Name: generation of subcutaneous and intrahepatic human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice
Uploaded: 2013-09-25T18:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

这项工作是由卫生研究第1阶段临床医生，科学家奖（AG），一个加拿大学院和操作格兰特从癌症研究协会（AG）的支持。作者感谢约翰·迪克博士对他的支持这个项目。

该协议的示意图示于图1。 1。人肝癌样本的处理取得初级人类肝癌标本，并以书面征得患者同意，并与机构研究伦理委员会的批准。这些协议已经进行了在我们的机构与大学健康网络研究伦理委员会批准，符合人类福祉的所有机构，国家和国际准则。 尽快收集新鲜肝癌标本下一次合适的样本已经用于临床目的的外科手术?...

<ol>
	<li>El-Serag, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 1118-1127 (2011).</li><li>Li, Y., Tang, Z. Y., Hou, J. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocellular+carcinoma:+insight+from+animal+models.">Hepatocellular carcinoma: insight from animal models.</a> Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9, 32-43 (2012).</li><li>Tateishi, R., Omata, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocellular+carcinoma+in+2011:+Genomics+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma--a+big+step+forward.">Hepatocellular carcinoma in 2011: Genomics in hepatocellular carcinoma--a big step forward.</a> Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 9, 69-70 (2012).</li><li>Hoshida, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+classification+and+novel+targets+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+recent+advancements.">Molecular classification and novel targets in hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advancements.</a> Semin. Liver Dis. 30, 35-51 (2010).</li><li>Ji, J., Wang, X. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+implications+of+cancer+stem+cell+biology+in+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Clinical implications of cancer stem cell biology in hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Semin. Oncol. 39, 461-472 (2012).</li><li>Villanueva, A., Hernandez-Gea, V., Llovet, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Medical+therapies+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+a+critical+view+of+the+evidence.">Medical therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a critical view of the evidence.</a> Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. , (2012).</li><li>Jin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-derived+human+tumour+tissue+xenografts+in+immunodeficient+mice:+a+systematic+review.">Patient-derived human tumour tissue xenografts in immunodeficient mice: a systematic review.</a> Clin. Transl. Oncol. 12, 473-480 (2010).</li><li>Sausville, E. A., Burger, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contributions+of+human+tumor+xenografts+to+anticancer+drug+development.">Contributions of human tumor xenografts to anticancer drug development.</a> Cancer Res. 66, 3351-3354 (2006).</li><li>Shultz, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+defects+in+innate+and+adaptive+immunologic+function+in+NOD/LtSz-scid+mice.">Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD/LtSz-scid mice.</a> J. Immunol. 154, 180-191 (1995).</li><li>Ohbo, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+hematopoiesis+in+mice+with+a+truncated+mutant+of+the+interleukin-2+receptor+gamma+chain.">Modulation of hematopoiesis in mice with a truncated mutant of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain.</a> Blood. 87, 956-967 (1996).</li><li>Fiebig, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+in+vivo+imaging+of+the+murine+liver:+a+micro-computed+tomography-based+anatomical+study.">Three-dimensional in vivo imaging of the murine liver: a micro-computed tomography-based anatomical study.</a> PLoS One. 7, e31179 (2012).</li><li>Masters, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+cancer+cell+lines:+fact+and+fantasy.">Human cancer cell lines: fact and fantasy.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1, 233-236 (2000).</li><li>Yamashita, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EpCAM-positive+hepatocellular+carcinoma+cells+are+tumor-initiating+cells+with+stem/progenitor+cell+features.">EpCAM-positive hepatocellular carcinoma cells are tumor-initiating cells with stem/progenitor cell features.</a> Gastroenterology. 136, 1012-1024 (2009).</li><li>Ma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=miR-130b+Promotes+CD133(+)+liver+tumor-initiating+cell+growth+and+self-renewal+via+tumor+protein+53-induced+nuclear+protein+1.">miR-130b Promotes CD133(+) liver tumor-initiating cell growth and self-renewal via tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 7, 694-707 (2011).</li><li>Yang, Z. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significance+of+CD90++cancer+stem+cells+in+human+liver+cancer.">Significance of CD90+ cancer stem cells in human liver cancer.</a> Cancer Cell. 13, 153-166 (2008).</li><li>Park, Y. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neoangiogenesis+and+sinusoidal+"capillarization"+in+dysplastic+nodules+of+the+liver.">Neoangiogenesis and sinusoidal "capillarization" in dysplastic nodules of the liver.</a> Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22, 656-662 (1998).</li><li>Sigurdson, E. R., Ridge, J. A., Kemeny, N., Daly, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+and+liver+drug+uptake+following+hepatic+artery+and+portal+vein+infusion.">Tumor and liver drug uptake following hepatic artery and portal vein infusion.</a> J. Clin. Oncol. 5, 1836-1840 (1987).</li><li>Mitchell, C., Willenbring, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reproducible+and+well-tolerated+method+for+2/3+partial+hepatectomy+in+mice.">A reproducible and well-tolerated method for 2/3 partial hepatectomy in mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3, 1167-1170 (2008).</li><li>Michalopoulos, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+regeneration+after+partial+hepatectomy:+critical+analysis+of+mechanistic+dilemmas.">Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy: critical analysis of mechanistic dilemmas.</a> Am. J. Pathol. 176, 2-13 (2010).</li><li>Zhang, D. Y., Friedman, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrosis-dependent+mechanisms+of+hepatocarcinogenesis.">Fibrosis-dependent mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis.</a> Hepatology. 56, 769-775 (1002).</li><li>Chen, K., Ahmed, S., Adeyi, O., Dick, J. E., Ghanekar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+solid+tumor+xenografts+in+immunodeficient+mice+are+vulnerable+to+lymphomagenesis+associated+with+Epstein-Barr+virus.">Human solid tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are vulnerable to lymphomagenesis associated with Epstein-Barr virus.</a> PLoS One. 7, e39294 (2012).</li></ol>

我们已经描述了多种技术来建立皮下和肝内人类肝癌异种移植物中，可以应用到各种各样的实验问题，并测定免疫缺陷小鼠。而皮下异种移植物已被广泛用于研究肝癌生物学的各个方面，肝内异种移植物在文献中很少描述。此外，大多数研究描述了使用异种移植物的从良好建立的细胞系产生的这些。给定的肿瘤细胞系中模拟人类肿瘤生物学12的限制，我们一直激励，以验证上述利用原代人...

肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球第五大最常见的癌症和癌症死亡的北美最迅速增加的原因。肝细胞癌的最普遍的危险因素是肝硬化，最经常是由于慢性病毒性肝炎，酒精滥用，自身免疫性疾病，或遗传性代谢紊乱1发生。 尽管在全球范围内的人群所施加肝癌沉重的疾病负担，肝癌的病理生理了解，相较于其他常见的癌症如大肠癌，乳腺癌或前列腺癌相对较差。例如，特定的分子和细胞事件驱动肿瘤的发生仍有待明确界定2。像大多数其他固体上皮癌，基因组学方法揭示异质性与肝癌3相关的像差。许多研究已经揭示了多种参与细胞增殖，外加信号传导途径的紊乱的活性存活力，分化和血管生成4。此外，癌症干细胞在HCC病理生物学中的作用仍有待阐明5。 与肝癌病理生理的了解有限，为有效的治疗肝癌的医疗设备也仍然相对有限。早期患者肿瘤局限于肝脏是适合采用肿瘤切除或手术切除根治性治疗，但复发是常见的。为病人提供更先进的疾病，化疗和放疗是有限的功效，并主要用于与姑息意图6疾病控制。 高品质的人类肝癌的体内实验模型从而提供了一个宝贵的平台，为急需的基础研究到人类肝癌的病理生理，以及对新的治疗方法的评价。由于与使用的细胞系或高度定义的小鼠模型，PRI的移植比较玛丽人类肿瘤的免疫缺陷小鼠已经成为这类研究的重要工具，因为它们能够扼要人类疾病具有高保真度，同时也捕获的异质性是内和不同的患者之间7,8存在的。为此，我们开发了多种方法来建立人肝癌裸鼠移植免疫缺陷小鼠。虽然大多数已发表的研究涉及肝癌移植瘤的描述使用的行之有效的人肝癌细胞系用于此目的，我们把重点放在优化我们的分析产生手术切除的患者后，立即获得原发性肝癌标本移植。 可能需要为不同的研究应用不同异种移植技术。例如，正在迅速产生肿瘤碎片产生的皮下移植瘤，很容易被监控，并且可能更适合于新型疗法方便本地管理监测肿瘤反应。肝内移植可能是更相关的有关肝微环境在肝癌生物学中的作用研究。从肿瘤细胞悬浮液产生的异种移植物中是必需的肿瘤起始细胞亚群的鉴定和表征，或适用于需要在肿瘤细胞之前，异种移植的体外实验操作。我们就此开发并验证以下协议，建立皮下或肝内移植从初级人类肝癌标本来源的细胞悬液或肿瘤碎片。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Mod. Eagle Medium/Ham's F12 50/50 Mix x1(DMEM-F12)</td>
			<td>WISENT Bioproducts</td>
			<td>319-075-CL</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase TypeIV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5138</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase II</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>7923</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson Biosciences</td>
			<td>354234</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 % Buffered Formalin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HT501128</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9 % Saline Solution (NaCl), sterile</td>
			<td>House Brand</td>
			<td>1011-L8001</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine surgical scrub</td>
			<td>Purdue Pharma</td>
			<td>NPN 00158313</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LORIS 10% PVP-I Solution</td>
			<td>LERNA Pharma Inc.</td>
			<td>109-09</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (Temegesic) NR 0.3 mg/ml</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane USP, 99.9 %, inhalation anesthetic</td>
			<td>Pharmaceutical Partners of Canada Inc.</td>
			<td>M60302</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tear-Gel</td>
			<td>Novartis Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frozen section compound</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>95057-838</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryomold, Tissue -Tek</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td>4566</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Glide Needle 18G 1 &frac12;</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson Biosciences</td>
			<td>305196</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Glide Needle 27G &frac12;</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson Biosciences</td>
			<td>305109</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin syringe, 3/10 cc U-100, 29G&frac12;</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson Biosciences</td>
			<td>309301</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blade No.10</td>
			<td>Feather Safety Razor Co.</td>
			<td>08-916-5A</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#5-0 Soft silk surgical suture, 3/8" taper point needle</td>
			<td>Syneture</td>
			<td>VS-880</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transpore surgical tape</td>
			<td>3M Health care</td>
			<td>1577-1</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton applicator</td>
			<td>Medpro</td>
			<td>018-425</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgicel, oxidized regenerated cellulose</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>1951</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer 100 &mu;m nylon</td>
			<td>Becton-Dickinson Biosciences</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnification lighting with mobile base</td>
			<td>Benson medical Industries Inc.</td>
			<td>model: RLM-CLT-120V</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish sterile 100x20 mm</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>821474</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue forcep, 1x2 teeth, 4-1/2"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A10-302</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson dressing forcep 4-3/4"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A10-220</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye dressing forcep, serrated, straight, 4"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A19-560</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hartman Hemostatic Forceps, curved, 3-1/2"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A12-142</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissor, curved, 4-1/4"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A8-690</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissor, straight, 4-1/2"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A8-684</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegan needle driver, 5-1/2"</td>
			<td>Almedic</td>
			<td>A17-228</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of subcutaneous and intrahepatic human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice

在体内肝细胞癌（HCC）的实验模型，概括了人类疾病为研究疾病的病理生理学和新疗法的临床前评价一个宝贵的平台。我们提出了多种方法来产生皮下或原位人类肝癌异种移植物中，可以在各种研究应用中使用的免疫缺陷小鼠。重点是使用从接受手术切除为起点的患者原发肿瘤组织中，我们描述了制备细胞悬液或肿瘤片段的异种移植。我们描述了特定的技术来异种移植这些组织ⅰ）皮下或ii）肝内，无论是由肿瘤细胞或片段的直接植入到肝脏，或间接通过细胞注射入小鼠脾。我们还描述了使用原生小鼠肝脏部分切除术在异种移植时的一种策略诱导的活性肝再生的状态下在受体小鼠可便于原代人肿瘤细胞的肝内移植。这些技术的预期结果如图。所述的协议主要使用人肝癌样本和移植，通常表现强劲少比得到广泛使用，经常引用的文献行之有效的人肝癌细胞系已经被验证。与细胞系的比较中，我们讨论的因素，可能有助于原发性肝癌移植相对较低的机会，在异种移植模型，对可能影响移植瘤生长的动力学技术问题发表意见。我们还建议，应适用，以确保获得准确的移植类似于父肝癌组织方法。

图3展示了一个皮下人肝癌异种移植物以及肿瘤的组织病理学对应的外观的典型外观。皮下移植瘤的发展和增长可以通过受体小鼠的日常检查来随时监测。异种移植肿瘤和显影之间的时间间隔可能会变化很大取决于组织的类型（肿瘤片段与细胞悬液），源组织（主病人样本，传代的异种移植物，或细胞系），和组织的数量植入（细胞的数目或肿瘤片段的大小）。例如，相当大的异种移...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice at JoVE.com

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

在免疫缺陷小鼠人类肿瘤异种移植是有价值的工具来研究癌症生物学。特定的协议来生成从人肝癌细胞或肿瘤碎片皮下和肝内移植瘤进行了描述。肝再生诱导的受体小鼠肝部分切除术是作为一项战略，以促进肝内移植。

皮下及肝内人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的免疫缺陷小鼠的产生

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Mammary Transplantation of Stromal Cells and Carcinoma Cells in C57BL/6J Mice

C57BL/6J小鼠乳腺间质细胞和癌细胞的移植

The influence of stromal cells, including fibroblasts on mammary tumor progression has been well documented through the use of mouse models, in particular ...

科研

医学

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

从人类乳腺成纤维细胞癌相关的成纤维细胞的实验发电（CAFS）

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

浸润性膀胱移行细胞癌中的完整的人MUC1转基因小鼠免疫诱导免疫治疗发展模型

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors

创建精确的解剖学和人脑肿瘤的重现性颅内移植瘤

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live ...

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane CAM Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

该<em&gt;卵内</em&gt;鸡胚尿囊膜（CAM）含量为肝癌的有效异种移植模型

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) begins to develop by day 7 after fertilization and matures by day 12. The CAM is naturally immunodeficient and ...

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

口咽念珠菌病的免疫缺陷小鼠Th17细胞炎症模型

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

“以病人为像”肝癌原位同源小鼠模型的癌转移

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of ...

Subcutaneous Angiotensin II Infusion using Osmotic Pumps Induces Aortic Aneurysms in Mice

使用渗透皮下血管紧张素Ⅱ输液泵诱导主动脉瘤小鼠

Osmotic pumps continuously deliver compounds at a constant rate into small animals.  This article introduces a standard protocol used to induce aortic ...

Depletion of Mouse Cells from Human Tumor Xenografts Significantly Improves Downstream Analysis of Target Cells

从人类肿瘤异种移植的小鼠细胞的消耗显着改善靶细胞下游分析

The use of in vitro cell line models for cancer research has been a useful tool. However, it has been shown that these models fail to reliably mimic ...

Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line

通过细胞因子转导的基质细胞系注射外源性细胞因子在患者来源的异种移植物中的表达

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice are produced by transplanting human cells into immune deficient mice. These models are an important tool for studying ...