Name: fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and gaba: a useful tool to investigate synaptic integration
Uploaded: 2013-07-31T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration at JoVE.com

我们感谢汉斯·莱纳圩田，马丁FUHRMANN和沃克杰克逊仔细阅读手稿。北莱茵 - 威斯特伐利亚州（SR），BMBF的Projekträger的DLR美中德合作在计算神经科学（CRCNS SR），在神经退行性疾病中的卓越中心（COEN研究MIWF的，由财政部提供的资金; SR），波恩大学校内资助计划（BONFOR SR）。

1。系统要求<ol><li>显微镜系统：枝晶的适合的可视化是至关重要的。如果可用，使用双光子激光扫描显微镜系统。在我们的实验中，我们使用了TRIM范围II LaVision生物技术，比勒费尔德，德国以及一个Ultima IV系统，草原科技，米德尔顿，威斯康星配备钛：蓝宝石超快脉冲激光，相干（变色龙超二）和高NA物镜（60X，0.9的NA，奥​​林巴斯）的可视化充满了补丁吸管通过用荧光染料的树突。虽然被认...

<ol>
	<li>Megias, M., Emri, Z., Freund, T. F., Gulyas, A. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+number+and+distribution+of+inhibitory+and+excitatory+synapses+on+hippocampal+CA1+pyramidal+cells.">Total number and distribution of inhibitory and excitatory synapses on hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells.</a> Neuroscience. 102, 527-540 (2001).</li><li>Gasparini, S., Migliore, M., Magee, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+initiation+and+propagation+of+dendritic+spikes+in+CA1+pyramidal+neurons.">On the initiation and propagation of dendritic spikes in CA1 pyramidal neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. 24, 11046-11056 (2004).</li><li>Losonczy, A., Magee, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+properties+of+radial+oblique+dendrites+in+hippocampal+CA1+pyramidal+neurons.">Integrative properties of radial oblique dendrites in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons.</a> Neuron. 50, 291-307 (2006).</li><li>Remy, S., Csicsvari, J., Beck, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-dependent+control+of+neuronal+output+by+local+and+global+dendritic+spike+attenuation.">Activity-dependent control of neuronal output by local and global dendritic spike attenuation.</a> Neuron. 61, 906-916 (2009).</li><li>Stuart, G., Schiller, J., Sakmann, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+potential+initiation+and+propagation+in+rat+neocortical+pyramidal+neurons.">Action potential initiation and propagation in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons.</a> J. Physiol. 505 (Pt. 3), 617-632 (1997).</li><li>Magee, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+integration+of+excitatory+synaptic+input.">Dendritic integration of excitatory synaptic input.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 1, 181-190 (2000).</li><li>Amaral, D. G., Witter, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+three-dimensional+organization+of+the+hippocampal+formation:+a+review+of+anatomical+data.">The three-dimensional organization of the hippocampal formation: a review of anatomical data.</a> Neuroscience. 31, 571-591 (1989).</li><li>Miles, R., Toth, K., Gulyas, A. I., Hajos, N., Freund, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+between+somatic+and+dendritic+inhibition+in+the+hippocampus.">Differences between somatic and dendritic inhibition in the hippocampus.</a> Neuron. 16, 815-823 (1996).</li><li>Muller, C., Beck, H., Coulter, D., Remy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+control+of+linear+and+supralinear+dendritic+excitation+in+CA1+pyramidal+neurons.">Inhibitory control of linear and supralinear dendritic excitation in CA1 pyramidal neurons.</a> Neuron. 75, 851-864 (2012).</li><li>Murnick, J. G., Dube, G., Krupa, B., Liu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+iontophoresis+for+single-synapse+stimulation.">High-resolution iontophoresis for single-synapse stimulation.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 116, 65-75 (2002).</li><li>Liu, G., Choi, S., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+of+neurotransmitter+concentration+and+nonsaturation+of+postsynaptic+AMPA+receptors+at+synapses+in+hippocampal+cultures+and+slices.">Variability of neurotransmitter concentration and nonsaturation of postsynaptic AMPA receptors at synapses in hippocampal cultures and slices.</a> Neuron. 22, 395-409 (1999).</li><li>Renger, J. J., Egles, C., Liu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+developmental+switch+in+neurotransmitter+flux+enhances+synaptic+efficacy+by+affecting+AMPA+receptor+activation.">A developmental switch in neurotransmitter flux enhances synaptic efficacy by affecting AMPA receptor activation.</a> Neuron. 29, (2001).</li><li>Heine, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+mobility+of+postsynaptic+AMPARs+tunes+synaptic+transmission.">Surface mobility of postsynaptic AMPARs tunes synaptic transmission.</a> Science. 320, 201-205 (2008).</li><li>Somogyi, P., Klausberger, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defined+types+of+cortical+interneurone+structure+space+and+spike+timing+in+the+hippocampus.">Defined types of cortical interneurone structure space and spike timing in the hippocampus.</a> J. Physiol. 562, 9-26 (2005).</li><li>Pugh, J. R., Jahr, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+GABAA+receptors+increase+cerebellar+granule+cell+excitability+and+synaptic+activity.">Axonal GABAA receptors increase cerebellar granule cell excitability and synaptic activity.</a> J. Neurosci. 31, 565-574 (2011).</li><li>Mozrzymas, J. W., Zarnowska, E. D., Pytel, M., Mercik, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+GABA(A)+receptors+by+hydrogen+ions+reveals+synaptic+GABA+transient+and+a+crucial+role+of+the+desensitization+process.">Modulation of GABA(A) receptors by hydrogen ions reveals synaptic GABA transient and a crucial role of the desensitization process.</a> J. Neurosci. 23, 7981-7992 (2003).</li><li>Pasternack, M., Smirnov, S., Kaila, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proton+modulation+of+functionally+distinct+GABAA+receptors+in+acutely+isolated+pyramidal+neurons+of+rat+hippocampus.">Proton modulation of functionally distinct GABAA receptors in acutely isolated pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampus.</a> Neuropharmacology. 35, 1279-1288 (1996).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Single-Channel Recording. , (2009).</li><li>Davie, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+patch-clamp+recording.">Dendritic patch-clamp recording.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1235-1247 (2006).</li><li>Major, G., Polsky, A., Denk, W., Schiller, J., Tank, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporally+graded+NMDA+spike/plateau+potentials+in+basal+dendrites+of+neocortical+pyramidal+neurons.">Spatiotemporally graded NMDA spike/plateau potentials in basal dendrites of neocortical pyramidal neurons.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 99, 2584-2601 (2008).</li><li>Rose, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+pharmacology+and+whole-cell+patch+recording+from+CNS+neurons,+in+vivo.">Combining pharmacology and whole-cell patch recording from CNS neurons, in vivo.</a> J. Neurosci Methods. , (2012).</li><li>Behrends, J. C., Lambert, J. C., Jensen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repetitive+activation+of+postsynaptic+GABA(A+)receptors+by+rapid,+focal+agonist+application+onto+intact+rat+striatal+neurones+in+vitro.">Repetitive activation of postsynaptic GABA(A )receptors by rapid, focal agonist application onto intact rat striatal neurones in vitro.</a> Pflugers Arch. 443, 707-712 (2002).</li><li>Hahnel, C., Kettenmann, H., Grantyn, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Practical Electrophysiological methods. , (1992).</li><li>Wetzel, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+and+sensitivity+of+a+human+olfactory+receptor+functionally+expressed+in+human+embryonic+kidney+293+cells+and+Xenopus+Laevis+oocytes.">Specificity and sensitivity of a human olfactory receptor functionally expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and Xenopus Laevis oocytes.</a> J. Neurosci. 19, 7426-7433 (1999).</li><li>Cash, S., Yuste, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+summation+of+excitatory+inputs+by+CA1+pyramidal+neurons.">Linear summation of excitatory inputs by CA1 pyramidal neurons.</a> Neuron. 22, 383-394 (1999).</li><li>Eccles, J. C., Jaeger, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+between+the+mode+of+operation+and+the+dimensions+of+the+junctional+regions+at+synapses+and+motor+end-organs.">The relationship between the mode of operation and the dimensions of the junctional regions at synapses and motor end-organs.</a> Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 148, 38-56 (1958).</li><li>Kwon, H. B., Sabatini, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+induces+de+novo+growth+of+functional+spines+in+developing+cortex.">Glutamate induces de novo growth of functional spines in developing cortex.</a> Nature. 474, 100-104 (2011).</li><li>Fino, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RuBi-Glutamate:+Two-Photon+and+Visible-Light+Photoactivation+of+Neurons+and+Dendritic+spines.">RuBi-Glutamate: Two-Photon and Visible-Light Photoactivation of Neurons and Dendritic spines.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 3, 2 (2009).</li></ol>

在这里，我们将解释如何应用快速微离子导入神经递质调查树突上突触整合。这项技术已被成功地用于研究谷氨酸和GABA能突触传递不同的大脑区域在体外和体内 9,20-22。微离子导入已使用超过60年，但早年它主要是用于本地应用神经递质和药物缓慢或中间的时间跨度23或微量注射物质进入细胞24。 微离子导入研究树突状集成放大器，这是?...

在中枢神经系统的神经元突触输入接收各种薄与支树枝状突起。在那里，大多数兴奋性树突状输入介导的谷氨酸突触。这些突触可以在空间上分布的方式被激活，导致突触后的线性整合的兴奋性突触后电位（EPSPs）。如果同时被激活突触上的枝晶的空间接近，这些兴奋性输入可以集成超线性生成树突状尖峰2-5。 此外，一体化的兴奋性输入依赖于树突树的位置上的输入。信号到达远端一簇地区的更减毒比近端投入由于电缆滤波6。在海马，根尖一簇树突遥远的投入产生比那些近端dendri的由不同的大脑区域TES 7。因此，一个令人兴奋的问题是，如何突触输入处理不同的树突状车厢和，如果树突状整合调节神经元放电以不同的方式输入这些分层的影响。 不仅功能特性，枝晶的形态特征，输入的位置和聚类影响树突集成的兴奋性输入，也从GABA能终端的附加 ​​的抑制性输入关键谷氨酸突触8,9疗效判定。突触融合这些不同的方面可以理想地使用神经递质微离子导入树突域空间定义的应用程序不同的神经递质，它允许研究。我们在这里展示如何成功地建立微离子导入谷氨酸和GABA信号在神经元整合调查。 对于这种应用，细尖用于高电阻移液管填充用浓神经递质的解决方案。在这些移液管的位置接近的细胞，其中的神经递质受体位于外膜。树突分支的一个很好的可视化是必需的。使用荧光染料，通过补丁吸管介绍，这是最好的实现。然后，在很短的（&lt;1毫秒）的电流脉冲（在范围为10 - 100 nA的）用于喷射带电的神经递质分子。这些短脉冲和有效电容补偿，突触后电位或电流可诱发高时空精度，表示兴奋性输入的位置是精确已知的。谷氨酸微离子电渗疗法可以激活突触在一个确定的半径，即小于6微米，如下所示（ 图1 9），但它也未能达到单决议突触10-12。 海涅，M.， 等 </e米&gt;显示的空间分辨率的快速微离子电渗疗法，甚至可以进行调整，以发现尺寸小于0.5微米，是小于与两光子的uncaging的谷氨酸13定期取得的光斑尺寸。快速微离子导入，能够容易地使用两个或两个以上的离子电渗移液管，并将其放置在树突树的不同，甚至是遥远的斑点。以这种方式，整合的兴奋性的事件，包括从不同的路径，可以进行调查。另外，也可以在同一时间使用谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸的填充离子电渗移液管。以这种方式，在不同的位置，相对于兴奋性输入（的路径中，路径抑制）GABA能抑制效果进行研究。此外，针对特定的神经元域的interneurons抑制的影响，如远端树突，胞体或轴突14，可以使用GABA离子导入。在培养的神经元，快速微离子导入提供了机会，英伟stigate单突触分布的基本方面更详细10,11在神经元突触的沟通。 在这篇文章中，我们详细展示了如何建立使用谷氨酸和GABA离子导入的急性脑切片，允许调查突触融合的兴奋性和抑制性输入的位置输入，输入的优势，以及定时，单独或相互作用的依赖。我们将指出这种技术的优点和局限性以及如何成功地进行故障排除。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two-photon laser scanning microscope (TRIM Scope II), and Ultima IV, Prairie Technologies, Middleton, Wisconsin)</td>
			<td>LaVision Biotec, Bielefeld, Germany</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two-photon laser scanning microscope Ultima IV</td>
			<td>Prairie Technologies, Middleton, Wisconsin, USA</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire ultrafast-pulsed laser</td>
			<td>Chameleon Ultra II, Coherent</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60X Objective, NA 0.9</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss Axioskop 2 FS upright microscope</td>
			<td>TILLPhotonics, Gr&auml;felfing, Germany</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monochromator</td>
			<td>TILLPhotonics, Gr&auml;felfing, Germany</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-iontophoresis system MVCS-02</td>
			<td>NPI Electronics, Tamm, Germany</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sutter puller P-97</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Company, Novato, CA</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass filaments (150 GB F 8P)</td>
			<td>Science Products, Hofheim, Germany</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 hydrazide</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes life technologies</td>
			<td>A-10436</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes life technologies</td>
			<td>A-10438</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8282</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6297</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7903</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5080</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2670</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7528</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K-Gluconate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4500</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES-acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphocreatin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P7936</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8415</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GABA</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5835</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.09137.1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.09108.1000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and gaba: a useful tool to investigate synaptic integration

在神经科学的根本利益之一是理解的兴奋性和抑制性输入以及一体化的结构非常复杂，最终导致神经元动作电位输出轴突树突树。特定突触神经元的输出输入不同的空间和时间参数的影响，目前正在调查， 例如随距离衰减的树突状输入，依赖于位置的互动空间隔离输入，兴奋的集成，线性上GABAergig抑制的影响和非线性集成模式，等等。 具有快速微谷氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸的离子电渗疗法，有可能精确地调查谷氨酸激发和GABA能抑制整合的空间和时间。关键的技术要求是一个触发荧光灯，发光二极管（LED），或双光子SCAnning显微镜可视化树突分支，而不会引入显着的光损伤的组织。此外，这是非常重要的是有一个微离子电渗疗法的放大器，它允许快速电容补偿，高电阻移液器。另一个关键的一点是不由自主地释放移液器在实验过程中没有发射。 一旦建立，这种技术将提供可靠和可重复性高的神经递质信号和位置特异性。相比于谷氨酸和GABA的uncaging的，快速离子导入允许使用两个发射机在同一时间，但在很遥远的地方，没有限制的视野。也有局部电刺激轴突相比的优点：微离子导入输入网站的位置肯定是知道的，这是肯定的，只有利益的神经递质释放。然而，必须考虑到与微离子电渗疗法只postsynapse被激活突触前神经递质的释放方面都没有解决。在这篇文章中，我们将演示如何设置微离子导入大脑切片实验。

一个简单的方法来确定空间传播的离子导入是收回离子电渗吸管逐步从枝蔓，同时喷出谷氨酸保持不变。我们发现，一个微离子电渗疗法的刺激的空间范围有一个直径约12微米（ 图1示出的半径）。依赖于深部组织中的可以使用的离子电渗疗法的移液管的刚性。然而，所需的实验片（ 图2），这是用在这里的离子电渗疗法的移液管，没有限制的穿透深度。相反的光学系统和...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration at JoVE.com

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

在这篇文章中，我们介绍快速微离子导入神经递质的突触后信号的高时空精度的技术调查一体化。

谷氨酸和GABA快速微离子导入：一个有用​​的工具，调查突触整合

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Cut-loading: A Useful Tool for Examining the Extent of Gap Junction Tracer Coupling Between Retinal Neurons

剪切载荷：一个有用​​的工具，用于检查视网膜神经细胞之间的缝隙连接示踪剂耦合程度

In addition to chemical synaptic transmission, neurons that are connected by gap junctions can also communicate rapidly via electrical synaptic ...

科研

神经科学

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: Implementation of a Novel Motion Simulator to Investigate Multisensory Path Integration in Three Dimensions

MPI Cyber​​Motion模拟器：一种新型的运动模拟器的执行情况调查三个维度的多感官的路径积分

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point 1. ...

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

Automated Quantification of Synaptic Fluorescence in C. elegans

突触荧光自动定量<em&gt; C。线虫</em

Synapse strength refers to the amplitude of postsynaptic responses to presynaptic neurotransmitter release events, and has a major impact on overall ...

Deriving the Time Course of Glutamate Clearance with a Deconvolution Analysis of Astrocytic Transporter Currents

星形细胞转运电流派生谷氨酸间隙的时间进程与反卷积分析

The highest density of glutamate transporters in the brain is found in astrocytes. Glutamate transporters couple the movement of glutamate across the ...

Using an &#945;-Bungarotoxin Binding Site Tag to Study GABA A Receptor Membrane Localization and Trafficking

Using an ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±-Bungarotoxin Binding Site Tag to Study GABA A Receptor Membrane Localization and Trafficking

使用α-银环蛇毒素结合位点标记来研究GABA A受体膜定位和贩运

It is increasingly evident that neurotransmitter receptors, including ionotropic GABA A receptors (GABAAR), exhibit highly dynamic trafficking and cell ...

Preparation of Synaptic Plasma Membrane and Postsynaptic Density Proteins Using a Discontinuous Sucrose Gradient

突触质膜和突触后密度蛋白采用不连续蔗糖梯度准备

Neuronal subcellular fractionation techniques allow the quantification of proteins that are trafficked to and from the synapse. As originally described in ...

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo

等电脑国家的诱导研究内源性突触活动对神经元兴奋性影响<em&gt;在体内</em

The way neurons process information depends both on their intrinsic membrane properties and on the dynamics of the afferent synaptic network. In ...

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

使用基于酶的生物传感器来衡量进补和阶段性谷氨酸在阿尔茨海默氏症小鼠模型

Neurotransmitter disruption is often a key component of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), playing a role in the pathology underlying ...

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

Culturing In Vivo-like Murine Astrocytes Using the Fast, Simple, and Inexpensive AWESAM Protocol

使用快速、简单且便宜的 AWESAM 协议培养在体内像小鼠星形胶质细胞

The AWESAM (a low-cost easy stellate astrocyte method) protocol entails a fast, simple, and inexpensive way to generate large quantities of in vivo-like ...

Combining Optogenetics with Artificial microRNAs to Characterize the Effects of Gene Knockdown on Presynaptic Function within Intact Neuronal Circuits

光遗传学与人工 microRNAs 相结合对完整神经元回路中基因击倒对突触前功能的影响

The purpose of this protocol is to characterize the effect of gene knockdown on presynaptic function within intact neuronal circuits. We describe a ...

谷氨酸和GABA快速微离子导入：一个有用​​的工具，调查突触整合

谷氨酸和GABA快速微离子导入：一个有用的工具，调查突触整合