Name: rna in situ hybridization in whole mount embryos and cell histology adapted for marine elasmobranchs
Uploaded: 2013-04-12T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs at JoVE.com

Я хотел бы поблагодарить многих студентов, которые работали в моей лаборатории и внесли свой вклад в эволюцию этих протоколов. NAT получил поддержку от Skidmore-Союз сети, проект создан с ADVANCE NSF ПЛАТНЫЕ гранта.

I. РНК Всего горы в гибридизация в морских хрящевых рыб 1. Фиксация эмбрионов и подготовка <ol><li> Skate эмбрионы могут быть организованы в соответствии с Ballard 7. Оптимальное этапы для выявления экспрессии генов в зависимости от ткани интерес. Для отслеживания экспре?...

<ol>
	<li>Forester, R., Goldstein, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+osmoregulatory+role+of+amino+acids+and+urea+in+marine+elasmobranchs.">Intracellular osmoregulatory role of amino acids and urea in marine elasmobranchs.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 230, 925-931 (1976).</li><li>Shuttleworth, T., Shuttleworth, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Physiology of elasmobranch fishes. , 171-194 (1988).</li><li>Yancey, P. H., Clark, M. E., Hand, S. C., Bowlus, R. D., Somero, G. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Living+with+water+stress:+evolution+of+osmolyte+systems.">Living with water stress: evolution of osmolyte systems.</a> Science. 217, 1214-1222 (1982).</li><li>Ballatori, N., Villalobos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+molecular+and+cellular+basis+of+toxicity+using+comparative+models.">Defining the molecular and cellular basis of toxicity using comparative models.</a> Toxicl. Appl. Pharmacol. 183, 207-220 (2002).</li><li>Nieto, M. A., Patel, K., Wilkinson, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization+analysis+of+chick+embryos+in+whole+mount+and+tissue+sections.">In situ hybridization analysis of chick embryos in whole mount and tissue sections.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 51, 219-235 (1996).</li><li>Jass, J. R., Walsh, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+mucin+expression+in+the+gastrointestinal+tract:+a+review.">Altered mucin expression in the gastrointestinal tract: a review.</a> J Cell Mol Med. 5, 327-351 (2001).</li><li>Ballard, W. W., Mellinger, J., Lechenault, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+series+of+normal+stages+for+development+of+Scyliorhinus+canicula,+the+lesser+spotted+dogfish+(Chondrichthyes;+Scyliorhinidae).">A series of normal stages for development of Scyliorhinus canicula, the lesser spotted dogfish (Chondrichthyes; Scyliorhinidae).</a> J. Exp. Zool. 267, 318-336 (1993).</li><li>Echelard, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog,+a+member+of+a+family+of+putative+signaling+molecules,+is+implicated+in+the+regulation+of+CNS+polarity.">Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity.</a> Cell. 75, 1417-1430 (1993).</li><li>Riddle, R. D., Johnson, R. L., Laufer, E., Tabin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+mediates+the+polarizing+activity+of+the+ZPA.">Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA.</a> Cell. 75, 1401-1416 (1993).</li><li>Theodosiou, N. A., Hall, D. A., Jowdry, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+acid+mucin+goblet+cell+distribution+and+Hox13+expression+patterns+in+the+developing+vertebrate+digestive+tract.">Comparison of acid mucin goblet cell distribution and Hox13 expression patterns in the developing vertebrate digestive tract.</a> J. Exp. Zool. B. Mol. Dev. Evol. 308, 442-453 (2007).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+7.">Ch. 7.</a> Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual. 1, 7.82 (2001).</li><li>Zhang, G., Miyamoto, M. M., Cohn, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lamprey+type+II+collagen+and+Sox9+reveal+an+ancient+origin+of+the+vertebrate+collagenous+skeleton.">Lamprey type II collagen and Sox9 reveal an ancient origin of the vertebrate collagenous skeleton.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 3180-3185 (2006).</li><li>Sheehan, D. C., Hrapchak, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Theory and practice of histotechnology. , (1980).</li><li>Theodosiou, N. A., Simeone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+rudimentary+colon+in+the+elasmobranch,+Leucoraja+erinacea.">Evidence of a rudimentary colon in the elasmobranch, Leucoraja erinacea.</a> Dev. Genes Evol. 222, 237-243 (2012).</li><li>Filipe, M. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucins+in+the+human+gastrointestinal+epithelium:+a+review.">Mucins in the human gastrointestinal epithelium: a review.</a> Invest. Cell Pathol. 2, 195-216 (1979).</li><li>Corfield, A. P., Wagner, S. A., Clamp, J. R., Kriaris, M. S., Hoskins, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mucin+degradation+in+the+human+colon:+production+of+sialidase,+sialate+O-acetylesterase,+N-acetylneuraminate+lyase,+arylesterase,+and+glycosulfatase+activities+by+strains+of+fecal+bacteria.">Mucin degradation in the human colon: production of sialidase, sialate O-acetylesterase, N-acetylneuraminate lyase, arylesterase, and glycosulfatase activities by strains of fecal bacteria.</a> Infect. Immun. 60, 3971-3978 (1992).</li><li>Reid, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow-cytometric+and+histological+progression+to+malignancy+in+Barrett's+esophagus:+prospective+endoscopic+surveillance+of+a+cohort.">Flow-cytometric and histological progression to malignancy in Barrett's esophagus: prospective endoscopic surveillance of a cohort.</a> Gastroenterology. 102, 1212-1219 (1992).</li><li>Mowry, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+staining+of+pancreatic+beta-cell+granules.+Evolution+and+present+status.">Selective staining of pancreatic beta-cell granules. Evolution and present status.</a> Arch. Pathol. Lab Med. 107, 464-468 (1983).</li><li>Roberts, D. J., Smith, D. M., Goff, D. J., Tabin, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial-mesenchymal+signaling+during+the+regionalization+of+the+chick+gut.">Epithelial-mesenchymal signaling during the regionalization of the chick gut.</a> Development. 125, 2791-2801 (1998).</li></ol>

Протоколы представлены классические методы мониторинга экспрессии генов и определения дифференцированных типов клеток, и были адаптированы для использования в морских хрящевых рыб. Дальнейшие модификации этих протоколов могут быть необходимы для адаптации к различным видам пласти...

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 x transcription buffer</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>11-465-384-001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DIG-RNA labeling mix</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>11-277-073-910</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RNAse inhibitor</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>03-335-399-001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>RNA polymerase - SP6</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>10-810-274-001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DNAseI, RNAse-free </td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>10-776-785-001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Yeast RNA</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>15401-029</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>CHAPS</td>
 <td>EMD-Millipore</td>
 <td>220201</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>heparin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>H4784</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DEPC (diethyl pyrocarbonate)</td>
 <td>Research Organics</td>
 <td>2106D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Moria Perforated Spoon</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools</td>
 <td>10370-17</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Netwell inserts</td>
 <td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
 <td>64713-00</td>
 <td>Netwells for use in 6-well tissue culture dishes</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6-well tissue culture plate</td>
 <td>Corning</td>
 <td>3516</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass scintillation vials with screw-cap lids</td>
 <td>Weaton Science Products</td>
 <td>986540</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>formamide</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>BP227500</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Proteinase K</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>59895 (AM2542)</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NBT</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>11585029001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BCIP</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>11585002001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hydrogen peroxide, 30%</td>
 <td>EMD</td>
 <td>HX0635-1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sheep serum</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>101301-478</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>glutaraldehyde</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>G5882</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>tRNA</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>10-109-541-001</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-DIG Fab Fragments</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>1137-6623</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 3. Reagents and equipment for RNA whole mount in situ's.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1% Alcian Blue 8GS, pH 2.5</td>
 <td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
 <td>26323-01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Nuclear Fast Red</td>
 <td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
 <td>26078-05</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPX Mountant</td>
 <td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
 <td>13510</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Paraffin (Paraplast X-tra)</td>
 <td>McCormick Scientific</td>
 <td>39503002</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10% Formalin, NBF</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>95042-908</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Glass scintillation vials with screw-cap lids</td>
 <td>Weaton Science Products</td>
 <td>986540</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stainless steal base molds</td>
 <td>Tissue-Tek</td>
 <td>4161-4165</td>
 <td>Multiple sizes available.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cassettes </td>
 <td>Tissue-Tek</td>
 <td>4170</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Slide warmer</td>
 <td>Fisher-Scientific</td>
 <td>12-594Q</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tissue Embedder</td>
 <td>Leica Microsystems</td>
 <td>EG1160</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microtome, rotary</td>
 <td>Leica Microsystems</td>
 <td>RM2235</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tissue-Tek Slide Staining Set</td>
 <td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
 <td>62540-01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tissue-Tek 24-Slide Holder</td>
 <td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
 <td>62543-06</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Superfrost*Plus slides</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>12-550-17</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 4. Reagents and equipment for Alcian Blue stain.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

rna in situ hybridization in whole mount embryos and cell histology adapted for marine elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

Примеры альциановым синего окрашивания в различные регионы L. erinacea тракта пищеварительного показано на рисунке 2. Кислота муцина содержащие globlet клеток четко видны на альциановым синие пятна на всем протяжении пищеварительного тракта. Распределение кислоты муцин отлича?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs at JoVE.com

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Комбинируя методы РНК целом креплением<em&gt; На месте</em&gt; Гибридизации и гистологии, экспрессия генов могут быть связаны с клеточной судьбы решений в развивающемся эмбрионе. Эти методы были адаптированы для морских хрящевых рыб и облегчения использования этих животных в качестве модельных организмов для медико-биологических, токсикологических и сравнительных исследований.

РНК<em&gt; В месте</em&gt; Гибридизации эмбрионов Всего в гору и сотовых гистологии адаптированный для морских хрящевых рыб

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

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Biology

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

Дважды Всего горе на месте гибридизация раннего куриных эмбрионов

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

Метод полного окрашивания антител горе в Чик

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Данио рерио Всего горе высокого разрешения двумя люминесцентными В Ситу Гибридизация

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Использование Всего горе На месте Гибридизация в ссылку молекулярной биологии и организменном

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Всего горы<em&gt; На месте</em&gt; Гибридизация E8.5 в E11.5 эмбрионов мыши

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

Обнаружение вирусной РНК с помощью флуоресцентного<em&gt; На месте</em&gt; Гибридизация (FISH)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Анализ одноклеточных транскрипции гена РНК-флуоресцентный<em&gt; В Situ</em&gt; Гибридизация (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Всего горы РНК Флуоресцентные<em&gt; На месте</em&gt; Гибридизация<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Эмбрионы

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Визуализации и анализа молекул мРНК с помощью флуоресцентной<em&gt; В Ситу</em&gt; Гибридизация в<em&gt; Saccharomyces CEREVISIAE</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

Высокое разрешение Всего горе<em&gt; В Ситу</em&gt; Гибридизация в Эмбрионы рыбок данио изучить экспрессию генов и функции

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...