by+norepinephrine.">Own song selectivity in the songbird auditory pathway: suppression by norepinephrine.</a> PloS ONE. 6, e20131 (2011).</li><li>Logothetis, N. K., Pauls, J., Augath, M., Trinath, T., Oeltermann, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurophysiological+investigation+of+the+basis+of+the+fMRI+signal.">Neurophysiological investigation of the basis of the fMRI signal.</a> Nature. 412, 150-157 (2001).</li></ol>

이 보고서에서, 우리는 마취 얼룩말 핀치새의 청각 자극의 신경 기판의 생체 특성에 대한 자세한에 최적화 된 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 제시된 프로토콜 라인, BOLD fMRI를 사용하여 동물의 뇌 기능 활성화 연구의 대부분은 인수 중에 동물을 마취시키다. 연구 기간 동안 자석 환경과 스캐너 소음을 익숙하게하는 훈련 동물은 시간이 많이 소요 도전하기 때문에 거의 사용?...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent/equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane anaesthetic</td>
 <td>Isoflo</td>
 <td>05260-05</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PC-Sam hardware/software</td>
 <td>SA-Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.i4sa.com" target="_blank">http://www.i4sa.com</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Monitoring and gating system</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>1025</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MR-compatible small rodent heater system</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Model 1025 compatible</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rectal temperature probe</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>RTP-102B</td>
 <td>7'', 0.044'' </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>7T MR scanner</td>
 <td>Bruker Biospin</td>
 <td>PHS 70/16 </td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paravision software</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>5.1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gradient Insert</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>BGA9S</td>
 <td>400 mT/m, 300A, 500V</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gradient Amplifiers</td>
 <td>Copley Co., USA</td>
 <td>C256</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Transmit resonators</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Inner diameter: 72 mm, transmit only, active decoupled</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Receiver antenna - 20 mm quadrature Mouse Head</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Receive only, active decoupled</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>WaveLab software</td>
 <td>Steinberg</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Praat software</td>
 <td>Paul Boersma, University of Amsterdam</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.praat.org" target="_blank">http://www.praat.org</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Non-magnetic dynamic speakers</td>
 <td>Visation, Germany</td>
 <td>HK 150</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fiber optic microphone</td>
 <td>Optoacoustics, </td>
 <td>Optimic 1160</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sound amplifier</td>
 <td>Phonic corporation</td>
 <td>MM 1002a</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Presentation software</td>
 <td>Neurobehavioral Systems Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MRIcro</td>
 <td>Chris Rorden</td>
 <td></td>
 <td><a href="http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/" target="_blank">http://www.cabiatl.com/mricro/mricro/</a></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM)</td>
 <td>Welcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging</td>
 <td>8</td>
 <td><a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/" target="_blank">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/</a></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) with auditory stimulation in songbirds

새소리의 신경 생물학은 인간의 연설 모델로, 행동 신경 과학 연구의 뚜렷한 영역입니다. 전기 생리학 및 분자 방법은 몇 가지 신경이나 뇌에 따라 혈액 산소 수준 (BOLD) 기능성 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)의 많은 부분에서 하나의 자극에 어느 다른 자극의 조사가 모두의 장점을 결합 할 수 있도록하는 반면, 신경 활성을 비교, 즉 한 번에 전체 두뇌의 여러 자극에 의​​해 유도. 명금의 fMRI를 때문에 그들의 두뇌의 작은 크기와 자신의 뼈 때문에 도전 특히 그들의 두개골 중요한 감수성 인공물을 유도, 수많은 공기 구멍을 이용할 수 있습니다. 경사 에코 (GE) BOLD fMRI를 성공적으로 명금 1-5 (검토를 위해, 6 참조)에 적용되었습니다. 이러한 연구는 감수성 인공물의 자유 영역입니다 기본 및 보조 청각 뇌 영역에 초점을 맞추었다. 그러나, PROC관심 치찰음이 지역을 넘어 발생할 수 있습니다 뇌 전체 BOLD fMRI를 이러한 이슈에 덜 민감 MRI 시퀀스를 사용이 필요합니다. 이 스핀 에코 (SE) BOLD fMRI를 7,8를 사용하여 수행 할 수 있습니다. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 광범위 새소리의 행동 신경 과학에서 연구 15-25그램의 체중 작은 명금입니다 얼룩말 핀치새이 기술 (Taeniopygia guttata)를 사용하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 명금에 fMRI를 연구의 주요 주제는 노래 인식과 노래 학습이다. SE의 약한 BOLD 감도 (GE에 비해) 기반 fMRI를 시퀀스는이 기술의 구현은 매우 도전하게 결합 된 자극의 청각 특성.

<html> 우리는 여기에서 시각적 얼룩말 핀치 뇌의 청각 자극의 신경 기판을 성공적으로 이미징을위한 절차의 최적화 순서를 발표했다. 첫째, 자극의 청각 자극 결과의 준비를위한 설치 절차는 ON / 블록 패러다임 OFF (그림 2)에 통합 할 수있는과 뇌의 차동 반응을 불러 일으킬 수있는 음압 레벨의 잠재적 차이를 제거하기 위해 정규화되는 . MRI 스캔의 얼룩말 핀치를 준비하고 자석의 내경 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds at JoVE.com

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

이 문서에서는 기능적 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)를 사용하여 가수 뇌에서 청각 자극의 신경 기판의 이미징을위한 최적화 과정을 보여줍니다. 그것은 소리 자극, 피사체의 위치와 fMRI를 데이터 수집 및 후속 분석의 준비에 대해 설명합니다.

명금의 청각 자극 기능성 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

Research

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Behavior

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

동시 fMRI를하는 동안 고품질 EEG 데이터를 얻기위한 가장 좋은 현재의 관행

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

연구

행동분석학

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

장애 아동의 대뇌 피질의 청각 - 촉각 처리의 정량 평가

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

경 두개 자기 자극 립 운동 피질을 자극

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

경 두개 직류 자극과 동시에 기능성 자기 공명 영상

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

원인이되는 뇌 - 행동의 관계와 자신의 시간 과정을 조사하기위한 경 두개 자기 자극

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

뇌 영상의 감각적 양상 사이인지 작업을 전송 :의 fMRI 연구 작업 설계를위한 시사점 및 결과의 해석

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

의 fMRI 연구의 설계 및 구현은 젊은 여성 진압 생각하고, 위험에 처한, 우울증에 대한 검사

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

경 두개 자기 자극, 근전도, 모션 캡쳐, 가상 현실을 이용하여 인간의 모터 제어 유학을위한 다기능 설치

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Neuronavigation-guided Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Aphasia

실어증에 대한 Neuronavigation 유도 반복 경 두개 자기 자극

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is widely used for several neurological conditions, as it has gained acknowledgement for its potential ...

Treating Clinical Depression with Repetitive Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Using the Brainsway H1-coil

Brainsway H1-코일을 사용하여 반복 깊은 경 두개 자기 자극과 임상 우울증 치료

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an emerging non-pharmacological approach to treating many brain-based disorders. rTMS uses ...