Name: ischemia-reperfusion model of acute kidney injury and post injury fibrosis in mice
Uploaded: 2013-08-09T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice at JoVE.com

，德博士Caestecker的实验室支持由NIH 1RO1 HL093057-01 1RC4DK090770的01。哈里斯博士的实验室DK38226，DK51265，DK62794和退伍军人管理局的资金支持。支持小鼠肾脏损伤手术，血清肌酐和纤维化检测也提供了的范德比尔特奥布莱恩肾损伤中心授予1P30 DK079341。

<ol><li>所有手术器械，手术前高压灭菌。请注意，如果一个人在不同的小鼠进行多次手术，冲洗工具使用后，然后消毒用热珠灭菌。这是不够的，在70％乙醇中浸泡。 </li><li> 0.5毫升S / C灭菌生理盐水术前和术后即刻，以弥补体内津液损耗，在手术过程中。 </li><li>权衡老鼠。 </li><li>麻醉鼠标使用I​​P甲苯噻嗪/氯胺酮的混合物。它的老鼠通常需要3-5分钟，以达到手术麻醉平面。 </li><li>剃须足够的边境地区，以保持?...

<ol>
	<li>Singh, A. P., Junemann, A., Muthuraman, A., Jaggi, A. S., Singh, N., Grover, K., Dhawan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+acute+renal+failure.">Animal models of acute renal failure.</a> Pharmacological reports: PR. 64, 31-44 (2012).</li><li>Heyman, S. N., Rosenberger, C., Rosen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+ischemia-reperfusion:+Biases+and+myths-the+proximal+vs.+Distal+hypoxic+tubular+injury+debate+revisited.">Experimental ischemia-reperfusion: Biases and myths-the proximal vs. Distal hypoxic tubular injury debate revisited.</a> Kidney Int. 77, 9-16 (2010).</li><li>Lieberthal, W., Nigam, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+renal+failure.+II.+Experimental+models+of+acute+renal+failure:+Imperfect+but+indispensable.">Acute renal failure. II. Experimental models of acute renal failure: Imperfect but indispensable.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 278, F1-F12 (2000).</li><li>Dunn, S. R., Qi, Z., Bottinger, E. P., Breyer, M. D., Sharma, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utility+of+endogenous+creatinine+clearance+as+a+measure+of+renal+function+in+mice.">Utility of endogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of renal function in mice.</a> Kidney Int. 65, 1959-1967 (2004).</li><li>Yuen, P. S., Dunn, S. R., Miyaji, T., Yasuda, H., Sharma, K., Star, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+method+for+HPLC+determination+of+creatinine+in+mouse+serum.">A simplified method for HPLC determination of creatinine in mouse serum.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 286, F1116-F1119 (2004).</li><li>Hetu, P. O., Gingras, M. E., Vinet, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+a+rapid+liquid+chromatography+isotope+dilution+tandem+mass+spectrometry+(LC-IDMS/MS)+method+for+serum+creatinine.">Development and validation of a rapid liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IDMS/MS) method for serum creatinine.</a> Clin. Biochem. 43, 1158-1162 (2010).</li><li>Keppler, A., Gretz, N., Schmidt, R., Kloetzer, H. M., Groene, H. J., Lelongt, B., Meyer, M., Sadick, M., Pill, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+creatinine+determination+in+mice+and+rats:+An+enzymatic+method+compares+favorably+with+a+high-performance+liquid+chromatography+assay.">Plasma creatinine determination in mice and rats: An enzymatic method compares favorably with a high-performance liquid chromatography assay.</a> Kidney Int. 71, 74-78 (2007).</li><li>Yang, L., Besschetnova, T. Y., Brooks, C. R., Shah, J. V., Bonventre, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+cell+cycle+arrest+in+G2/M+mediates+kidney+fibrosis+after+injury.">Epithelial cell cycle arrest in G2/M mediates kidney fibrosis after injury.</a> Nat. Med. 16, 535-543 (2010).</li><li>Shanley, P. F., Rosen, M. D., Brezis, M., Silva, P., Epstein, F. H., Rosen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topography+of+focal+proximal+tubular+necrosis+after+ischemia+with+reflow+in+the+rat+kidney.">Topography of focal proximal tubular necrosis after ischemia with reflow in the rat kidney.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 122, 462-468 (1986).</li><li>Chawla, L. S., Amdur, R. L., Amodeo, S., Kimmel, P. L., Palant, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+severity+of+acute+kidney+injury+predicts+progression+to+chronic+kidney+disease.">The severity of acute kidney injury predicts progression to chronic kidney disease.</a> Kidney Int. 79, 1361-1369 (2012).</li><li>Lo, L. J., Go, A. S., Chertow, G. M., McCulloch, C. E., Fan, D., Ordonez, J. D., Hsu, C. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dialysis-requiring+acute+renal+failure+increases+the+risk+of+progressive+chronic+kidney+disease.">Dialysis-requiring acute renal failure increases the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease.</a> Kidney Int. 76, 893-899 (2009).</li><li>Burne, M. J., Haq, M., Matsuse, H., Mohapatra, S., Rabb, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+susceptibility+to+renal+ischemia+reperfusion+injury+revealed+in+a+murine+model.">Genetic susceptibility to renal ischemia reperfusion injury revealed in a murine model.</a> Transplantation. 69, 1023-1025 (2000).</li><li>Muller, V., Losonczy, G., Heemann, U., Vannay, A., Fekete, A., Reusz, G., Tulassay, T., Szabo, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+dimorphism+in+renal+ischemia-reperfusion+injury+in+rats:+Possible+role+of+endothelin.">Sexual dimorphism in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Possible role of endothelin.</a> Kidney Int. 62, 1364-1371 (2002).</li><li>Schmitt, R., Marlier, A., Cantley, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zag+expression+during+aging+suppresses+proliferation+after+kidney+injury.">Zag expression during aging suppresses proliferation after kidney injury.</a> J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 19, 2375-2383 (2008).</li><li>Oxburgh, L., de Caestecker, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ischemia-reperfusion+injury+of+the+mouse+kidney.">Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the mouse kidney.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 886, 363-379 (2012).</li></ol>

我们描述了两种型号的IR-AKI的中度和重度肾功能损伤的影响进行研究。这些模型使我们能够诱发一致的和可预见的伤害死亡率低。我们的协议列出了很多的困难和陷阱传统与此模型关联。此外，我们已经表明，根据对肾蒂夹紧长度，模型诱导很大程度上可逆的轻度和中度AKI，或更严重的AKI不完整的恢复和持续性肾脏纤维化。伤后纤维化严重的IR-AKI模型可能会导致老鼠能够生存比将有可能更加严重?...

各种实验模型急性肾损伤（AKI）已发展到人类生存条件的多样性和复杂性（见参考最近的，全面检讨1）匹配。这些模型中的每一个都有自己的长处和弱点，而每一个模仿人类的​​相应条件具有不同的效率，没有精确地模拟人类同行的病理生理机制。缺血再灌注剂AKI（IR）已经发展成为一个模型，在啮齿动物的急性缺血性肾损伤。虽然肾小管损伤的严重程度，在这个模型中看到很少观察到在患者的肾脏灌注不足，损伤2，尽管有其局限性，这主要是因为在此模型中的可重现的性质，提供了其广泛的用途，预期将继续AKI的共同的基本机制，修复，治疗3到许多重要的见解。 IR手术需要FAMiliarity与小鼠肾脏解剖，这是我们在图1中示出一个简化的形式。肾缺血再灌注（IR）损伤手术可以通过腹（开腹手术）或背（后腹膜）方法。我们用背的方法，因为它创伤小，允许更快的恢复时间，提高生存期（特别是当第一次学习的过程）。可以进行单侧或双侧肾缺血再灌注损伤。然而，有效的夹紧压力（这可能是由于插入肺门周围的脂肪之间的钳口）和/或不同响应肾缺血侧之间的差异导致更可变的结果。虽然这不是一个难以逾越的问题，它可以增加之间的变异实验，这是一个重大的问题，这个模型。可以进行单侧红外与对侧肾切除术。这是我们的方法的选择，因为它减少可变性椎弓根之间的夹紧，并且在同一时间，一个的llows一个评估肾功能，仅单方面IR不受影响。一直在讨论什么是最实用与优化的方法来评估肾功能的影响。血中尿素氮（BUN）提供了一个衡量肾功能是AKI的部分机型，包括缺血再灌注损伤的一个有用的“先看看”的标记。然而，可以BUN水平可能受影响的老鼠（体积）的状态的影响，特别是腹方法IR损伤，延迟恢复时降低若干天手术后的流体经口摄入。血肌酐水合状态的影响较小，但显然是受到肌肉质量。与血清肌酐测量的困难之一已经检测非肌酐色原体小鼠血清中，用苦味酸为基础的技术的问题。作为替代方案，一些中心已经开发了一个基于HPLC的方法来量化鼠标肌酐，不会受到这件神器4。但是，UNL艾克BUN和苦味酸，只需要5-10微升血清肌酐检测，高效液相色谱法检测需要25微升血清每次检测，如果重复进行，将需要约100微升全血每次检测。这可以限制对小鼠的研究。一些中心已经开发出更灵敏的高效液相色谱法和质谱为基础的方法，使分析更小的样本量，5，6。然而，这些技术没有得到广泛使用。另一种酶的级联法（只需要5-10微升血清）已在小鼠和大鼠的血清样本进行评估，并密切平行高效液相色谱法测量血清肌酐苦味酸检测总是高估肌酐值7。虽然这个实验没有被广泛应用于在AKI文学，检测市售，使用简单，我们发现这个模型小鼠IR剂AKI给出可靠的结果。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Drug or solution</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine (anesthetic)</td>
			<td>Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-881-9413 (100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Final concentration 30 mg/ml Ketamine with 3 mg/ml Xylazine administered at 3-4 ml/kg (100 mg/kg Ketamine and 10 mg/kg Xylazine)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (analgesic)</td>
			<td>Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-808-1939 (100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>As above</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antisedan (anti-Xylazine)</td>
			<td>Webster Veterinary</td>
			<td>07-867-7097 (5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Optional: to reverse effects of Xylazine in order to increase the rate of recovery after surgery Use 0.5-0.7 mg/kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (analgesic)</td>
			<td>Bedford Laboratories</td>
			<td>NDC 55390-100-10 (0.3 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Dose 0.05-0.1 &mu;g/g every 8-12 hr. Make up a 1:5 dilution in sterile normal saline preoperatively and give 2.5-5 &mu;l/g of the diluted solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Dechra</td>
			<td>NDC 17033-211-38</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine swab sticks</td>
			<td>Purdue Products L.P.</td>
			<td>NDC 67618-153-01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nolvasan Surgical Scrub</td>
			<td>Pfizer Animal Care</td>
			<td>300253</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 2. Drugs and solutions for I/R surgery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris Scissors</td>
			<td>Integra Miltex</td>
			<td>VWR 21909-404</td>
			<td>For skin and muscle dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved iris forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11065-07</td>
			<td>To hold skin and muscle, to remove peri-nephric fat</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunt forceps</td>
			<td>ROBOZ</td>
			<td>RS-5228</td>
			<td>To manipulate kidneys</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vascular clamp (795 g pressure)</td>
			<td>ROBOZ</td>
			<td>RS-5459</td>
			<td>Good for C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice strains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Schwartz clip applying forceps</td>
			<td>ROBOZ</td>
			<td>RS-5450</td>
			<td>For RS-5459 clamps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vascular clamp (75-85 g pressure)</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18055-02</td>
			<td>Optimal for CD1 mice strain, but also can be used for C57BL/6 and BALB/c</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-Serrefine Clamp Applicator-14 cm with Lock</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18056-14</td>
			<td>For FST 18055-02 clamps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gayman T/Pump (water-bath heated platform)</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>TP-650</td>
			<td>The water heater is set at 38 &deg;C 1 hr prior surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15" W x 24" Heated platform</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>HHP-2</td>
			<td>Connect to Gayman heated water pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>Model 39DP</td>
			<td>Uses microwave for heating. This is useful for warming during recovery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbable suture (Vicryl 5-0)</td>
			<td>ETHICON</td>
			<td>VCP834G</td>
			<td>For fascia and muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-absorbable suture: monofilament nylon MONOMID 6/0 660B)</td>
			<td>CP Medical</td>
			<td>CP-B660B-03</td>
			<td>For skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey needle holder: Tungsten Carbide/13 cm</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12501-13</td>
			<td>To hold suture needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timer</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>06-662-3</td>
			<td>To quantify ischemia time</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>18000-45</td>
			<td>To sterilize instruments between mice if you are performing multiple surgeries (it is not sufficient to soak instruments in ethanol)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric razor</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>CLP-22965</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tape</td>
			<td>Durapore</td>
			<td>1538-0</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml Syringe</td>
			<td>EXELint</td>
			<td>26044</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile cotton tipped applicators</td>
			<td>Kendall</td>
			<td>8884541300</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Absorbent BenchPad</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>56617-014</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drapes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>21902-985</td>
			<td>Need to be autoclaved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2'' x 2'' Gauze Pads</td>
			<td>Medi-First</td>
			<td>60673</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile gloves</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health</td>
			<td>2D7251</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Table 3. Equipment and instruments for I/R surgery.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ischemia-reperfusion model of acute kidney injury and post injury fibrosis in mice

缺血再灌注引起的急性肾损伤（IR-AKI）被广泛用于AKI的小鼠作为模型，但结果往往是相当高，经常未经报告的死亡率可能混淆分析变量。双侧肾蒂钳位常用的，诱导IR-AKI的，但有效的钳位压力和/或肾功能的响应之间的肾脏缺血之间的差异经常导致多个变量的结果。此外，被称为短钳次吸引更多变量的肾小管损伤，而小鼠进行双边损伤钳较长时间的发展更一致的肾小管损伤，他们往往在严重肾功能不全，由于伤后的第3天死亡。为了提高伤后生存和获得更加一致和可预测的结果，我们已经开发出两款车型的单方面缺血再灌注损伤对侧肾切除。这两种手术是用背的方法，减少手术应激产生的f罗腹的剖腹手术常用鼠标的IR-AKI的手术。对于中度伤害的BALB / c小鼠进行诱导单侧夹持肾蒂26分钟，也同时接受对侧肾切除术。 50-60％的小鼠使用这种方法，发展适度AKI 24小时后受伤，但90-100％的小鼠生存。要诱发更严重的AKI，BALB / c小鼠进行肾蒂阻断30分钟后对侧肾切除伤后第8天。这允许90-100％的生存伤后肾功能恢复的功能性评估。伤后早期肾小管损伤以及伤后纤维化是高度一致，采用这种模式。

中度IR剂AKI IR同时对侧肾切除单侧大大降低结果的变异，但与小鼠的生存之本程序所必需的钳时间较短，我们仍然发现，只有50-60％的小鼠开发了预期的肾功能不全24小时伤后（ 图3A）。在实际应用中，这造成了难以评估数据，除非该研究涉及的治疗方案，可以发起伤后至少24小时，让时间来评估肾功能和丢弃小鼠不发展为肾功能不全。 <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

我们描述模型，中度和重度缺血再灌注引起的肾损伤的小鼠进行单侧肾蒂夹紧对侧肾切除术同期或延期，其次分别。这些车型一贯引起肾功能不全和损伤后纤维化，但损伤程度和生存都依赖于鼠标的背景，年龄和手术设备。

急性肾损伤和伤后纤维化小鼠缺血再灌注模型

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Normothermic Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Mouse Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

常温心脏骤停和心肺复苏术：缺血再灌注损伤的小鼠模型

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, highly lethal, complication of critical illness which has a high mortality1-4 and which is most 
frequently caused ...

科研

医学

Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts

诱导和缺血再灌注损伤评估中的Langendorff灌注鼠心

The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for ...

Murine Model of Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury

肠缺血再灌注损伤的小鼠模型

Intestinal ischemia is a life-threatening condition associated with a broad range of clinical conditions including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, ...

A Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Elevation of Intraocular Pressure

视网膜缺血再灌注损伤的小鼠模型通过眼压升高

Retinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pathophysiological process contributing to cellular damage in multiple ocular conditions, including glaucoma, ...

Evaluation of Coronary Flow Reserve After Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后冠状动脉流动储备评价

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. After an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful myocardial intervention via ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

重建显微外科缺血再灌注损伤研究的临床前大鼠模型

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Delayed Intramyocardial Delivery of Stem Cells after Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Murine Model

在穆林模型中缺血再灌注损伤后干细胞的心肌内传递延迟

There is significant interest in the use of stem cells (SCs) for the recovery of cardiac function in individuals with myocardial injuries. Most commonly, ...

Acute Kidney Injury Model Induced by Cisplatin in Adult Zebrafish

成人斑马鱼中西斯铂诱导的急性肾损伤模型

Cisplatin is commonly used as chemotherapy. Although it has positive effects in cancer-treated individuals, cisplatin can easily accumulate in the kidney ...

Organ Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Simulating Hemodynamic Changes in Rat Liver Transplant Model

器官缺血-输液损伤模拟大鼠肝脏移植模型的血动力学变化

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats is a tried and proven animal model used for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative studies, ...

A Rat Lung Transplantation Model of Warm Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Optimizations to Improve Outcomes

温缺血/再灌注损伤的大鼠肺移植模型：改善结局的优化

From our experience with rat lung transplantation, we have found several areas for improvement. Information in the existing literature regarding methods ...