Name: assessing differences in sperm competitive ability in drosophila
Uploaded: 2013-08-22T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila at JoVE.com

作者感谢NSF（MCB-1157876）提供资金。我们也感谢阿尔贝托CIVETTA约翰Roote，两位匿名审稿征求他们的意见。

应进行小规模的实验，熟悉整个过程。 1。 ，收集处女女性和朴素男性概述实验的最简单的版本包括四种类型的初始十字架，其中涉及下面结合成人：）W 1118人，以便收集处女雌二）俄勒冈-R，以收集天真参考男性的个人; ）P {SW}纯合子雄性和雌性携带野生型组织为了收集的天真实验男性（I型）， 国投的控制线;和d）P {SW}</em...

<ol>
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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+mechanisms+of+competitive+fertilization+success+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Resolving mechanisms of competitive fertilization success in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Science. 328, 354-357 (2010).</li><li>Simmons, L., Siva-Jothy, M., Birkhead, T. R., M&#248;ller, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Sperm competition and sexual selection. , 826 (1998).</li><li>Singh, S. R., Singh, B. N., Hoenigsberg, H. 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E., Ruiz, A., Santos, M., Fontdevila, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolutionary+history+of+Drosophila+buzzatii.+XVII.+Double+mating+and+sperm+predominance.">The evolutionary history of Drosophila buzzatii. XVII. Double mating and sperm predominance.</a> Genet. Sel. Evol. 23, 133-140 (1991).</li><li>Civetta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+visualization+of+sperm+competition+and+sperm+storage+in+Drosophila.">Direct visualization of sperm competition and sperm storage in Drosophila.</a> Curr. Biol. 9, 841-844 (1999).</li><li>Turner, M. E., Anderson, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sperm+predominance+among+Drosophila+pseudoobscura+karyotypes.">Sperm predominance among Drosophila pseudoobscura karyotypes.</a> Evolution. 38, 983-995 (1984).</li><li>Harshman, L. G., Clark, A. 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我们已经描述了实验设计，评估基因上不同的差异的相对贡献D.雄性果蝇的后代控制的双交配实验7,8。已经这样做在假设有遗传因素影响精子的竞争能力，已经示出的相似方法虽然适用于防御吸附试验（ 图1）内的罪行检测的上下文中。这种实验的设计可以进行修改，以测试如女性基因型32的影响等方面的侍成功。可以合并的修改的一个例子是直接监测交?...

由于杰夫·帕克指出精子竞争的患病率在昆虫和进化的影响2，一股在果蝇和其他物种的研究，这种现象在许多不同的层面上试图摆脱一些光。感兴趣的领域的一些例子已经及其变化调查9,10自然种群，其遗传结构和潜在的遗传因素的相关性11-14，其作用是在推动两性之间的协同进化15,16。在D中专门的精子贮藏器官的能力有限，一对精囊和的精液插座6,17，雌性果蝇，有助于从不同男性的精子竞争。约1,500精子在交配过程中的女性，但只有约500，可容纳提到的器官18,19。在实验室中，控制双交配实验中涉及的参考男性和一个或多个感兴趣的男性，已被广泛用于评估精子的竞争能力7,8。 精子的竞争能力估计为双交配实验中实验的男性后代总量父系后代的比例， 即从实验和参考男性。精子的竞争能力，由两部分组成，他们每个人在一个单独的试验评估。罪检测，实验的男性的精子，以取代从第一男性的精子的能力， 即参考男性，评估。相反，在防守测定，实验男性精子的能力抵抗位移或减少参考男性的精子受精成功进行了评价。根据法，进攻或防卫的类型，估计精子的竞争能力，通过分数P 1，P 2。 P1和P 2只能取0和1之间的值。中间值通常被解释为间接证据的精子混合，这意味着一个生理情况下涉及直接的精子竞争。同样的理由也可以解释为，极端值强差的精子竞争能力的证据。早期研究表明，在D P 2 果蝇超过0.8，随着时间两者之间的交配延长7。此相同的实验设计已被用于在其他果蝇 ，P 2是常用的统计研究，以评估精子竞争力20。对于大多数种，菌株的P 2值高于0.6 21。然而，不同男性的精子之间的直接竞争无关的其他一些机制可以产生相同的分数（见讨论）。 ð通过使用由所述第一或第二男性与配istinguishing后代能够容易识别的标记。在早期的研究中，男性在亚致死剂量的照射，例如，X射线，使得几乎所有的卵子照射的精子受精失败孵化7。随后，基因突变改变眼部色素沉着或机翼形状是最常用的标记。前者的例子是突变体重 （ 棕色）9，CN（朱砂 ）22 和 w（ 白色 ）23，而突变循环 （ 卷发 ）24对应的第二个不同的表型，这些突变，已被合并在同一个人， 如CN体重 。程度较轻，25位酶和微26,27与已知的遗传模式也被使用。 设计的实验测试的差异这里描述的精子竞争能力如下实质上是克拉克等人 9。来自这些实验结果给出的信息仅差分侍正在审议的实验的男性类型。检测也作出拨备健身14,28和精子的可视化技术24受精后的差异使精子能力的差异被解释为在P 1（或P 2）破门得分的差异。 图1概括了双方的进攻和防御检测的理由。为了说明物流过程中的罪行进行的实验在D果蝇 14将进行详细说明。这种特殊的罪行检测被用于测试可衡量效果的精子特异性基因家族动力蛋白中间链（SDIC）对精子的竞争能力。所有成员s的这个基因家族位于X染色体上的串联。淘汰赛男性产生通过删除国投集群。由于删除的板块还包括必要的的基因短翼（SW），研究的目的是评估的相关性， 国投 ， 国投-SW缺失的男性携带被救出由转基因副本SW（标志为P {SW} 2号染色体上，还进行了一个小型记者白基因）。眼睛颜色被用来作为一个可见的标记亲子鉴定。所有的苍蝇在白色突变的背景，除了那些从应变俄勒冈-R，它被用来作为参考男性。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Amber latex tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>62996-473</td>
			<td>1/4 inch ID, 1/6 inch Wall</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1 ml graduated XL filter tips</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1126-7810</td>
			<td>Any 1 ml pipette tip can be used but semi-transparent and long tips are better as a fly receiver. If filter tips are used, poke out and discard the filter using a needle after the tip end is trimmed</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P-7793</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Mesh Fabric</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Thin and smooth</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>S6D</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CO2 Tank</td>
			<td>Airgas</td>
			<td>CD-50</td>
			<td>Use FlyNap (Carolina Biological Supply Company) as an alternative if CO2 is not available</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FlyStuff Foot Valve, complete system</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>59-121C</td>
			<td>Not necessary if FlyNap is used</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Plastic vials</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>32-109</td>
			<td>Come with carboard trays that can be reused for holding vials</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cotton balls</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-212</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Active dry yeast</td>
			<td>Red Star</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Found in general grocery store</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Sharpie markers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Different colors may be used for marking different genotypes</td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

assessing differences in sperm competitive ability in drosophila

卵子受精的同种雄性之间的竞争性选择的机制之一， 即选择上运行的数量最大化，成功交配事件，而不是最大化的生存和活力1。精子竞争代表相同的女2，他们的精子是在时间和空间上的巧合交配后，雄性之间的竞争。这一现象已在多种植物和动物物种的3。例如，野生捕捞D.果蝇女性通常含有精子2-3名男性4。精子被储存在专门机关与有限的存储容量，这可能会导致直接的竞争，从不同男性的精子2,5。 权益（实验的男性类型）不同的男性的精子竞争能力的比较，通过控制双交配实验技术已执行在实验室6,7日ts。简单地说，一个单一的女性露出两个不同的男性连续的，一个实验的男性和一个交叉配合参考男性。相同的交配计划是随后使用其他实验的男性类型，从而促进他们的精子的竞争能力，通过一个共同的参考间接比较。父亲的实验和参考男性的个人的分数是确定使用的标记，它允许一个估计精子的竞争能力，用简单的数学表达式7,8。此外，精子的竞争能力，可以估算在两种不同的情况，根据实验的男性是否是第二或第一的队友（进攻和防守法，分别）9，被认为是反映不同的能力属性。 在这里，我们描述了一种方法，有助于询问不同的遗传因素的作用公认的基础吨他现象D.精子的竞争能力果蝇 。

表2总结了两个罪行实验（化验1和2）的一些主要特征，其中D。 （I和II型），分别的功能国投集群与无果蝇实验的男性相比，14。考虑后遇到一些重复的不同发病率58-83％的女性被认为是信息，因此他们的后代可以用于计算P 2侍计数。非参数检验的结果是一致的，男性精子的竞争能力，而不的国投集群（II型）相比，男性与完整的集群（I型<su...

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Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

差分精子之间的竞争能力<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;男性不同的基因型，可以通过双交配实验确定。这些实验中的每一个都涉及到一个感兴趣的男性和一个参​​考男性。后代中易于识别的标记允许每个男性父亲的个人分数的推论。

评估精子竞争能力的差异<em&gt;果蝇</em

Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e. selection that operates on maximizing the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

荧光原位杂交（FISH）的议定书“在人类精子

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

科研

生物学

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

电子显微镜对胚胎的制备果蝇胚胎心管

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

技术成像钙 2 +信号在人类精子

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

膜片钳和灌注技术研究离子通道的表达爪蟾卵母细胞

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm

分离和<em在体外激活线虫精子

Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

影像生活细胞的形状变化果蝇胚胎

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

凋亡细胞清除过程中实时成像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎发育

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

Visualizing and Tracking Endogenous mRNAs in Live Drosophila melanogaster Egg Chambers

可视化和跟踪活果蝇黑色素细胞卵室的内源性 mRNA

Fluorescence-based imaging techniques, in combination with developments in light microscopy, have revolutionized how cell biologists conduct live cell ...

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm

中通量筛选法评估对精子中 ca2 +信号和反应的影响

Ca2+-signaling is essential to normal sperm cell function and male fertility. Similarly, the acrosome reaction is vital for the ability of a human sperm ...

Assessing the Age-Specific Phagocytic Ability of Adult Drosophila melanogaster Hemocytes using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

Assessing the Age-Specific Phagocytic Ability of Adult Drosophila melanogaster Hemocytes using an In Vivo Phagocytosis Assay

使用 Vivo 法戈西西亚赛评估成人嗜血杆菌黑色粒细胞的年龄特异性噬细胞能力

Phagocytosis is an essential function of the innate immune response. This process is carried out by phagocytic hemocytes whose primary function is to ...