Name: environmentally-controlled microtensile testing of mechanically-adaptive polymer nanocomposites for ex vivo characterization
Uploaded: 2013-08-20T08:55:55
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization at JoVE.com

इस काम में दोनों प्रयोगशाला शुरू हुआ धन (जे Capadona), और Medtronic ग्रेजुएट फेलोशिप (लालकृष्ण पॉटर) के माध्यम से केस वेस्टर्न रिजर्व विश्वविद्यालय में बायोमेडिकल इंजीनियरिंग विभाग द्वारा समर्थित किया गया था. इस शोध पर अतिरिक्त धन के हिस्से में समर्थन किया था NSF अनुदान ईसीएस-0621984 (सी. Zorman), प्रकरण छात्र संघ (सी. Zorman), एक मेरिट समीक्षा पुरस्कार (B7122R) के माध्यम से दिग्गजों मामलों के विभाग, साथ ही उन्नत प्लेटफार्म प्रौद्योगिकी केंद्र (C3819C).

1. नमूना तैयार <ol><li> एक समाधान कास्टिंग और संपीड़न तकनीक 10-12 का उपयोग कर 25-100 माइक्रोन की रेंज में मोटाई के PVAc नेकां फिल्म तैयार. </li><li> फिल्म और वेफर के बीच घनिष्ठ संपर्क को बढ़ावा देने के लिए 70 डिग्री सेल्सि...

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wireless+intraocular+pressure+sensing+using+microfabricated+minimally+invasive+flexible-coiled+LC+sensor+implant.">Wireless intraocular pressure sensing using microfabricated minimally invasive flexible-coiled LC sensor implant.</a> Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19, 721-734 (2010).</li><li>Ren, X., Zheng, N., Gao, Y., Chen, T., Lu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biodegradable+three-dimension+micro-device+delivering+5-fluorouracil+in+tumor+bearing+mice.">Biodegradable three-dimension micro-device delivering 5-fluorouracil in tumor bearing mice.</a> Drug Delivery. 19, 36-44 (2012).</li><li>Bai, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-unit+neural+recording+with+active+microelectrode+arrays.">Single-unit neural recording with active microelectrode arrays.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 48, 911 (2001).</li><li>Rousche, P. J., Pellinen, D. S., Pivin, D. P., Williams, J. C., Vetter, R. J., kirke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+polyimide-based+intracortical+electrode+arrays+with+bioactive+capability.">Flexible polyimide-based intracortical electrode arrays with bioactive capability.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 48, 361-371 (2001).</li><li>Hassler, C., Boretius, T., Stieglitz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymers+for+neural+implants.">Polymers for neural implants.</a> Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics. 49, 18-33 (2011).</li><li>Mercanzini, A., Colin, P., Bensadoun, J. C., Bertsch, A., Renaud, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+Electrical+Impedance+Spectroscopy+of+Tissue+Reaction+to+Microelectrode+Arrays.">In Vivo Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of Tissue Reaction to Microelectrode Arrays.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 56, 1909-1918 (2009).</li><li>Polikov, V. S., Tresco, P. A., Reichert, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+brain+tissue+to+chronically+implanted+neural+electrodes.">Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 148, 1-18 (2005).</li><li>Subbaroyan, J., Kipke, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+in+Medicine+and+Biology+Society,+2006.">Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006.</a> , 3588-3591 (2006).</li><li>Harris, J., Capadona, J., Miller, R., Healy, B., Shanmuganathan, K., Rowan, S., Weder, C., Tyler, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanically+adaptive+intracortical+implants+improve+the+proximity+of+neuronal+cell+bodies.">Mechanically adaptive intracortical implants improve the proximity of neuronal cell bodies.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 8, 066011 (2011).</li><li>Capadona, J. R., Shanmuganathan, K., Tyler, D. J., Rowan, S. J., Weder, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimuli-Responsive+Polymer+Nanocomposites+Inspired+by+the+Sea+Cucumber+Dermis.">Stimuli-Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites Inspired by the Sea Cucumber Dermis.</a> Science. 319, 1370-1374 (2008).</li><li>Shanmuganathan, K., Capadona, J. R., Rowan, S. J., Weder, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimuli-Responsive+Mechanically+Adaptive+Polymer+Nanocomposites.">Stimuli-Responsive Mechanically Adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. 2, 165-174 (2009).</li><li>Shanmuganathan, K., Capadona, J. R., Rowan, S. J., Weder, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-inspired+mechanically-adaptive+nanocomposites+derived+from+cotton+cellulose+whiskers.">Bio-inspired mechanically-adaptive nanocomposites derived from cotton cellulose whiskers.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 20, 180 (2010).</li><li>Hess, A., Capadona, J., Shanmuganathan, K., Hsu, L., Rowan, S., Weder, C., Tyler, D., Zorman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+stimuli-responsive+polymer+nanocomposite+toward+biologically+optimized,+MEMS-based+neural+probes.">Development of a stimuli-responsive polymer nanocomposite toward biologically optimized, MEMS-based neural probes.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 21, 054009 (2011).</li><li>Capadona, J. R., Tyler, D. J., Zorman, C. A., Rowan, S. J., Weder, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanically+adaptive+nanocomposites+for+neural+interfacing.">Mechanically adaptive nanocomposites for neural interfacing.</a> Materials Research Society Bulletin. 37, 581-589 (2012).</li><li>Ophir, J., Cespedes, I., Garra, B., Ponnekanti, H., Huang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elastography:+ultrasonic+imaging+of+tissue+strain+and+elastic+modulus+in+vivo.">Elastography: ultrasonic imaging of tissue strain and elastic modulus in vivo.</a> European journal of ultrasound. 3, 49-70 (1996).</li><li>Hess, A., Shanmuganathan, K., Capadona, J., Hsu, L., Rowan, S., Weder, C., Tyler, D., Zorman, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro+Electro+Mechanical+Systems+(MEMS).">Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).</a> , 453-456 (2011).</li><li>Harris, J. P., Hess, A. E., Rowan, S. J., Weder, C., Zorman, C. A., Tyler, D. J., Capadona, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+deployment+of+mechanically+adaptive+nanocomposites+for+intracortical+microelectrodes.">In vivo deployment of mechanically adaptive nanocomposites for intracortical microelectrodes.</a> Journal of Neural Engineering. 8, 046010 (2011).</li><li>Shanmuganathan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Bio-inspired Stimuli-responsive Mechanically Dynamic Nanocomposites. , (2010).</li><li>Rousche, P. J., Pellinen, D. S., Pivin, D. P., Williams, J. C., Vetter, R. J., Kipke, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flexible+polyimide-based+intracortical+electrode+arrays+with+bioactive+capability.">Flexible polyimide-based intracortical electrode arrays with bioactive capability.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 48, 361-371 (2001).</li><li>Norlin, P., Kindlundh, M., Mouroux, A., Yoshida, K., Hofmann, U. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+32-site+neural+recording+probe+fabricated+by+DRIE+of+SOI+substrates.">A 32-site neural recording probe fabricated by DRIE of SOI substrates.</a> Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 12, 414 (2002).</li><li>Ward, M. P., Rajdev, P., Ellison, C., Irazoqui, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+a+comparison+of+microelectrodes+for+acute+and+chronic+recordings.">Toward a comparison of microelectrodes for acute and chronic recordings.</a> Brain Research. 1282, 183-200 (2009).</li><li>Lin, J. M., Chang, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Remote+Health+Monitor+with+Replaceable+Non-Fragile+Bio-Probes+on+RFID+Tag.">A Novel Remote Health Monitor with Replaceable Non-Fragile Bio-Probes on RFID Tag.</a> Applied Mechanics and Materials. 145, 415-419 (2012).</li><li>Kunzelman, K. S., Cochran, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress/strain+characteristics+of+porcine+mitral+valve+tissue:+parallel+versus+perpendicular+collagen+orientation.">Stress/strain characteristics of porcine mitral valve tissue: parallel versus perpendicular collagen orientation.</a> Journal of Cardiac Surgery. 7, 71-78 (1992).</li><li>Snedeker, J., Niederer, P., Schmidlin, F., Farshad, M., Demetropoulos, C., Lee, J., Yang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-rate+dependent+material+properties+of+the+porcine+and+human+kidney+capsule.">Strain-rate dependent material properties of the porcine and human kidney capsule.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 38, 1011-1021 (2005).</li><li>Ahn, S., Kasi, R. M., Kim, S. C., Sharma, N., Zhou, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimuli-responsive+polymer+gels.">Stimuli-responsive polymer gels.</a> Soft Matter. 4, 1151-1157 (2008).</li><li>Stuart, M. A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+applications+of+stimuli-responsive+polymer+materials.">Emerging applications of stimuli-responsive polymer materials.</a> Nature Materials. 9, 101-113 (2010).</li></ol>

जैविक प्रणालियों के साथ बातचीत के लिए प्रत्यारोपण जैव चिकित्सा microelectromechanical सिस्टम (BioMEMS) की उन्नति अत्यधिक सिलवाया गुणों के साथ नई सामग्री के विकास को प्रेरित किया जाता है. इन सामग्रियों के कुछ मनोवैज्ञान?...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>University Wafer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Mechanical grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extruded acrylic sheet</td>
			<td>Professional Plastics</td>
			<td>SACR 062EF</td>
			<td>Thickness 0.062"</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>3962A3</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tweezers</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8384A47</td>
			<td>#5 tip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Super Glue Gel</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>130380</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Brush</td>
			<td>Snap-on Industrial</td>
			<td>BF175TA</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air Compressor</td>
			<td>Paasche</td>
			<td>B002YKN8YO</td>
			<td>D500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>HH12A</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>Cimarec</td>
			<td>SP131325Q</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 direct-write laser</td>
			<td>VersaLaser</td>
			<td>3.5</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dessicator</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-595</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamp</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>custom-built</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtensile tester</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>custom-built</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

environmentally-controlled microtensile testing of mechanically-adaptive polymer nanocomposites for ex vivo characterization

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, each offering its own advantages and shortcomings5,6. Most prominently, due to the microscale device dimensions, a high modulus is required to facilitate implantation into living tissue. Conversely, the stiffness of the device should match the surrounding tissue to minimize induced local strain7-9. Therefore, we recently developed a new class of bio-inspired materials to meet these requirements by responding to environmental stimuli with a change in mechanical properties10-14. Specifically, our poly(vinyl acetate)-based nanocomposite (PVAc-NC) displays a reduction in stiffness when exposed to water and elevated temperatures (e.g. body temperature). Unfortunately, few methods exist to quantify the stiffness of materials in vivo15, and mechanical testing outside of the physiological environment often requires large samples inappropriate for implantation. Further, stimuli-responsive materials may quickly recover their initial stiffness after explantation. Therefore, we have developed a method by which the mechanical properties of implanted microsamples can be measured ex vivo, with simulated physiological conditions maintained using moisture and temperature control13,16,17. 
To this end, a custom microtensile tester was designed to accommodate microscale samples13,17 with widely-varying Young's moduli (range of 10 MPa to 5 GPa). As our interests are in the application of PVAc-NC as a biologically-adaptable neural probe substrate, a tool capable of mechanical characterization of samples at the microscale was necessary. This tool was adapted to provide humidity and temperature control, which minimized sample drying and cooling17. As a result, the mechanical characteristics of the explanted sample closely reflect those of the sample just prior to explantation.
The overall goal of this method is to quantitatively assess the in vivo mechanical properties, specifically the Young's modulus, of stimuli-responsive, mechanically-adaptive polymer-based materials. This is accomplished by first establishing the environmental conditions that will minimize a change in sample mechanical properties after explantation without contributing to a reduction in stiffness independent of that resulting from implantation. Samples are then prepared for implantation, handling, and testing (Figure 1A). Each sample is implanted into the cerebral cortex of rats, which is represented here as an explanted rat brain, for a specified duration (Figure 1B). At this point, the sample is explanted and immediately loaded into the microtensile tester, and then subjected to tensile testing (Figure 1C). Subsequent data analysis provides insight into the mechanical behavior of these innovative materials in the environment of the cerebral cortex.

हमारे PVAc नेकां सहित लगभग सभी polymeric सामग्री, यांत्रिक गुणों के पर्यावरण की स्थिति के लिए जोखिम पर निर्भर हैं. सबसे विशेष रूप से, इन गर्मी और नमी के संपर्क में शामिल. एक सामग्री की वजह से नमी के तेज को plasticized, या ए...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization at JoVE.com

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

एक विधि पर चर्चा की है जिसके द्वारा<em&gt; Vivo में</emउत्तेजनाओं उत्तरदायी सामग्री के&gt; यांत्रिक व्यवहार समय के एक समारोह के रूप में नजर रखी है. नमूने का परीक्षण किया जाता है<em&gt; पूर्व vivo</em&gt; मनोवैज्ञानिक वातावरण अनुकरण करने के लिए पर्यावरण नियंत्रण के साथ एक microtensile परीक्षक का उपयोग कर. इस काम के लिए आगे समझ को बढ़ावा देता है<em&gt; Vivo में</emहमारे सामग्री का&gt; व्यवहार.

के लिए यंत्रवत् जाने योग्य पॉलिमर Nanocomposites के पर्यावरण की दृष्टि से नियंत्रित Microtensile परीक्षण<em&gt; पूर्व vivo</em&gt; विशेषता

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, ...

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Bioengineering

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

डिजाइन के लिए एक चक्रीय दबाव bioreactor पूर्व vivo</emमहाधमनी हार्ट वाल्व का> अध्ययन

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

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बायोमैटिरियल्स उच्च Throughput डिस्कवरी के लिए पॉलिमर माइक्रोएरे

The discovery of novel biomaterials that are optimized for a specific biological application is readily achieved using polymer microarrays, which allows a ...

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सामान्य और असामान्य मानव Hematopoiesis के पूर्व vivo अनुकरण

Hematopoietic stem cells require a unique microenvironment in order to sustain blood cell formation1; the bone marrow (BM) is a complex three-dimensional ...

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

Determination of the Transport Rate of Xenobiotics and Nanomaterials Across the Placenta using the ex vivo Human Placental Perfusion Model

अपरा पार Xenobiotics और Nanomaterials की परिवहन दर के निर्धारण का उपयोग करते हुए<em&gt; पूर्व vivo</em&gt; मानव अपरा छिड़काव मॉडल

Decades ago the human placenta was thought to be an impenetrable barrier between mother and unborn child. However, the discovery of thalidomide-induced ...

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

Imaging Denatured Collagen Strands In vivo and Ex vivo via Photo-triggered Hybridization of Caged Collagen Mimetic Peptides

विकृत कोलेजन किस्में इमेजिंग<em&gt; में विवो</em&gt; और<em&gt; पूर्व vivo</em&gt; कैद कोलेजन अनुकरण करनेवाला पेप्टाइड्स के फोटो ट्रिगर संकरण के माध्यम से

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix that supports tissue formation and maintenance. Although collagen remodeling is an ...

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एक जैविक तरल माध्यम में स्केलेबल, धातु उच्च पहलू अनुपात nanocomposites का सृजन

The goal of this protocol is to describe the synthesis of two novel biocomposites with high-aspect ratio structures. The biocomposites consist of copper ...

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मानव मुलायम ऊतकों की biomechanical विशेषता खरोज और तन्य परीक्षण का उपयोग

Regenerative medicine aims to engineer materials to replace or restore damaged or diseased organs. The mechanical properties of such materials should ...

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इंडोस्कोपिक सबम्यूकोसल इंजेक्शन सामग्री प्रदर्शन के मूल्यांकन के लिए एक नया पूर्व Vivo मॉडल

Increasing the performance of submucosal injection materials (SIMs) is important for endoscopic therapy of early gastrointestinal cancer. It is essential ...

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assays

Detection of Endotoxin in Nano-formulations Using Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate LAL Assays

नैनो में Endotoxin का पता लगाने-योगों Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (लाल) परख का उपयोग

When present in pharmaceutical products, a Gram-negative bacterial cell wall component endotoxin (often also called lipopolysaccharide) can cause ...

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets

नवजात पिलेट्स में ब्रैकियल प्लेक्सस पर वीवो बायोमैकेनिकल परीक्षण में विधियां

Neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is a stretch injury that occurs during the birthing process in nerve complexes located in the neck and shoulder ...