Name: solid-state graft copolymer electrolytes for lithium battery applications
Uploaded: 2013-08-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications at JoVE.com

笔者想感谢威德福国际提供金融支持。

1。接枝共聚物的合成18-19 <ol><li>合成接枝共聚物（POEM克PDMS和POEA克PDMS以70:30的重量比），用自由基聚合方法，通过混合26毫升（或POEA）POEM单体（ 图3），12毫升PDMS大分子单体，和12毫克的2,2&#39; - 偶氮二（2 - 甲基丙腈）（AIBN）（单体：引发剂[825:1]）在160毫升的EA。 </li><li>密封用橡胶隔膜和有超高纯度氩气吹扫45分钟清澈的溶液的烧瓶中。 </li><li>加热该溶液至72℃（AIBN的分?...

<ol>
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LiFePO 4的 / GCE /李曲线的表现出更大的过电位比磷酸铁锂/ LP30/Li充电和放电曲线。由于在玻碳电极作为电解质和粘合剂，离子传导被提供给所有的阴极颗粒，并且几乎整个实际的比容量（150毫安时/克）是可访问的。还没有实现，因为它是有限的锂扩散于LiFePO 4的颗粒在室温下，这是低的理论比容量为170毫安时/克。右图所示的前50深循环的循环能力。在第5个循环的能量效率?...

锂（Li）是一种高正电性的金属，（-3.04 V相对于标准氢电极），最轻的金属（6.94克/摩尔当量，比重为0.53克/厘米3）。这使得它的吸引力作为便携式能量存储装置中的活性物质的负极和理想的选择。的尺寸和重量的问题。 图1表明，锂基电池（锂离子，的PLiON，Li金属）具有更高的能量密度比铅酸，镍镉，镍金属氢化物电池1。 一个完整的锂离子电池组成的阴极（正极），阳极（负极），一种电解质，和一个分离器（ 图2）。的阴极和阳极的插层化合物，其中锂离子可以嵌入或脱嵌可逆地（如果阳极是碳，黎地嵌入为中性李）。电解质离子传导和绝缘电网卡电极之间的导通。分隔符是可渗透的离子，但机械刚性，以避免在两电极短路。当电池在完全充电的状态下，所有的李已经插在阳极，当细胞在完全放电的状态下，所有的锂离子在阴极间。自发反应期间，通过外部电路的电源的装置，从阳极到阴极的电子流放电，而从阳极到阴极通过电解质的离子流。在阴极的离子和电子的再结合，以保持电中性。在充电时，流是相反的。 大多数锂离子电池发展至今一直专注于正极材料的电池的能量密度，而不是对电解质，仍大多是几十年来的相同，因为它们决定。的电解质这块电池是一个关键，因为它会影响整体的输出功率能力由于impedan的策通过电解质本身，在电极 - 电解质界面。 在锂离子电池中使用的电解液一般由不同的LiX的非水溶剂中的盐的。与其他电化学系统中使用的水电解质，锂离子的电解质的缺点是较低的导电性，成本较高，易燃，和环境问题。优势包括宽阔的温度范围内（其中电解质仍然是液体）从-150℃〜300℃，在较宽的电压窗口（高达5 V与对Li / Li +），更好地与电极的相容性（水电解质锂金属和形式的氢氧化锂和氢）2，3，4-6，发生剧烈反应。 在电池中使用的主要的非水电解质包括碳酸酯类有机液体，聚合物，离子液体，和陶瓷。这些电解质在实用锂离子batteri的要使用需要满足若干标准ES。它们包括的导电率至少为10毫西门子/厘米，一个大的电化学窗口（&gt; 4.5 V的高电压阴极），低蒸气压，良好的热和化学稳定性，低毒性，和低成本。对于某些严格的应用，例如电动汽车，所有这些基准都必须满足在宽的温度范围内，通常是从-20℃至60℃。由于这项工作的重点是有机聚合物电解质，本文的其余部分将集中在这些电解质。 包括基于碳酸酯的电解液的锂盐溶解在有机溶剂中。但是，它是困难的任何一种溶剂，以满足所有的要求。例如，低蒸气压，如碳酸亚乙酯（EC）和碳酸亚丙酯（PC）的溶剂中，往往有更高的粘度，导致降低导电性。也EC是一种室温下为固体，这要求将它与其它溶剂组合。一般来说，电解质是几种溶剂的组合。常用的溶剂和它们的物理性质列于表1。 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名 </td><td> 熔点温度（°C） </td><td> 沸点温度（℃） </td><td> 粘度（MPA *） </td></tr><tr><td>碳酸二甲酯（DMC） </td><td> 4.6 </td><td> 90 </td><td> 0.5902（25℃） </td></tr><tr><td>碳酸二乙酯（DEC） </td><td> -43 </td><td> 126.8 </td><td> 0.7529（25℃） </td></tr><tr><td>碳酸乙烯酯（EC） </td><td> 36.5 </td><td> 238 </td><td> 1.9（40°C） </td></tr><tr><td>碳酸丙烯酯（PC）的</td><td> -54.53 </td><td> 242 </td><td> 2.512（25℃） </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1中。常见的碳酸酯溶剂 7。 更安全的副奥尔加NIC电解质聚合物为主的电解质。聚合物电解质薄膜，不挥发，不易燃，和它们的灵活性，允许它们被轧制，并印上一个大的商业规模。赖特等人在1973年首次证明聚氧化乙烯（PEO）的离子传导盐复合物（PEO）。后来发现使用PEO基固态聚合物电解质，抑制树突的生长8-17液态电解质锂金属枝晶生长相关的安全问题是可以解决的。有三种主要类型的聚合物电解质：（1）无溶剂的干燥固体聚合物，（2）凝胶电解质，以及（3）增塑的聚合物，在我们的工作中使用的无溶剂干式合成。 本文将讨论（一）无溶剂干聚合物的合成，（b​​）聚合物传导机制，以及（c）提供固体聚合物和有机电解液的温度循环。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>POEM</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>26915-72-0</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>POEA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>32171-39-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LiTFSI</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>90076-65-6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AIBN</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>78-67-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>141-78-6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>THF</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>109-99-9</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS</td>
			<td>Gelest</td>
			<td>146632-07-7</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon Gas</td>
			<td>Air Gas</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Ultra high purity (Grade 5)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>8032-32-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LiFePO4</td>
			<td>Gelon</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon black</td>
			<td>SuperP</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Super P</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium metal</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>7439-93-2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF binder resin</td>
			<td>Kynar</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Kynar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF Separator</td>
			<td>Celgard</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LP30</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>LiPF6 in EC:DMC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACCOR battery tester</td>
			<td>MACCOR</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>El-Cut</td>
			<td>EL-CELL</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

solid-state graft copolymer electrolytes for lithium battery applications

在过去的十年中，电池的安全性一直是非常重要的研究领域。市售锂离子电池采用闪点低（&lt;80℃），易燃，挥发性有机电解质。基于这些有机电解质体系在室温下是可行的，但需要一个冷却系统，确保温度不超过80°C这些冷却系统往往以增加电池的成本和故障，这可能会导致电池故障和爆炸，从而危及人类生命。石油价格上涨导致巨大的需求安全，电动混合动力汽车更经济可行的操作油价继续上涨。基于现有的有机电解质的锂离子电池所用并不适用于高温汽车应用。一个更安全的替代有机电解质是固体聚合物电解质。这项工作将突出合成的接枝共聚物电解质（GCE）聚（邻的xyethylene）甲基丙烯酸酯（POEM），具有较低的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）的聚（氧乙烯）丙烯酸酯（POEA）的方框图。传导机制已经讨论过，它已被证明聚合物节段性运动和离子电导率之间的关系确实有沃格尔塔姆曼弗切尔（VTF）的依赖。是含有市售LP30有机（的LiPF 6的碳酸亚乙酯（EC）：碳酸二甲酯（DMC）以1:1的比例）和GCE电池在环境温度下循环。结果发现，在环境温度下，含有伦大的电池相比，LP30电解质时表现出较大的过电位。然而，在温度大于60℃下，的GCE细胞表现出低得多的超电势，由于高分子电解质电导率快速访问几乎完整的理论比容量为170毫安时/克。

室温下电池的循 ​​环性能， 如图8中所示。左边的图显示的充电和放电曲线与传统的液体电解质（LP30）的细胞在15毫安/ g，且：GCE /粘合剂在10毫安/克。 图9显示了在室温下的固体高分子型细胞的放电电压的档案60℃，和120℃下使用0.05 C.一个低电流的放电电压的档案作为具体的能力的函数示于图10中的放电电流为μA和标记旁边的放电曲线， 图10?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications at JoVE.com

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

锂离子电池使用易燃，易挥发的有机电解质，是适用于环境温度下应用。一个更安全的替代有机电解质是固体聚合物电池。固体高分子型电池的安全运行在高温下（&gt; 120℃），从而使它们适用于高温应用，如深石油钻探和混合动力电动汽车。本文将讨论（一）聚合物的合成，（b​​）聚合物传导机制，以及（c）提供固体聚合物和有机电解液的温度循环。

接枝共聚物固态电解质的锂离子电池的应用

Battery safety has been a very important research area over the past decade. Commercially available lithium ion batteries employ low flash point (&lt;80 ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

钮扣电池锂离子电池的建设和测试

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

科研

工程学

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

在固体氧化物燃料电池电极表面的探测和测绘

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

正极材料的同步辐射技术锂离子和钠离子电池表征

Intercalation compounds such as transition metal oxides or phosphates are the most commonly used electrode materials in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. ...

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

微调尺寸和最小化固态纳米孔的噪音

Solid-state nanopores have emerged as a versatile tool for the characterization of single biomolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins1. However, the ...

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

原位中子衍射用特制的锂离子电池

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

基于 LiPON 的固态锂离子 Nanobatteries 的聚焦离子束制备方法在原位测试中的研究

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

全电子纳秒分辨扫描隧道显微镜: 促进单一掺杂剂电荷动力学的研究

The miniaturization of semiconductor devices to scales where small numbers of dopants can control device properties requires the development of new ...

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

Electric-field Control of Electronic States in WS2 Nanodevices by Electrolyte Gating

用电解质浇注法对 WS2纳米器件电子态的电场控制

A method of carrier number control by electrolyte gating is demonstrated. We have obtained WS2 thin flakes with atomically flat surface via scotch tape ...

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

自旋角分辨光电子光谱与偏振变激光相结合的实验方法

The goal of this protocol is to present how to perform spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy combined with polarization-variable 7-eV laser ...

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries

锂离子电池三电极硬币电池制备及电沉积分析

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and ...