Name: whole mount immunofluorescent staining of the neonatal mouse retina to investigate angiogenesis in vivo
Uploaded: 2013-07-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo at JoVE.com

这项工作是由威康信托基金和英国心脏基金会的资助。

所有步骤都在室温下进行，除非另有说明。 1。产后的眼睛剜除术和固定<ol><li>将人道扑杀鼠标小狗在其一侧，清除皮肤覆盖在眼睛上，用剪刀。 </li><li>使用剪刀和镊子，enucleate眼睛。 </li><li>将剪刀低于去核的眼睛，切开视神经及周围组织，并取出眼球。转移至24孔板中，含有4％多聚甲醛（PFA），在室温下在2×PBS。 </li><li>允许每只眼睛定为10 - 15分钟，然后转移到寒冷的2?...

<ol>
	<li>Carmeliet, P., Jain, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+and+clinical+applications+of+angiogenesis.">Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis.</a> Nature. 473 (7347), 298-307 (2011).</li><li>Staton, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+methods+for+assaying+angiogenesis+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Current methods for assaying angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo.</a> Int J. Exp. Pathol. 85 (5), 233-248 (2004).</li><li>Goodwin, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+assays+of+angiogenesis+for+assessment+of+angiogenic+and+anti-angiogenic+agents.">In vitro assays of angiogenesis for assessment of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic agents.</a> Microvasc. Res. 74 (2-3), 172-183 (2007).</li><li>Lawson, N. D., Weinstein, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+embryonic+vascular+development+using+transgenic+zebrafish.">In vivo imaging of embryonic vascular development using transgenic zebrafish.</a> Dev. Biol. 248 (2), 307-318 (2002).</li><li>Fruttiger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+retinal+vasculature.">Development of the retinal vasculature.</a> Angiogenesis. 10 (2), 77-88 (2007).</li><li>Sawamiphak, S., Ritter, M., Acker-Palmer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+retinal+explant+cultures+to+study+ex+vivo+tip+endothelial+cell+responses.">Preparation of retinal explant cultures to study ex vivo tip endothelial cell responses.</a> Nat. Protoc. 5 (10), 1659-1665 (1038).</li><li>Mahajan, V. B., Skeie, J. M., Assefnia, A. H., Mahajan, M., Tsang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+eye+enucleation+for+remote+high-throughput+phenotyping.">Mouse eye enucleation for remote high-throughput phenotyping.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (57), e3184 (2011).</li><li>Pitulescu, M. E., Schmidt, I., Benedito, R., Adams, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+gene+targeting+in+the+neonatal+vasculature+and+analysis+of+retinal+angiogenesis+in+mice.">Inducible gene targeting in the neonatal vasculature and analysis of retinal angiogenesis in mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 5 (9), 1518-1534 (2010).</li><li>Allinson, K. R., Lee, H. S., Fruttiger, M., McCarty, J., Arthur, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+expression+of+TGFbeta+type+II+receptor+is+required+to+maintain+vascular+integrity+during+postnatal+development+of+the+central+nervous+system.">Endothelial expression of TGFbeta type II receptor is required to maintain vascular integrity during postnatal development of the central nervous system.</a> PLoS One. 7 (9), e39336 (2012).</li><li>Mahmoud, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+arteriovenous+malformations+in+the+absence+of+endoglin.">Pathogenesis of arteriovenous malformations in the absence of endoglin.</a> Circ. Res. 106 (8), 1425-1433 (2010).</li><li>Lebrin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thalidomide+stimulates+vessel+maturation+and+reduces+epistaxis+in+individuals+with+hereditary+hemorrhagic+telangiectasia.">Thalidomide stimulates vessel maturation and reduces epistaxis in individuals with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia.</a> Nat. Med. 16 (4), 420-428 (2010).</li><li>Pi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+connective+tissue+growth+factor+in+the+retinal+vasculature+during+development+and+ischemia.">Role of connective tissue growth factor in the retinal vasculature during development and ischemia.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52 (12), 8701-8710 (2011).</li><li>Powner, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+gene+expression+in+whole+mouse+retina+by+in+situ+hybridization.">Visualization of gene expression in whole mouse retina by in situ hybridization.</a> Nat. Protoc. 7 (6), 1086-1096 (2012).</li></ol>

这里介绍的方法提供了一个简单而有效的方式来获取图像新生小鼠视网膜染色整装准备，使得它容易量化和生理相关的血管生成模型。最初，老鼠的眼睛是相当困难的，由于其体积小，球形，解剖，所以一些做法和良好的清扫工具都需要可靠的结果。夹层2倍浓度的PBS中制备的眼睛是很重要的，因为这会导致少量的水从眼睛损失，并降低的轨道内的压力，这有利于夹层。良好的准备是非常重要的视...

血管生成是一种复杂的发育过程中，定义通过从预先存在的血管网形成新的血管，并通过多条信号通路的调节。其中最突出的是VEGF通路。血管内皮生长因子释放由缺血性细胞，导致血管生成的启动，在相邻的血管发芽。领先的内皮细胞从一个新的血管芽是&#39;冰山&#39;细胞，产生对VEGF的来源，伸出伪足，其次是&#39;茎&#39;内皮细胞增殖。在这种方式中，活化的内皮细胞迁移和增殖实现的无血管区域，在那里形成新血管管。为了稳定，以支持这些管子的血流量，血管内皮细胞与周皮细胞和平滑肌细胞，围绕新的血管1。胚胎的血管形成及组织生长的血管生成是必不可少的。然而，它也有助于许多pathologi卡尔疾病，如癌症，而在血管生成中的缺陷与缺血性疾病。因此，开发有效的药物治疗作为治疗疾病的一种手段，是调节血管生成的极大兴趣。例如，有效的抗血管生成因子将减少癌的生长，而促血管生成的策略可以用于治疗缺血性疾病。因此，必须更好地了解新血管的形成和开发新的治疗策略，以提高或降低血管生长调节血管生成模型。 血管新生研究的基本要素是选择一个合适的血管模型。许多体外模型的目的是为了再现血管生成的基本步骤，如血管内皮细胞的迁移，增殖和存活2,3。 在体外试验中经常使用的一种是有支链的网络上的基底膜基质的血管内皮细胞的形成，虽然吨他的是不特定的内皮细胞，也不会通常包含周细胞或平滑肌细胞的支持。评估体外芽生式血管生成，如胚体的测定，主动脉环测定和胎 ​​儿跖骨检测小鼠器官培养允许的上下文中的额外的支持细胞，血管内皮细胞的血管生成的分析。然而，这些检测方法的主要限制包括血流量不足，并随着时间的推移回归的船只，给一个有限的窗口进行分析。因此，更准确地了解血管生成的调控， 在体内模型中是必需的，如那些在小鼠皮下植入的海绵或基底膜插头开发，以及后肢缺血模型。然而，这些模型是具有挑战性的分析，由于复杂的三维结构的新生血管。与此相反，已证明斑马鱼胚胎的一个很好的模型可视化的血管生成在整个生物体4。然而，进化更密切相关的人类比斑马鱼鼠标，让鼠标在许多情况下，一款首选机型。因此，出生后小鼠视网膜血管生成是一个很好的特点的血管生成研究的首选方法。它不仅提供了生理的设置，但也是一个二维的血管丛，可以很容易地可视化使用适当的荧光染料。血管网，血管内皮细胞增殖，发芽，血管周围细胞的招募和血管重塑的建筑都可以使用这种技术研究。 在新生小鼠视网膜，视网膜血管的发展发生在出生后的第一周。小鼠与人类不同的是，是天生的盲人和视网膜血管的出生后。视网膜血管产生的视网膜的中心靠近视神经在出生后的第0天（P0），血管生成和发展，形成高度组织ð血管丛到达视网膜周边约P8 5。在其特有的方式与毛细管丛逐渐成长从视盘向外朝向的外周，以产生一个有规律的交替模式具有介于其间的毛细血管网的动脉和静脉血管的发展。视网膜血管提供了一个理想模型来研究血管新生的血管可以很容易地确定，因为他们成长在什么本质上是一个二维平面，从而使得它比较容易检查视网膜血管台安装准备5。已报道的方法，在数小时内体外内皮小费细胞反应进行分析隔离小鼠新生儿的视网膜6。另外，需要更详细的调查整个视网膜血管和相关的血管标记免疫组的视网膜固定的标本在不同的发展阶段。 在这里，我们提供详细描述了一个可靠的和技术上直线前进的方法，我们使用整装染色小鼠视网膜血管丛，从最初的眼球摘除产后眼（7）通过染色协议到最终成像显微镜下。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic pipettes 3 ml</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>PIP4210</td>
			<td>Remove tip with scissors to create a wide bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Falcon 24-well plates</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>353226</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Select Petri dishes TV 90 mm</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>SLS2002</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histobond slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-0624</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips 22 x 22 mm</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631-1336</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont Tweezers #5</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>14095</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spring scissors 10.5 cm long, with straight 8 mm blades</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>501235</td>
			<td>Used for enucleation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas scissors 8.5 cm long, with straight 7 mm blades, and 0.025 x 0.015 mm superfine tips</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>500086</td>
			<td>Used for dissecting retina</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfine vannas scissors 8 cm long with straight 3 mm blades, and 0.015 x 0.015 mm superfine tips</td>
			<td>World precision instruments</td>
			<td>501778</td>
			<td>Used for dissecting retina</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>crystal clear' tubes 2 ml</td>
			<td>Starlab</td>
			<td>E1420-2000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S0876</td>
			<td>PBS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>PBS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S9625</td>
			<td>PBS reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>Make up in 2x PBS and store at -20 &deg;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A7638</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey serum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9663</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat serum</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>S-1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolectin GS-IB4-alexa 594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>I21413</td>
			<td>Use at 1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolectin GS-IB4-alexa 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>I21411</td>
			<td>Use at 1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NG2 (rabbit polyclonal )</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td>Detects pericytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFAP (clone GA5, mouse monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB360</td>
			<td>Detects astrocytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Desmin (clone Y66, rabbit monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>04-585</td>
			<td>Detects pericytes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Collagen IV (rabbit polyclonal )</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>AB756P</td>
			<td>Detects vascular basement membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha smooth muscle actin-Cy3 (clone 1A4, mouse monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td>Detects vascular smooth muscle cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Endoglin (clone MJ7/18, rat monoclonal)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550546</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD31 (clone MEC13.3, rat monoclonal)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553370</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-VE-Cadherin (clone 11D4.1, rat monoclonal)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>550548</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cell junctions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Alk1 (goat polyclonal)</td>
			<td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF770</td>
			<td>Detects endothelial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rabbit-Alexa594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11012</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat-Alexa488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11006</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-rat-Alexa594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11007</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-mouse-Alexa488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-goat-Alexa594</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11058</td>
			<td>All secondary antibodies are aliquoted immediately on arrival and stored at -20 &deg;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Microscopes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Stemi SV6</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiocam HRc</td>
			<td>Camera for dissection microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axioimager with Apotome</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiocam HRm</td>
			<td>Camera for Axioimager</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>A1R</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole mount immunofluorescent staining of the neonatal mouse retina to investigate angiogenesis in vivo

血管生成是定义新的血管形成新血管从预先存在的血管网发芽的复杂过程。血管生成中起着关键作用不仅在器官和组织的正常发育，而且在许多疾病中，血管的形成是失调，如癌症，失明和局部缺血性疾病。在成年生活中，血管通常是静态的，因此血管生成是尝试和调节新血管的形成，特别是在疾病新型药物开发的重要目标。为了更好地了解血管新生，并制定相应的战略来调节，模型，准确地反映了不同的生物所涉及的步骤。小鼠视网膜新生血管生成提供了一个很好的模型，因为动脉，静脉和毛细血管的发展在出生后的第一周，形成血管丛。该模型还具有的优点是具有双 - 二mensional（2D）结构简单的决策分析较复杂的三维解剖其他血管网络。通过分析视网膜血管丛出生后在不同的时间，它是在显微镜下可以观察到的血管生成的各个阶段。本文演示了一个简单的流程分析荧光染色法，凝集素和血管特异性抗体的小鼠视网膜血管。

解剖后的视网膜应该看起来像平坦的花（ 图1）。通过使用上文所述的协议，使用凝集素B4 ALEXA488染色和支持血管平滑肌细胞，用抗α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（ 图2），可以看出，内皮细胞。低功耗的图，使用图2中的5倍的目标允许的视网膜血管组织的概述。此外，通过使用不同的以上的协议在给定的抗体相结合，内皮细胞，用抗CD31免疫染色使用抗NG2（ 图3），...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo at JoVE.com

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

新生小鼠视网膜提供了一个很好的特点生理血管生成模型，它允许不同的基因或药物，在调节血管生成的角色的调查<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;上下文。免疫荧光染色准确地显示血管丛是这些类型的研究成功的关键。

整装免疫荧光染色新生小鼠视网膜血管生成调查<em&gt;在体内</em

Angiogenesis  is the complex process of new blood vessel formation defined by the sprouting  of new blood vessels from a pre-existing vessel network. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

在全安装的胚胎神经系统的可视化果蝇胚胎

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the ...

科研

神经科学

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

解剖鼠标眼的视网膜色素上皮的全山

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

在发展中国家小鼠视网膜体内电穿孔

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

嗅觉受体神经元在全山免疫标记<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;天线

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

血管再生在中枢神经系统中使用的小鼠视网膜评估

The rodent retina is perhaps the most accessible mammalian system in which to investigate neurovascular interplay within the central nervous system (CNS). ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

小鼠胚胎感觉轴突预测整个安装成像

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

全山解剖和成年小鼠耳蜗的免疫

The organ of Corti, housed in the cochlea of the inner ear, contains mechanosensory hair cells and surrounding supporting cells which are organized in a ...

Patch Clamp Recording of Starburst Amacrine Cells in a Flat-mount Preparation of Deafferentated Mouse Retina

星爆无长突细胞的膜片钳在Deafferentated小鼠视网膜的平板安装准备

The mammalian retina is a layered tissue composed of multiple neuronal types. To understand how visual signals are processed within its intricate synaptic ...

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

A Simple One-step Dissection Protocol for Whole-mount Preparation of Adult Drosophila Brains

一个简单的一步解剖协议成人全安装准备<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;脑

There is an increasing interest in using Drosophila to model human brain degenerative diseases, map neuronal circuitries in adult brains, and study the ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

小鼠视网膜的经瞳双光子体内成像

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...