Name: setting limits on supersymmetry using simplified models
Uploaded: 2013-11-15T16:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models at JoVE.com

作者要感谢周杰伦瓦克为简化模型和潜在的陷阱显著讨论。非常感谢也最大Baak和直到Eifert为建设性的批评和鼓励，每当它是必要的。多亏了欧洲核子研究中心暑期学生计划使这次合作成为可能。

1。模型解构<ol><li>生成覆盖面在故宫的参数空间质子 - 质子碰撞事件。可以使用任何事件发生器配置，其中包括一个部分子淋浴和强子模型。在MSUGRA的情况下，例如，使用Isasugra 33所产生的质谱图，支化组分和衰变宽度使用MSSMCalc 34计算。为事件生成本身，MadGraph 5 1.3.9 34与CTEQ 6L1部分子密度函数35是用来产生矩阵元素的事件，因为它包括在基体中的元素附加辐射?...

<ol>
	<li>Miyazawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baryon+Number+Changing+Currents.">Baryon Number Changing Currents.</a> Prog. Theor. Phys. 36, 1266-1276 (1966).</li><li>Ramond, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+Theory+for+Free+Fermions.">Dual Theory for Free Fermions.</a> Phys. Rev. D. 3, 2415-2418 (1971).</li><li>Gol'fand, Y. A., Likhtman, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extension+of+the+Algebra+of+Poincare+Group+Generators+and+Violation+of+P+invariance.">Extension of the Algebra of Poincare Group Generators and Violation of P invariance.</a> JETP Lett. 13, 323-326 (1971).</li><li>Neveu, A., Schwarz, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factorizable+dual+model+of+pions.">Factorizable dual model of pions.</a> Nucl. Phys. B. 31, 86-112 (1971).</li><li>Gervais, J. L., Sakita, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+theory+interpretation+of+supergauges+in+dual+models.">Field theory interpretation of supergauges in dual models.</a> Nucl. Phys. B. 34, 632-639 (1971).</li><li>Neveu, A., Schwarz, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quark+Model+of+Dual+Pions.">Quark Model of Dual Pions.</a> Phys. Rev. D. 4, 1109-1111 (1971).</li><li>Volkov, D. V., Akulov, V. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+neutrino+a+goldstone+particle.">Is the neutrino a goldstone particle.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 46, 109-110 (1973).</li><li>Wess, J., Zumino, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+lagrangian+model+invariant+under+supergauge+transformations.">A lagrangian model invariant under supergauge transformations.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 49, 52-54 (1974).</li><li>Wess, J., Zumino, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supergauge+transformations+in+four+dimensions.">Supergauge transformations in four dimensions.</a> Nucl. Phys. B. 70, 39-50 (1974).</li><li>Fayet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supersymmetry+and+Weak,+Electromagnetic+and+Strong+Interactions.">Supersymmetry and Weak, Electromagnetic and Strong Interactions.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 64, 159-162 (1976).</li><li>Fayet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneously+Broken+Supersymmetric+Theories+of+Weak,+Electromagnetic+and+Strong+Interactions.">Spontaneously Broken Supersymmetric Theories of Weak, Electromagnetic and Strong Interactions.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 69, 489-494 (1977).</li><li>Farrar, G. R., Fayet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenomenology+of+the+Production,+Decay,+and+Detection+of+New+Hadronic+States+Associated+with+Supersymmetry.">Phenomenology of the Production, Decay, and Detection of New Hadronic States Associated with Supersymmetry.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 76, 575-579 (1978).</li><li>Fayet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relations+Between+the+Masses+of+the+Superpartners+of+Leptons+and+Quarks,+the+Goldstino+Couplings+and+the+Neutral+Currents.">Relations Between the Masses of the Superpartners of Leptons and Quarks, the Goldstino Couplings and the Neutral Currents.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 84, 416-420 (1979).</li><li>Dimopoulos, S., Georgi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Softly+Broken+Supersymmetry+and+SU(5.">Softly Broken Supersymmetry and SU(5.</a> Nucl. Phys. B. 193, 150-162 (1981).</li><li>The ATLAS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+squarks+and+gluinos+with+the+ATLAS+detector+in+final+states+with+jets+and+missing+transverse+momentum+using+4.7+fb-1+of+&#8730;s+=+7TeV+proton-proton+collisions.">Search for squarks and gluinos with the ATLAS detector in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum using 4.7 fb-1 of &#8730;s = 7TeV proton-proton collisions.</a> Phys. Rev. D. , .</li><li>The ATLAS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+squarks+and+gluinos+using+final+states+with+jets+and+missing+transverse+momentum+with+the+ATLAS+detector+in+&#8730;s+=+7TeV+proton-proton+collisions.">Search for squarks and gluinos using final states with jets and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector in &#8730;s = 7TeV proton-proton collisions.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 710, 67-85 (2012).</li><li>The ATLAS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Further+search+for+supersymmetry+at+&#8730;s=7+TeV+in+final+states+with+jets,+missing+transverse+momentum+and+isolated+leptons+with+the+ATLAS+detector.">Further search for supersymmetry at &#8730;s=7 TeV in final states with jets, missing transverse momentum and isolated leptons with the ATLAS detector.</a> Phys. Rev. D. , .</li><li>The CMS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+new+physics+in+the+multijet+and+missing+transverse+momentum+final+state+in+proton-proton+collisions+at+sqrt(s)+=+7+TeV.">Search for new physics in the multijet and missing transverse momentum final state in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 171803 (2012).</li><li>The CMS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+supersymmetry+in+pp+collisions+at+&#8730;s=7+TeV+in+events+with+a+single+lepton,+jets,+and+missing+transverse+momentum.">Search for supersymmetry in pp collisions at &#8730;s=7 TeV in events with a single lepton, jets, and missing transverse momentum.</a> J. High Energy Phys. 08, 165 (2011).</li><li>The CMS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+supersymmetry+in+events+with+b-quark+jets+and+missing+transverse+energy+in+pp+collisions+at+7+TeV.">Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV.</a> Phys. Rev. D. 86, 072010 (2012).</li><li>The CMS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2012+Report+No.:+CMS-PAS-SUS-11-016.">2012 Report No.: CMS-PAS-SUS-11-016.</a> Interpretation of Searches for Supersymmetry. , (2012).</li><li>The CMS Collaboration. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+new+physics+in+events+with+opposite-sign+leptons,+jets,+and+missing+transverse+energy+in+pp+collisions+at+sqrt(s+=+7+TeV.">Search for new physics in events with opposite-sign leptons, jets, and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at sqrt(s = 7 TeV.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 718, 815 (2012).</li><li>Alves, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Where+the+Sidewalk+Ends:+Jets+and+Missing+Energy+Search+Strategies+for+the+7+TeV+LHC.">Where the Sidewalk Ends: Jets and Missing Energy Search Strategies for the 7 TeV LHC.</a> JHEP. 1110, 012 (2011).</li><li>Alves, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+Models+for+LHC+New+Physics+Searches.">Simplified Models for LHC New Physics Searches.</a> J. Phys. G.: Nucl. Part. Phys. 39, 105005 (2012).</li><li>Chamseddine, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Locally+Supersymmetric+Grand+Unification.">Locally Supersymmetric Grand Unification.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 970-974 (1982).</li><li>Barbieri, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gauge+models+with+spontaneously+broken+local+supersymmetry.">Gauge models with spontaneously broken local supersymmetry.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 119, 343-347 .</li><li>Ibanez, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Locally+supersymmetric+SU(5)+grand+unification.">Locally supersymmetric SU(5) grand unification.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 118, 73 (1982).</li><li>Hall, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supergravity+as+the+messenger+of+supersymmetry+breaking.">Supergravity as the messenger of supersymmetry breaking.</a> Phys. Rev. D. 27, 2359-2378 (1983).</li><li>Ohta, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grand+Unified+Theories+Based+on+Local+Supersymmetry.">Grand Unified Theories Based on Local Supersymmetry.</a> PTP. 70, 542-549 (1983).</li><li>Chung, D. J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+soft+supersymmetry-breaking+Lagrangian:+theory+and+applications.">The soft supersymmetry-breaking Lagrangian: theory and applications.</a> J. Phys. Rept. 407, 1-203 (2005).</li><li>Alwall, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MadGraph+5:+Going+Beyond.">MadGraph 5: Going Beyond.</a> JHEP. 1106, 128 (2011).</li><li>Pumplin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Generation+of+Parton+Distributions+with+Uncertainties+from+Global+QCD+Analysis.">New Generation of Parton Distributions with Uncertainties from Global QCD Analysis.</a> JHEP. 0207, 012 (2002).</li><li>Sj&#246;strand, T., Mrenna, S., Skands, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pythia+6.4+Physics+and+Manual.">Pythia 6.4 Physics and Manual.</a> JHEP. 05, 026 (2006).</li><li>. PhysicsResultsSUS &lt; CMSPublic &lt; TWiki [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/PhysicsResultsSUS">https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/PhysicsResultsSUS</a></li><li>. SupersymmetryPublicResults &lt; AtlasPublic &lt; TWiki [Internet] Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/SupersymmetryPublicResults">https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/SupersymmetryPublicResults</a> (2013)</li><li>Collaboration, D. 0. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+Squarks+and+Gluinos+in+pp&#772;+collisions+at+&#8730;s=1.8TeV.">Search for Squarks and Gluinos in pp&#772; collisions at &#8730;s=1.8TeV.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 618-623 (1995).</li><li>Collaboration, C. D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+Gluinos+and+Scalar+Quarks+in+pp&#772;+collisions+at+&#8730;s=1.8TeV+using+the+Missing+Energy+plus+Multijets+Signature.">Search for Gluinos and Scalar Quarks in pp&#772; collisions at &#8730;s=1.8TeV using the Missing Energy plus Multijets Signature.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 041801 (2002).</li><li>Collaboration, C. D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inclusive+Search+for+Squark+and+Gluino+Production+in+pp&#772;+Collisions+at&#8730;s=1.96TeV.">Inclusive Search for Squark and Gluino Production in pp&#772; Collisions at&#8730;s=1.96TeV.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 121801 (2009).</li><li>Collaboration, D. 0. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+squarks+and+gluinos+in+events+with+jets+and+missing+transverse+energy+using+2.1fb-1+of+pp&#772;+collision+data+at+&#8730;s=1.96TeV.">Search for squarks and gluinos in events with jets and missing transverse energy using 2.1fb-1 of pp&#772; collision data at &#8730;s=1.96TeV.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 660, 449-457 (2008).</li><li>Collaboration, D. E. L. P. H. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Searches+for+supersymmetric+particles+in+e+e-collisions+up+to+208+GeV+and+interpretation+of+the+results+within+the+MSSM.">Searches for supersymmetric particles in e+e-collisions up to 208 GeV and interpretation of the results within the MSSM.</a> Eur. Phys. J. C. 31, 421-479 (2003).</li><li>Collaboration, L. 3. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+Scalar+Leptons+and+Scalar+Quarks+at+LEP.">Search for Scalar Leptons and Scalar Quarks at LEP.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 580, 37-49 (2004).</li><li>Collaboration, A. T. L. A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Search+for+squarks+and+gluinos+using+final+states+with+jets+and+missing+transverse+momentum+with+the+ATLAS+detector+in+&#8730;s=7TeV+proton-proton+collisions.">Search for squarks and gluinos using final states with jets and missing transverse momentum with the ATLAS detector in &#8730;s=7TeV proton-proton collisions.</a> Phys. Lett. B. 701, 186-203 (2011).</li></ol>

的简化模型限制了应用的一个完整的新的物理模型，以产生排斥的轮廓已被证明。尽管MSUGRA参数空间中的点的视在的复杂性，运动学可以很好地再现由只有少数的简化模型的组合。一个特定的信号区域内进行观察时的运动协议进一步改善，因为迄今为止在LHC进行的检索数据倾向于简化模型类似事件的拓扑结构具有（相对）小的多的高P T的对象。 从简化模型得出...

一个标准模型，超对称（SUSY）1-14的最有前途的扩展，是许多搜索通过在CERN的LHC实验的中心焦点。收集2011年的数据已经足以推新物理学的超越以往任何撞机15-22的范围。随着新数据到达和排除仍然推得更远，这将是越来越重要，清楚地传达给物理学界哪些地区的广泛的超对称参数空间都被排除在外。电流限制通常设置在受限的二维平面，这往往并不代表多样化的可用超对称参数空间，而且很难理解的物理群众限制或分支比。大组简化模型23，24已经被提出用于帮助这些限制的理解，既ATLAS和CMS提供了排除结果这几个型号的15-20。 本文演示了这些简化模型排除的应用程序使用的最小超引力（MSUGRA，又称CMSSM）25-30的例子一个完整的新的物理模型。该模型被选择，以比较使用简化的模型以那些由实验独立地发布设置的限制。该程序是足够一般要扩展到任何新的物理模型（NPM）。由于这是首次尝试“关闭循环”，并设置使用简化的模型对超对称的限制，一些关于特定的简化模型限制的适用性假设进行了探讨，从而食谱上有理论设定保守和激进的限制尚未审查了LHC实验。 对于在故宫设定的限制，需要三个单独的操作。首先，故宫必须被解构为它的组成片段，分离的各种机生产线CTION模式和衰减模式为模型中的所有新粒子。第二，一组简化的模型必须选择，重新在NPM运动学和有关事件的拓扑结构。三，关于这些简化的模型可用限制必须以产生对故宫限制相结合。这三个程序都在协议中所述。还提供了一些额外的近似值，可能会扩大已经可用简化模型的适用性更广泛的活动拓扑。 一个完整的故宫通常涉及许多生产方式和许多可能的后续衰变。新的物理模型的解构到他们的组件和简化模型的限制应用​​程序对这些组件可以排除的建设直接限制。对于任何信号区域，最保守的限制可使用的生产百分率 P设置（A，B）（其中a，b表示的简化模型水疗中心事件相同的一个简化模型的rticle生产模式）i和由简化模型†描述的生产sparticles腐烂在地的分支比，BR A→I X BR 有b→我 。从这些简单的拓扑结构在一个给定的信号区域的事件的预期数量可以被写为<img alt="式（1）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq1.jpg" /> 其中求和是简化模型，σTOT是总截面为故宫点，L int是在搜索中使用的积分亮度，和AE A，B→i是验收时间效率的简化模型事件正在考虑信号的区域。这个数字可以比对的新物理事件吨数预期的95％的置信水平上限o选择最佳的搜索区域。该模型可以被排除在外，如果N是比排除在95％置信水平的新物理事件所观察到的数量较大。如果提供了有关其不确定性的相关信息，在不重叠的区域排除可以合并。如果该信息不可用，最好信号区或分析，它提供了最好的预期限制可以用来企图排除模型。 为了构造具体限制用这种方法，Aε各种简化模型必须由LHC实验予以提供。这两个CMS和ATLAS出版与Aε数字几款机型，和几个数字都可以在HepData数据库31。为了证明发布所有这些表的价值，我们觉得重要的是要提供具体的限制相媲美那些已经出版。因此，我们使用（和describE在协议作为一个可选步骤）快速检测器仿真来仿真ATLAS或CMS探测器的效果。从这个很好的模拟得出的Aε（PGS）32相比，由ATLAS在图1中公布的简化模型网格。这些结果足够接近彼此（在大约25％）的，而不是等待所有结果是公开的，Aε业绩其余网格使用PGS推导并直接在本文的其余部分使用。如可公开获得的简化模型Aε结果数量的增加，需要这样的逼近应当显著降低。 两个保守的假设允许包含在限制生产和衰减模式一个较大的数字。首先是，对于相关的生产实验Aε是至少一样高Aε两个生产模式的恶化。为包括搜索，这通常是一个很好的假设。那么事件的最低预期数字会<img alt="公式2" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq2.jpg" /> 其中，所述第一求和是在所有的生产模式，只有那些其中的a和b是完全相同的从简化模型颗粒被包含在方程1。同样，Aε为衰变具有不同的腿可以被假定为是至少一样高Aε的两条腿的恶化。即， <img alt="式（3）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq3.jpg" /> 其中，两侧不同的衰变图现在已经包括在内。 另外两个假设将允许str的设置icter限制。可以假设的实验Aε在理论上，所有的生产模式是类似的平均Aε所涵盖的简化模型的制作模式。在这种情况下，事件的预期数量可以代替被写为<img alt="公式4" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq4highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq4.jpg" /> 那里的款项均超过只涵盖了简化模型的生产方式。有人可能会进一步假设Aε在理论上所有的衰变模式是相似的平均Aε为所涵盖的简化模型拓扑事件。然后事件的预期数量可以被写为： <img alt="方程（5）" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq5highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50419/50419eq5.jpg" /> 其中AGA在只能通过简化模型运行的款项。显然，这种假设下被设置在最积极MSUGRA限制，并限制这种方式的风险自称为排斥，不会，事实上，通过一个专门的搜索中排除在95％置信水平的区域。虽然这两个近似的精确度可能是犯罪嫌疑人，如果简化模型的包容性事件运动学媲美一个完整的超对称参数空间中的点，他们未必是不合理的。 †现在用在LHC的一些简化模型包括相关的生产。虽然没有明确地在这里讨论的，该方程可以平凡扩展，以允许这种情况。

setting limits on supersymmetry using simplified models

对超对称性和类似实验的理论限制是因为，因为单点的复杂性的巨大可用的参数空间，很难一概而论难定。因此，更多的现象，简单的模式正在成为流行的设置实验的限制，因为他们有更清晰的物理解释。使用这些简化的模型限制在一个具体的理论设定一个真正的限制还没有，不过，被证实。本文重铸简化模型限制到一个特定的和完整的超对称模型，最小超引力的限制。根据不同的物理假设得到限制可媲美由定向搜索产生的。处方提供了计算上的其他理论保守和激进的限制。使用验收和效率表以及各种信号的区域事件的预期和观察到的数字，LHC的实验结果可以在这个马重铸新新人类创新到几乎所有的理论框架，包括nonsupersymmetric理论与超对称状的签名。

经应用该模型解构步骤中MSUGRA，输出的故障参数空间的一个点可以通过根据计数的各种生产和衰减模式为每个生成的事件，并绘制出相应的生产速率和分支比进行最佳的可视化相对频率。对于各种生产和衰减模式为代表MSUGRA点的分支比示于图2和图3。在超对称参数空间中大量的其他点类似的数字是可以在网上41。 为MSUGRA的情况下，跨过相空间?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models at JoVE.com

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

本文演示了一个协议，用于重铸实验简化模型限制到一个任意的新物理模型保守和激进的限制。可公​​开获得的LHC实验结果可以以这种方式被改写成在几乎任何一个超对称状的签名新物理模型的限制。

设置使用简化模型的超对称限制

Experimental limits on supersymmetry and similar theories are difficult to set because of the enormous available parameter space and difficult to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

1-D光子晶体空穴对纳米纤维使用飞秒激光诱导消融制造

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

生物分子模型的3D打印技术的研究与教学

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D ...

Surgical Techniques for Catheter Placement and 5/6 Nephrectomy in Murine Models of Peritoneal Dialysis

小鼠腹膜透析模型导管置入及5/6 切除术的手术技术

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a renal replacement therapy consistent on the administration and posterior recovery of a hyperosmotic fluid in the peritoneal ...

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

用透射显微技术制备氮化硅薄膜磁性纳米结构的研究

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

基于刺激拉曼散射的非线性显微镜的实现

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...

Automated Deployment of an Internet Protocol Telephony Service on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Network Functions Virtualization

利用网络功能虚拟化在无人机上自动部署互联网协议电话服务

The Network Function Virtualization (NFV) paradigm is one of the key enabling technologies in the development of the 5th generation of mobile networks. ...

Study of a Dot-patterning Process on Flexible Materials using Impact Print-Type Hot Embossing Technology

使用冲击打印型热浮雕技术柔性材料的点模式工艺研究

Here we present our study on an impact print-type hot embossing process which can create dot patterns with various designs, widths, and depths in real ...

Fabrication of Surface Acoustic Wave Devices on Lithium Niobate

锂氮化锂表面声波设备的制造

Manipulation of fluids and particles by acoustic actuation at small scale is aiding the rapid growth of lab-on-a-chip applications. Megahertz-order ...

Manufacturing, Control, and Performance Evaluation of a Gecko-Inspired Soft Robot

壁虎灵感软机器人的制造、控制和性能评估

This protocol presents a method for manufacturing, control, and evaluation of the performance of a soft robot that can climb inclined flat surfaces with ...