Name: whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposures
Uploaded: 2013-05-07T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures at JoVE.com

表确认和资金来源。 NIH-ES015022，ES018274（TRN） NSF-1003907合作协议（VCM）

全身纳米粒子吸入暴露一步一步的操作过程进行了描述如下。 注 ：1）步骤1和3应该在通风橱内进行; 2）操作人员必须穿戴适当的个人防护装备（口罩，护目镜和橡胶手套）。 1。空调的TiO 2纳米干粉<ol><li>将纳米TiO 2粉体在不透明的容器中。 </li><li>保持容器盖打开。 </li><li>用于调节至少24小时，将容器放置在干燥器中干燥?...

<ol>
	<li>Bide, R. W., Armour, S. J., Yee, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allometric+respiration/body+mass+data+for+animals+to+be+used+for+estimates+of+inhalation+toxicity+to+young+adult+humans.">Allometric respiration/body mass data for animals to be used for estimates of inhalation toxicity to young adult humans.</a> J. Appl. Toxicol. 20 (4), 273-290 (2000).</li><li>Guyton, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+respiratory+patterns+in+laboratory+animals.">Analysis of respiratory patterns in laboratory animals.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 150, 70-77 (1947).</li><li>Knuckles, T. L., Yi, J., Frazer, D. G., Leonard, H. D., Chen, B. T., Castranova, V., Nurkiewicz, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle+inhalation+alters+systemic+arteriolar+vasoreactivity+through+sympathetic+and+cyclooxygenase-mediated+pathways.">Nanoparticle inhalation alters systemic arteriolar vasoreactivity through sympathetic and cyclooxygenase-mediated pathways.</a> Nanotoxicology. , 1-12 (2011).</li><li>Pauluhn, J., Mohr, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+4-week+inhalation+exposure+of+rats:+effect+of+low-,+intermediate,+and+high-humidity+chamber+atmosphere.">Repeated 4-week inhalation exposure of rats: effect of low-, intermediate, and high-humidity chamber atmosphere.</a> Exp. Toxic Pathol. , 178-187 (1999).</li><li>Schmoll, L. H., Elzey, S., Grassian, V. H., O'Shaughnessy, P. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle+aerosol+generation+methods+from+bulk+powders+for+inhalation+exposure+studies.">Nanoparticle aerosol generation methods from bulk powders for inhalation exposure studies.</a> Nanotoxicology. 3, 265-275 (2009).</li><li>To, D., Yin, X., Sundaresan, S., Dave, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deagglomeration+of+nano-particle+aggregates+via+rapid+expansion+of+high+pressure+suspensions.">Deagglomeration of nano-particle aggregates via rapid expansion of high pressure suspensions.</a> AIChE J. 55 (11), 2756-3032 (2009).</li><li>U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Health+effects+test+guidelines:+OPPTS.,+870.1300.+Acute+inhalation+toxicity.">Health effects test guidelines: OPPTS., 870.1300. Acute inhalation toxicity.</a> EPA. , 712-C-98-193 (1998).</li><li>Wong, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+feedback+control+of+an+inhalation+exposure+system+with+discrete+sampling+intervals:+testing,+performance,+and+modeling.">Automated feedback control of an inhalation exposure system with discrete sampling intervals: testing, performance, and modeling.</a> Inhal. Toxicol. 15, 729-743 (2003).</li><li>Wong, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhalation+Exposure+Systems:+Design,+Methods+and+Operation.">Inhalation Exposure Systems: Design, Methods and Operation.</a> Toxicologic Pathology. 35, 3-14 (2007).</li><li>Yi, J., Nurkiewicz, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle+Aerosol+Generator.">Nanoparticle Aerosol Generator.</a> US patent. , (2011).</li></ol>

我们已经组建，并在这里描述一个全身纳米粒子雾化吸入曝光系统。该系统的功能进行了验证与国家的最先进的纳米粒子气溶胶的表征技术。该吸入暴露系统可以采用一种新型的纳米粒子的气溶胶的产生系统，其特征在于，控制和均匀的纳米粒子的气溶胶测试气氛相对一致的温度，湿度，空气流量和氧含量为实验动物。曝光系统是最有效的大量的动物，或长期的研究。在这种大的全身室，实验动?...

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Inhalation exposure system</td>
			<td>TSE Systems GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Air monitoring system</td>
			<td>TSE Systems GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Titanium dioxide Aeroxide P25</td>
			<td>Evonik, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Scanning mobility particle sizer-3936L75</td>
			<td>TSI Inc., Shoreview, MN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Electric low pressure impactor, Standard 10 LPM</td>
			<td>Dekati, Tampere, Finland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ultra Micro Balance, XP2U</td>
			<td>METTLER TOLEDO, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope-S-4800</td>
			<td>Hitachi, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Energy dispersive X-ray analysis </td>
			<td>Princeton Gamma-Tech, Rocky Hill, N.J.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Nuclepore polycarbonate filters </td>
			<td>Whatman, Clinton, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PTFE membrane filters </td>
			<td>Pall corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan </td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

whole-body nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposures

吸入与aerosolizable工程纳米材料（ENM）工作的个人，是最有可能的暴露途径。适当地进行纳米粒子吸入毒理学研究，在一个腔室壳体中的气溶胶实验动物必须具有：1）为整个曝光期间所需的电平保持在一个稳定的浓度; 2）均匀的组合物不含任何污染物，以及3）一个稳定的粒度分布，几何平均直径小于200 nm和几何标准偏差σ&lt;2.5 5 克 。含有纳米粒子的气溶胶产生相当具有挑战性的，因为纳米粒子易结块。这主要是由于非常强的粒子间力而形成的大的分形结构，在数十或数百个大小6微米，这是很难被打破。几种常见的气溶胶发生器，雾化器，流化床，文丘里吸气和怀特粉尘饲料，重新测试，但是，没有人能够产生纳米粒子气溶胶满足所有标准5。 一整体纳米粒子的气溶胶吸入暴露系统制备纳米TiO 2的吸入毒理学研究，验证和使用。关键部件：1）新型纳米TiO 2的气溶胶发生器; 2）0.5米3全身吸入暴露室，以及3）监视和控制系统。纳米TiO 2材料产生的干散纳米TiO 2粉末（一次粒径为21 nm，堆积密度为3.8克/厘米3）的气溶胶被交付到曝光室90 LPM（10.8空中更改/小时）的流速。连续测量的粒径分布和质量浓度分布与流动性的扫描粒度仪（SMPS），和一个电动的低压冲击器（ELPI）。重量法的气溶胶质量浓度（C）进行了验证（ 毫克/ 立方米 ）。质量（M）所收集的粒子被确定为M =（M-M 后前 ）， 前 ，其中M和M 邮政群众的过滤器前后采样（ 毫克 ）。的质量浓度计算为：C = M /（Q *吨），其中Q为采样流量（ 米3 /分），t为采样时间（ 分钟 ）。腔室的压力，温度，相对湿度（RH），O 2和CO 2浓度的连续监测和控制。纳米TiO 2气溶胶核孔过滤器上收集，用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能量色散X射线分析（EDX）分析。 综上所述，我们报告说，纳米粒子气溶胶的生成和交付我们的曝光室有：1）稳定的质量浓度; 2）同质组成无污染物; 3）与计数中位数aerody的稳定的粒度分布动力学直径157nm的气溶胶的产生过程中。该系统可靠，并多次创建测试环境，模拟职业，环境或国内安宁气溶胶风险。

一种吸入暴露研究通常涉及保持在已知和恒定的测试环境中的实验动物实验动物暴露至规定浓度的试验物质8,9。 图1中所示的全身纳米粒子吸入暴露系统。全身室是一个动态的流量基础上操作，那里有一个连续90 LPM气流通过室。这股气流10.8空气更改/小时，超过空气交换的最小数量由美国环境保护署 （10.0）急性吸入暴露7。 3级空气过滤系统，包括一个凝聚式过?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures at JoVE.com

Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures

一整体纳米粒子的气溶胶吸入暴露设施建造纳米级钛白粉（二氧化钛<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;）吸入毒理学研究。此系统提供了纳米TiO<sub&gt; 2</sub烟雾测试环境，有：1）稳定的质量浓度，2）均匀的组合物不含任何污染物，以及3）稳定的气溶胶的产生过程中的颗粒尺寸分布。

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