Name: matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometric analysis of intact proteins larger than 100 kda
Uploaded: 2013-09-09T13:00:00
Duration: 7 min 49 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Intact Proteins Larger than 100 kDa at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Christophe Masselon (iRTV, CEA, Grenoble) and members of the Viral Infection and Cancer Group at the IBS, for their critical evaluation of the manuscript and for useful discussions. We are grateful to Cyril Dian for the kind gift of the protein Crm1. This scientific work took place in the mass spectrometry facility of Grenoble Instruct Centre (ISBG; UMS 3518 CNRS-CEA-UJF-EMBL). It was financially supported by the French Infrastructure for Integrated Structural Biology Initiative (FRISBI, ANR-10-INSB-05-02), GRAL (ANR-10-LABX-49-01) [within the Grenoble Partnership for Structural Biology] and by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).

1. Protein Sample Preparation: Buffer Exchange (Optional)
5-25 &#956;l of micromolar concentrations of protein (1 to 20 &#956;M) are necessary. Buffer exchange can be carried out using centrifugal ultrafiltration devices (e.g. Vivaspin, Sartorius) or microcentrifuge gel filtration columns (e.g., Micro Bio-Spin 6 chromatography columns, Bio-Rad) 29,30. Buffer exchange steps can be repeated 2-3x . Detailed description of buffer exchange was previously presented 29,30. For example, we utilize 20 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (i.e. Tris) pH 8 as final buffer.
Note: This step could be omitted in many cases. It should be carried out when a protein sample contains molecules or buffers that could strongly interfere with MS detection [e.g. glycerol; 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, HEPES]. It is also useful to improve the quality of the spectra.
2. Recrystallization of Matrices in Order to Improve Their Purity (Optional)
<ol>
	<li>Pour 10 ml of 40% ethanol (EtOH) into a Pyrex flask.</li>
	<li>Add 600 mg of a matrix.</li>
	<li>Using a water bath and a resistance heater, warm the matrix solution and stir it until the matrix is completely dissolved using a glass rod or a magnetic stirrer.</li>
	<li>Repeat step 2 until you have a saturated solution.</li>
</ol>
Note: Using a too large volume of solvent or dissolving the matrix far below the boiling point of the solution will cause a poor yield of crystals or no crystals at all.
<ol start="5">
	<li>Allow the solution to cool slowly. You can leave it at room temperature for several hours and then at 4 &#176;C overnight. Note: if crystals are not formed, crystallization can be induced by scratching the inside of the beaker (just below the solution surface) using a glass stirring rod.</li>
	<li>Collect the matrix crystals by filtration.</li>
	<li>Rinse the crystals with a minimum amount of ice-cold solvent and filtrate them.</li>
	<li>Allow the crystals to dry. You can use vacuum for this step.</li>
</ol>
3. Cleaning of MALDI Stainless Steel Target
<ol>
	<li>Rinse the MALDI plate with methanol (MeOH) and wipe gently with a cleaning tissue specially made for laboratory applications (e.g. Kimwipe).</li>
	<li>Rinse the target with H2O and wipe it with a cleaning tissue.</li>
	<li>Insert the MALDI plate in a 600 ml beaker and cover it with 50% EtOH.</li>
	<li>Sonicate the target in the EtOH solution for 10 min in an ultrasonic bath.</li>
	<li>If there are residues remaining on the plate, repeat the steps 1-4 once again.</li>
	<li>Finally, rinse the target with MeOH (or with water, see the note below), tilt it in a way that all the liquid is collected on a cleaning tissue. Let the target dry at room temperature or using a nitrogen-gas flow.</li>
</ol>
Note: A similar procedure was previously described 15.
Note: The solvent (MeOH or water) used for the last rinsing of the target determines some target features. If the target is rinsed with MeOH, the sample spreads on the target much more than when using water.
4. &#945;-CHCA Thin Layer Solution: Preparation and Deposition on the MALDI Target
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve &#945;-CHCA in acetone in order to make a saturated solution.</li>
	<li>By hand (without any pipette) dip a 10 &#956;l tip (e.g. GELoader Tip, Eppendorf) in &#945;-CHCA saturated solution: a small amount of the solution will flow in the tip (due to capillarity).</li>
	<li>Touch very rapidly (i.e. 1 sec) the MALDI target with pipette tip and deposit the &#945;-CHCA acetone solution on the MALDI target. This will constitute the matrix thin layer, where the protein sample will be deposited. Try to generate a thin layer spot as small as possible.</li>
</ol>
Note: When using SA as matrix, we prepare a thin layer using a saturated solution of SA in acetone.
5. Preparation of Matrix Solutions: SA, &#945;-CHCA, DHB, and CHCA_DHB Mixture 25
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a 20 mg/ml SA solution in ACN, 0.1% TFA (70:30, vol/vol).</li>
	<li>Prepare 20 mg/ml &#945;-CHCA solution in ACN and 5% formic acid (70:30, vol/vol) [named as &#34;&#945;-CHCA solution&#34;].</li>
	<li>Prepare a 20 mg/ml DHB solution in ACN and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (70:30, vol/vol) [named as &#34;DHB solution&#34;].</li>
	<li>Mix &#34;&#945;-CHCA solution&#34; and &#34;DHB solution&#34; in 1:1 ratio (vol/vol), to obtain the &#34;CHCA_DHB solution&#34;.</li>
</ol>
Note: One can mix &#34;&#945;-CHCA solution&#34; and &#34;DHB solution&#34; in different ratios, when analyzing proteins with mass less than 100 kDa. For example a ratio of 40:60 between &#945;-CHCA and DHB (vol/vol) yields a better resolution, but less sensitivity (see discussion).
6. Sample Deposition on the MALDI Target
<ol>
	<li>Deposit 0.5 &#956;l of the protein sample on the previously prepared &#945;-CHCA thin layer. Immediately after that, add 0.5 &#956;l of the matrix solution (i.e. the SA solution or the &#945;-CHCA solution or the &#34;CHCA_DHB mix&#34;). This implies mixing the sample and the matrix on the target.</li>
</ol>
Note: Usually one mixes the protein sample with the matrix in a 1:1 ratio. This ratio is critical for the good quality of the MALDI spectra. If you would like to test different sample concentrations, you can use the ACN_formic acid solution (described above) to dilute the sample.
Note: If you prefer, you can mix the sample and the matrix in a tube and then deposit the mixed &#34;sample_matrix solution&#34; on the thin layer.
Note: We suggest you to test different sample concentrations because diluting the sample allows you to reduce the interference of contaminants. To dilute the sample, you can use the ACN_formic acid solution (described above) to dilute the sample.
7. Calibrant Deposition
<ol>
	<li>Deposit 0.5 &#956;l of the calibrant standard (e.g. &#34;protein standard II&#34;, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen) then add 0.5 &#956;l of the matrix solution.</li>
</ol>
Note: Load the calibrant on the MALDI plate next to the protein sample spots (see discussion).
8. MALDI Spectra Acquisition of Calibrant and Protein Samples
Once the samples and the calibrant are dried, you can observe the &#34;spots&#34; under a microscope. This observation is optional and may be interesting mainly to novices. To acquire the sample spectra, insert the target in the MALDI-TOF instrument and choose the appropriate instrumental parameters which are different for each type of equipment. To get the most appropriate setup one should follow the manufacturer recommendations. As general considerations when analyzing intact proteins, one should use the instrument in linear mode (not in reflector mode, which is appropriate for peptides analyses). Normally we utilize our instrument in positive-ion mode. Moreover, a key parameter is the &#34;pulsed ion extraction&#34; which improves the instrumental resolution 31. In simple terms, the &#34;pulsed ion extraction&#34; can be defined as a pause between the generation of the sample ions and the time when the ions are accelerated toward the detector. When analyzing intact proteins, one should utilize&#160;a &#34;pulsed ion extraction&#34; (e.g. 500 nsec) larger than when observing peptides (e.g. 80 nsec).
Choose the appropriate m/z range, acquire the spectra of the calibrant, and calibrate the instrument. When you acquire the spectra of your samples, use the appropriate laser intensity (see discussion).

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No conflicts of interest declared.

We presented a detail protocol to acquire high quality mass spectra of large intact proteins with molecular weights larger than 100 kDa, using a MALDI-TOF instrument. A number of critical aspects concerning the sample preparation should be carefully considered in order to improve the quality of the mass spectra. Matrices and solvents of high purity are of critical importance because all the contaminants present in the matrices and solvents are concentrated on the MALDI target after solvent evaporation. In order to enhance the purity of the MALDI matrices it is possible to purify them using classical recrystallization methods (see above). We also recommend&#160;freshly preparing the matrices solutions (at least once a week) to ameliorate the matrix crystallization and to avoid matrix degradation.
The matrix deposition approach is very critical for the final quality of the spectra. As described above, the thin layer method is our method of choice 12. Moreover, we optimized the approach for depositing the first layer. When the matrix is dissolved in acetone to obtain a saturated solution, the propanone allows fast evaporation of the solvent, but also makes the size of the first layer very difficult to control. We suggest using a GELoader tip as little brush that you dip in the matrix_acetone solution to get a minimum volume which you quickly deposit on the target. The size of the first layer somehow controls the final size of the MALDI spot: a small spot (i.e. 0.5-0.75 mm of diameter) is preferable because in this case the sample concentration is higher than in the case of a large spot. Obtaining a small spot differs from the ultra-thin layer approach previously proposed in a JoVE video 15. In Fenyo et al. the thin layer solution is spread all over the MALDI target using the side of a pipette tip. This approach requires testing the thin layer which should satisfy specific criteria (e.g. speed of solvent evaporation). If the criterion is not met, the MALDI target should be washed and a new thin layer should be prepared. This makes the preparation quite laborious for a novice. Furthermore, the deposition of sample/matrix mixture on the plate requires the aspiration of the excess solvent using a vacuum line and a washing step using TFA15 is necessary, making the Fenyo et al. preparation a bit more difficult than our approach.
The volume ratio between the matrix and the sample is quite important for a successful analysis of intact proteins by MALDI-TOF. After testing different ratios we suggest to use a 1:1 ratio. A different matrix:sample proportion could compromise the quality of the spectra, probably due to inhomogeneous crystallization. The order in which matrix and sample are deposited is also critical. After depositing the matrix thin layer, the sample is deposited and immediately after (before the sample spot becomes dry) the CHCA_DHB mixture is added. This procedure has been defined as &#34;sandwich method&#34; 27, where the sample alone is deposited between two matrix layers. As an alternative, the CHCA_DHB solution and the sample can be mixed in 0.5 ml tube and then spotted on the CHCA thin layer 12. This yields a spot with a homogenous layer of crystals resulting in high quality spectra. When analyzing proteins with a mass lower than 100 kDa, the concentration of DHB can be increased (e.g. 60:40 DHB:CHCA); this can produce sharper peak, but could compromise the measurement sensitivity (i.e. less intense peaks).
For a correct instrument calibration, it is essential to deposit the calibrant standards very close to the sample spots, allowing one to obtain a better mass accuracy. A &#34;pseudo-internal calibration procedure&#34; was previously suggested 15: after the acquisition of a sample spectrum, the calibrant spot is laser shot and signal of the calibrant are added to the sample spectrum. This allows you to internally calibrate the sample spectrum using the calibrant peaks.
The laser energy should be also carefully controlled during the spectra acquisition. In most cases, higher energy increases the sensitivity, but lowers the resolution. We suggest using the minimum possible laser energy without compromising the sensitivity of the acquisition. Moreover, to improve spectral quality, one can acquire more shots on each sample spot. Normally the more shots you acquire (1,000-2,000 shots), the higher the intensity of the signal. When hitting the spot with the laser, one needs to find the right position (i.e. &#34;sweet spot&#34;), since the sample is not homogenously distributed. You can shoot on the same area until the signal is increasing, and then try to find another area containing the sample.
In conclusion, high purity of matrices and solvents, the methods used for sample and matrices deposition on the target, the position of the standards used for calibration, the intensity of laser energy, the time of acquisition (number of shots/spot) are critical factors that one should take into account when analyzing intact proteins by MALDI-TOF MS.
Author Contributions
L.S. and E.B.E. designed the experiments, performed the mass spectrometry experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.

Structural biology relies on the production of high quality proteins 1 and therefore needs to be coupled with efficient and reliable techniques for protein analysis 2,3. In our mass spectrometry (MS) laboratory within an institute of structural biology we need to confirm primary sequence of proteins, evaluate the presence of mutations and posttranslational modifications, the degradation of proteins, the sample homogeneity, and the quality of isotopic labelling (e.g. deuterated proteins for nuclear magnetic resonance studies4). Since structural biologists use limited proteolysis to distinguish structurally rigid domains from flexible parts, we need to reliably characterize such truncated proteins using MS.
When biomolecules are analyzed by MS, two possible approaches are utilized to softly ionize such heavy and labile molecules. Electrospray ionization (ESI) ionizes molecules directly from the liquid phase 5; matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) requires that the biomolecules are co-crystallized with ultraviolet-absorbing organic molecules (i.e. matrix molecules) 6.
ESI time-of-flight (TOF) MS coupled to liquid chromatography has become a routine technique for the analysis of intact proteins, because it allows mass determination with high accuracy (&#8804; 50 ppm). However, it is quite susceptible to the composition of the sample buffer (in particular to salts and detergents) and to contaminants (i.e. polymers) which are sometimes difficult to eliminate, causing the suppression of the analyte signal.
MALDI-TOF MS represents an effective alternative to ESI-MS because its performance is less affected by buffer components, detergents, and contaminants, and allows intact protein mass determination with sufficient accuracy (&#8804; 500 ppm) for sequence validation. After protein digestion, MALDI-TOF MS can be also utilized to analyze the obtained peptides for further primary sequence confirmation by the so-called &#34;peptide mass fingerprinting&#34;.
In our hands, the mass determination of intact proteins, which are larger than 100 kDa and heterogeneous (due to modifications or truncations), is easier by MALDI-MS than by ESI-MS. This is due to the lack of overlapping charge state distributions present in ESI spectra. Moreover, since the MALDI process is not dependent of the analyte size7, such method yields high sensitivity when a biomolecule mass is above 100 kDa. Remarkable analyses of intact proteins were carried out using home-made instruments between the end of the 1980&#39;s and the beginning of the 1990&#39;s8-11.
MALDI-TOF can be also used as a screening tool to evaluate the quality of protein samples because it requires less time for sample preparation and is less susceptible to interferences due to common impurities (e.g. salts). After a first, quick evaluation by MALDI-MS, a sample can be further analyzed by ESI-TOF to determine its mass with higher accuracy. Furthermore, MALDI generates ions containing fewer charges than ESI and therefore acquiring and interpreting MALDI data is more straightforward. This allows students working in structural biology to analyze their recombinant proteins just after a brief training.
Two key factors influence the quality of the MALDI spectra: the matrix and the technique used for the matrix deposition (e.g. dried droplet 8 and thin layer 12-16,17,18). A single organic matrix [e.g. sinapinic acid (SA) 19-21 or &#945;-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (&#945;-CHCA) 14,22,23] is often used for the MS examination of intact proteins and cross-linked protein complexes. Using &#945;-CHCA, Chait group previously presented a detailed protocol for preparing an ultra thin layer prior to MALDI analysis of soluble and membrane proteins14,15. Recently, Gorka et al. illustrated the graphite-based target coating to improve the MALDI analysis of peptides and proteins using &#945;-CHCA as matrix24.
Here, we present a simple protocol for the analysis of intact proteins by MALDI-TOF MS, utilizing a mixture of two matrices: 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and &#945;-CHCA 25. We systematically evaluated the performance of the DHB-CHCA mix compared to the SA and &#945;-CHCA matrices, for the control of intact proteins. The matrix mixture allows a better resolution (i.e. the protein peaks are much sharper). Moreover, the presence of intense multiple charges ions (i.e. M+2H2+, M+3H3+, etc.) enables a more accurate mass determination because the resolution of axial MALDI-TOF instruments is higher at lower mass over charge (m/z) 26. This is particularly useful for the molecular weight determination of proteins larger than 100 kDa.
Higher sensitivity is also reached using the DHB-CHCA mixture (0.5 pmoles of protein spotted on the MALDI target).
As we mentioned above, an important factor that should be considered when using MALDI instrument is the matrix deposition. Laugesen et al. proposed the use of DHB-CHCA mixture for the first time 25, utilizing the dried droplet deposition. However, we observed better results (e.g. much higher sensitivity) when we utilized the thin layer method where the first layer is formed by the &#945;-CHCA dissolved in acetone. The thin layer method 12,27 implies the formation of a homogeneous substratum of matrix crystals on the MALDI target, which was described in a JoVE&#160;video previously 15. Then, the sample is deposited on this substratum, and finally additional matrix is deposited (see below). In this article, we also illustrate how to deposit the sample on the MALDI target, but also how to clean the target15, to recrystallize, and prepare the matrices.
To conclude we aim to provide all the necessary information for analyzing intact proteins to scientists (in particular, structural biologists) who need to evaluate the quality of produced proteins in a rapid and simple way and who are not so familiar with MALDI-TOF MS. As predicted in mid-1990s28, MS has had an increased impact on biological research, as its accessibility to biologists has increased. We hope that the information we provided will be useful to make MALDI-TOF accessible to biologists and scientists who would like to start using mass spectrometry.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
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			<td>&nbsp;</td>
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			<td>&alpha;-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
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			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>650501</td>
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			<td>2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid</td>
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			<td>39319</td>
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			<td>Protein Standard II</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td>207234</td>
			<td>It contains Trypsinogen, Protein A, Serum Albumin-Bovine</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Immunoglobulin G</td>
			<td>ABSciex</td>
			<td>GEN602151</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Autoflex MALDI-TOF instrument</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MALDI-TOF target</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometric analysis of intact proteins larger than 100 kda

Effectively determining masses of proteins is critical to many biological studies (e.g. for structural biology investigations). Accurate mass determination allows one to evaluate the correctness of protein primary sequences, the presence of mutations and/or post-translational modifications, the possible protein degradation, the sample homogeneity, and the degree of isotope incorporation in case of labelling (e.g. 13C labelling).
Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for mass determination of denatured proteins, but its efficiency is affected by the composition of the sample buffer. In particular, the presence of salts, detergents, and contaminants severely undermines the effectiveness of protein analysis by ESI-MS. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS is an attractive alternative, due to its salt tolerance and the simplicity of data acquisition and interpretation. Moreover, the mass determination of large heterogeneous proteins (bigger than 100 kDa) is easier by MALDI-MS due to the absence of overlapping high charge state distributions which are present in ESI spectra.
Here we present an accessible approach for analyzing proteins larger than 100 kDa by MALDI-time of flight (TOF). We illustrate the advantages of using a mixture of two matrices (i.e. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and &#945;-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) and the utility of the thin layer method as approach for sample deposition. We also discuss the critical role of the matrix and solvent purity, of the standards used for calibration, of the laser energy, and of the acquisition time. Overall, we provide information necessary to a novice for analyzing intact proteins larger than 100 kDa by MALDI-MS.

We analyzed an intact protein (Chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, Crm1; molecular weight: 123,386 Da) using two different matrices, two deposition methods, and the same laser intensity (Figure 1). SA and a CHCA_DHB mixture were utilized as matrices. The mixture yielded mass spectra of higher quality in terms of signal to noise ratio and of sensitivity (Figures 1A and B). In particular, we could detect 0.5 pmoles of protein deposited on the MALDI target (Figure 1C). The same amount of protein was barely detectable using SA (Figure 1D). Moreover, using the matrices mixture, the method of choice for the matrix deposition was the &#34;thin layer&#34; approach (Figure 1A). Using the &#34;dried droplet&#34; method, we did not detect any protein with a mass higher than 100 kDa (data not shown). Utilizing the CHCA_DHB mixture (Figures 1A and 1C), multiply charged ion of the protein were observed, allowing the mass determination with higher accuracy because the peak resolution in axial MALDI-TOF instruments is inversely proportional to the m/z26.
We also analyzed monomeric beta-galactosidase (116,300 Da) (Figure 2). The CHCA_DHB spectra were better than the SA spectra in terms of sensitivity and resolution. Furthermore, the presence of multiply charged ions (M2+, M3+, and M4+) allowed us to confirm the mass of the protein with higher accuracy (Figures 2A and 2C). Using the thin layer approach, we compared the performance of the CHCA_DHB mixture, SA, and &#945;-CHCA alone for the analysis of an immunoglobulin, IgG (148,500 Da) (Figure 3). When we correlate the different data, protein signals were higher and with better resolution in the CHCA_DHB spectra. To conclude, the use of the CHCA_DHB mixture and the thin layer deposition method demonstrated significant improvements in the quality of large intact protein mass spectra acquired using a MALDI-TOF instrument.
<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50635/50635fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50635/50635fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. MALDI-TOF analysis of the intact Chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, (Crm1), molecular weight: 123,386 Da. A) 1 pmole of Crm1 was analyzed using the DHB_CHCA mix as matrix. B) amount: 1 pmole; matrix: SA. C) amount: 0.5 pmole; matrix: DHB_CHCA. D) amount: 0.5 pmole; matrix: SA. The signal of the peaks, expressed in an arbitrary intensity unit scale, is normalized to the maximum value present in each spectrum.
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50635/50635fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50635/50635fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2. MALDI-TOF analysis of intact beta-galactosidase (116,300 Da). A) amount: 20 pmoles; matrix DHB_CHCA. B) amount: 20 pmoles; matrix: SA. C) amount: 5 pmoles; matrix: DHB_CHCA. D) amount: 5 pmoles; matrix: SA.
<img alt="Figure 3" fo:content-width="3.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50635/50635fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50635/50635fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3. MALDI-TOF analysis of an intact immunoglobulin, IgG (148,500 Da); amount: 1.7 pmoles. The spectra obtained using the CHCA_DHB mixture were much more intense (maximum: 8,200 arbitrary unit, au) than the SA spectra (maximum: 1,200 au) and &#945;-CHCA spectra (maximum: 4,500 au).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Intact Proteins Larger than 100 kDa at JoVE.com

Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Intact Proteins Larger than 100 kDa

Accurate mass measurement represents an important step during the investigation of proteins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) can be used for such determination and its key advantage is the tolerance to salts, detergents and contaminants. Here we illustrate an accessible approach for the analysis of proteins larger than 100 kDa by MALDI-MS.

Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Intact Proteins Larger than 100 kDa

Effectively determining masses of proteins is critical to many biological studies (e.g. for structural biology investigations). Accurate mass ...

matrix-assisted-laser-desorptionionization-time-flight-maldi-tof-mass

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Profiling the Triacylglyceride Contents in Bat Integumentary Lipids by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune system that is protective against pathogenic microbes. Abnormal sebum production and chemical composition are also a clinical symptom of specific skin diseases. Sebum contains a complex mixture of lipids, including triacylglycerides, which is species-specific. The broad chemical properties exhibited by diverse lipid classes hinder the specific determination of sebum composition. Analytical techniques for lipids typically require chemical derivatizations that are labor-intensive and increase sample preparation costs. This paper describes how to extract lipids from mammalian integument, separate broad lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography, and profile the triacylglyceride contents using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This robust method enables a direct determination of the triacylglyceride profiles among species and individuals, and it can be readily applied to any taxonomic group of mammals.

Mammalian integument contains solvent-extractable lipids that can provide chemical compositions characteristic of individual species. This paper presents a routine method for separating broad lipid classes isolated from integumentary tissues using thin layer chromatography and determining the triacylglyceride profile by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune ...

Mass Spectrometric Approaches to Study Protein Structure and Interactions in Lyophilized Powders

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (ssHDX-MS) and side-chain photolytic labeling (ssPL-MS) followed by mass spectrometric analysis can be valuable for characterizing lyophilized formulations of protein therapeutics. Labeling followed by suitable proteolytic digestion allows the protein structure and interactions to be mapped with peptide-level resolution. Since the protein structural elements are stabilized by a network of chemical bonds from the main-chains and side-chains of amino acids, specific labeling of atoms in the amino acid residues provides insight into the structure and conformation of the protein. In contrast to routine methods used to study proteins in lyophilized solids (e.g., FTIR), ssHDX-MS and ssPL-MS provide quantitative and site-specific information. The extent of deuterium incorporation and kinetic parameters can be related to rapidly and slowly exchanging amide pools (Nfast, Nslow) and directly reflects the degree of protein folding and structure in lyophilized formulations. Stable photolytic labeling does not undergo back-exchange, an advantage over ssHDX-MS. Here, we provide detailed protocols for both ssHDX-MS and ssPL-MS, using myoglobin (Mb) as a model protein in lyophilized formulations containing either trehalose or sorbitol.

Here, we present detailed protocols for solid-state amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (ssHDX-MS) and solid-state photolytic labeling mass spectrometry (ssPL-MS) for proteins in solid powders. The methods provide high-resolution information on protein conformation and interactions in the amorphous solid-state, which may be useful in formulation design.

Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange (ssHDX-MS) and side-chain photolytic labeling (ssPL-MS) followed by mass spectrometric analysis can be valuable for ...

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental exposure in a non-invasive manner. In this work, we present a protocol to characterize the exhaled VOCs in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (Sec-nanoESI-HRMS). The homemade Sec-nanoESI source was readily set up based on a commercial nanoESI source. Hundreds of peaks were observed in the background-subtracted mass spectra of exhaled breath, and the mass accuracy values are -4.0-13.5 ppm and -20.3-1.3 ppm in the positive and negative ion detection modes, respectively. The peaks were assigned with accurate elemental composition according to the accurate mass and isotopic pattern. Less than 30 s is used for one exhalation measurement, and it takes approximately 7 min for six replicated measurements.

A protocol for characterizing chemical composition of exhaled breath in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry is demonstrated.

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental ...

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group analysis as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This tutorial demonstrates methods for optimization of the sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis of synthetic polymers using MALDI-TOF MS. Critical parameters during sample preparation include the selection of the matrix, identification of an appropriate cationization salt, and tuning the relative proportions of the matrix, cation, and analyte. The acquisition parameters, such as mode (linear or reflector), polarization (positive or negative), acceleration voltage, and delay time, are also important. Given some knowledge of the chemistry involved to synthesize the polymer and optimizing both the data acquisition parameters and the sample preparation conditions, spectra should be obtained with sufficient resolution and mass accuracy to enable the unambiguous determination of the end groups of most homopolymers (masses below 10,000) in addition to the repeat unit mass and the overall molecular weight distribution. Though demonstrated on a limited set of polymers, these general techniques are applicable to a much wider range of synthetic polymers for determining mass distributions, though end group determination is only possible for homopolymers with narrow dispersity.

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) characterization of synthetic polymers is described including the optimization of sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis.

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group ...

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS is the method of choice in carbohydrate analysis, poor ion signal and data reproducibility of carbohydrate samples continue to be severe problems. For quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, an effective analytical protocol providing superior data quality is necessary. This video demonstrates sample preparation protocols to improve signal intensity and minimize data variation of carbohydrates in MALDI-MS. After drying and crystallization of sample droplets, the crystal morphology is reformed by methanol before mass spectrometric analysis. The enhancement in carbohydrate signal is examined with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Experimental results show that crystal reformation adjusts crystalline structures and redistributes carbohydrate analytes. In comparison with the dried droplet preparation method in conventional MALDI-MS, reforming carbohydrate crystal morphologies with methanol shows significantly better signal intensity, ion image distribution, and data stability. Since the protocols demonstrated herein do not involve changes in sample composition, they are generally applicable to various carbohydrates and matrixes.

A protocol for enhancing carbohydrate ion signals in MALDI mass spectrometry by reforming crystalline structures during sample preparation processes is demonstrated.

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ...

Imaging Corrosion at the Metal-Paint Interface Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Corrosion developed at the paint and aluminum (Al) metal-paint interface of an aluminum alloy is analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), illustrating that SIMS is a suitable technique to study the chemical distribution at a metal-paint interface. The painted Al alloy coupons are immersed in a salt solution or exposed to air only. SIMS provides chemical mapping and 2D molecular imaging of the interface, allowing direct visualization of the morphology of the corrosion products formed at the metal-paint interface and mapping of the chemical after corrosion occurs. The experimental procedure of this method is presented to provide technical details to facilitate similar research and highlight pitfalls that may be encountered during such experiments.

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is applied to demonstrate the chemical mapping and corrosion morphology at the metal-paint interface of an aluminum alloy after being exposed to a salt solution compared with a specimen exposed to air.

Corrosion developed at the paint and aluminum (Al) metal-paint interface of an aluminum alloy is analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass ...

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) of complex molecules and their reactions on surfaces. DINeC is based on a beam of SO2 clusters impacting on the sample surface at low cluster energy. During cluster-surface impact, some of the surface molecules are desorbed and ionized via dissolvation in the impacting cluster; as a result of this dissolvation-mediated desorption mechanism, low cluster energy is sufficient and the desorption process is extremely soft. Both surface adsorbates and molecules of which the surface is composed of can be analyzed. Clear and fragmentation-free spectra from complex molecules such as peptides and proteins are obtained. DINeC does not require any special sample preparation, in particular no matrix has to be applied. The method yields quantitative information on the composition of the samples; molecules at a surface coverage as low as 0.1 % of a monolayer can be detected. Surface reactions such as H/D exchange or thermal decomposition can be observed in real-time and the kinetics of the reactions can be deduced. Using a pulsed nozzle for cluster beam generation, DINeC can be efficiently combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. The matrix-free and soft nature of the DINeC process in combination with the MSn capabilities of the ion trap allows for very detailed and unambiguous analysis of the chemical composition of complex organic samples and organic adsorbates on surfaces.

Neutral SO2 clusters of low kinetic energy (&#60; 0.8 eV/constituent) are used to desorb complex surface molecules such as peptides or lipids for further analysis by means of mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. No special sample preparation is required, and real-time observation of reactions is possible.

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass ...

Identification of Antibacterial Immunity Proteins in Escherichia coli using MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS and Top-Down Proteomic Analysis

This protocol identifies the immunity proteins of the bactericidal enzymes: colicin E3 and bacteriocin, produced by a pathogenic Escherichia coli strain using antibiotic induction, and identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF tandem mass spectrometry and top-down proteomic analysis with software developed in-house. The immunity protein of colicin E3 (Im3) and the immunity protein of bacteriocin (Im-Bac) were identified from prominent b- and/or y-type fragment ions generated by the polypeptide backbone cleavage (PBC) on the C-terminal side of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and asparagine residues by the aspartic acid effect fragmentation mechanism. The software rapidly scans in silico protein sequences derived from the whole genome sequencing of the bacterial strain. The software also iteratively removes amino acid residues of a protein sequence in the event that the mature protein sequence is truncated. A single protein sequence possessed mass and fragment ions consistent with those detected for each immunity protein. The candidate sequence was then manually inspected to confirm that all detected fragment ions could be assigned. The N-terminal methionine of Im3 was post-translationally removed, whereas Im-Bac had the complete sequence. In addition, we found that only two or three non-complementary fragment ions formed by PBC are necessary to identify the correct protein sequence. Finally, a promoter (SOS box) was identified upstream of the antibacterial and immunity genes in a plasmid genome of the bacterial strain.

Identification of Antibacterial Immunity Proteins in Escherichia coli using MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS/MS and Top-Down Proteomic Analysis

Here we present a protocol for the rapid identification of proteins produced by genomically sequenced pathogenic bacteria using MALDI-TOF-TOF tandem mass spectrometry and top-down proteomic analysis with software developed in-house. Metastable protein ions fragment because of the aspartic acid effect and this specificity is exploited for protein identification.

This protocol identifies the immunity proteins of the bactericidal enzymes: colicin E3 and bacteriocin, produced by a pathogenic Escherichia coli strain ...

Capillary Electrophoresis-based Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange for Conformational Characterization of Proteins with Top-down Mass Spectrometry

Resolving conformational heterogeneity of multiple protein states that coexist in solution remains one of the main obstacles in the characterization of protein therapeutics and the determination of the conformational transition pathways critical for biological functions, ranging from molecular recognition to enzymatic catalysis. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) reaction coupled with top-down mass spectrometric (MS) analysis provides a means to characterize protein higher-order structures and dynamics in a conformer-specific manner. The conformational resolving power of this technique is highly dependent on the efficiencies of separating protein states at the intact protein level and minimizing the residual non-deuterated protic content during the HDX reactions. 
Here we describe a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based variant of the HDX MS approach that aims to improve the conformational resolution. In this approach, proteins undergo HDX reactions while migrating through a deuterated background electrolyte solution (BGE) during the capillary electrophoretic separation. Different protein states or proteoforms that coexist in solution can be efficiently separated based on their differing charge-to-size ratios. The difference in electrophoretic mobility between proteins and protic solvent molecules minimizes the residual non-deuterated solvent, resulting in a nearly complete deuterating environment during the HDX process. The flow-through microvial CE-MS interface allows efficient electrospray ionization of the eluted protein species following a rapid mixing with the quenching and denaturing modifier solution at the outlet of the sprayer. The online top-down MS analysis measures the global deuteration level of the eluted intact protein species, and subsequently, the deuteration of their gas-phase fragments. This paper demonstrates this approach in differential HDX for systems, including the natural protein variants coexisting in milk.

Presented here is a protocol for a capillary electrophoresis-based hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) approach coupled with top-down mass spectrometry. This approach characterizes the difference in higher-order structures between different protein species, including proteins in different states and different proteoforms, by conducting concurrent differential HDX and electrophoretic separation.

Resolving conformational heterogeneity of multiple protein states that coexist in solution remains one of the main obstacles in the characterization of ...

Multi-Faceted Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Neuropeptides in Callinectes sapidus

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules that regulate almost all physiological and behavioral processes, such as development, reproduction, food intake, and response to external stressors. Yet, the biochemical mechanisms and full complement of neuropeptides and their functional roles remain poorly understood. Characterization of these endogenous peptides is hindered by the immense diversity within this class of signaling molecules. Additionally, neuropeptides are bioactive at concentrations 100x - 1000x lower than that of neurotransmitters and are prone to enzymatic degradation after synaptic release. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a highly sensitive analytical tool that can identify, quantify, and localize analytes without comprehensive a priori knowledge. It is well-suited for globally profiling neuropeptides and aiding in the discovery of novel peptides. Due to the low abundance and high chemical diversity of this class of peptides, several sample preparation methods, MS acquisition parameters, and data analysis strategies have been adapted from proteomics techniques to allow optimal neuropeptide characterization. Here, methods are described for isolating neuropeptides from complex biological tissues for sequence characterization, quantitation, and localization using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS. A protocol for preparing a neuropeptide database from the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, an organism without comprehensive genomic information, is included. These workflows can be adapted to study other classes of endogenous peptides in different species using a variety of instruments.

Multi-Faceted Mass Spectrometric Investigation of Neuropeptides in Callinectes sapidus

Mass spectrometric characterization of neuropeptides provides sequence, quantitation, and localization information. This optimized workflow is not only useful for neuropeptide studies, but also other endogenous peptides. The protocols provided here describe sample preparation, MS acquisition, MS analysis, and database generation of neuropeptides using LC-ESI-MS, MALDI-MS spotting, and MALDI-MS imaging.

Neuropeptides are signaling molecules that regulate almost all physiological and behavioral processes, such as development, reproduction, food intake, and ...