Name: ultrahigh density array of vertically aligned small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates
Uploaded: 2013-06-18T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates at JoVE.com

这项工作已经NSERC，中国电机工程学报，nanoBridge TRLabs财政支持。

如前所述，基于氧化铝制造过程中的两个关键步骤（一）任意空AAO模板合成（主要是导电性和/或透明）衬底（原理图如图1中的描述）和（二）小的增长分子有机纳米线在AAO模板的纳米孔（ 图2）。在本节中，我们提供的详细描述这些过程。 1。导电铝基底上生长的阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板<ol><li>建立多孔氧化铝模板第一抛光铝箔和，然后阳极氧化（或...

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conjugated+Polymer+Photovoltaic+Cells.">Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Cells.</a> Chem. Mater. 16 (23), 4533-4542 (2004).</li></ol>

纳米线生长的实物图片这是第一重要的是要充分了解有机纳米线的生长方法。一旦我们知道他们究竟是如何生长和形成自己的毛孔，我们可以使用这个工程师纳米结构，设备和材料沉积法。在过去，聚合物纳米线已经没有离心机的协助下制作中，采用模板浸润过程，但对于一些材料，如有机小分子，我们发现这是无效的。由于表面之间的化学反应溶液和模板，以及纳米孔被困在...

模板辅助方法通常用于制造垂直取向纳米线阵列1-3。此方法允许直接制造复杂的纳米线的几何形状，如一个轴向4-6或径向7多层纳米线的超晶格，这往往是可取的各种电子和光学应用。此外，这是一个低成本的，自底向上nanosynthesis具有高通过性和多功能性的方法。因此，模板的方法已经获得了巨大的人气，在世界各地的研究人员2,3。 “模板”指示的方法的基本思想如下所述。首先，模板制作，其中包含一个垂直方向的圆柱形纳米孔阵列。接着，将所需的材料沉积纳米孔，直到内孔被填充。其结果是所需的材料采用孔结构，并形成了一个纳米线阵列在t承载emplate。最后，根据目标应用程序，主机模板可能被删除。然而，这也破坏的垂直秩序。最终的纳米结构的几何形状和尺寸的模拟主机模板的孔结构，从而合成是制造过程中的一个关键部分。 在文献8中，已报道了不同类型的纳米多孔模板。最常用的模板包括：（一）聚合物跟踪蚀刻膜，（二）嵌段共聚物，及（c）阳极氧化铝（AAO）模板。要创建的聚合物轨迹蚀刻膜照射高能量的离子，它完全穿透金属箔和离开潜离子轨道内的散装箔9的聚合物箔。的轨道，然后选择性地蚀刻，创建纳米通道内的聚合物箔9。的纳米通道，可以进一步扩大了合适的蚀刻工序。用此方法的主要问题是次的非均匀性ë键纳通道，缺乏控制的位置，非均匀信道之间的相对距离，低的密度（每单位面积的通道的数目〜10 8 /厘米2），和低有序的多孔结构体1。在嵌段共聚物中的方法类似的圆筒状的纳米多孔模板第一次被创建，接着由所要求的材料的生长的孔8内。 方法（一）及（b）如上所述，在过去，已被用来制备聚合物纳米线8。然而，这些方法可能不适合用于合成纳米线的任意的有机材料，由于选择性的蚀刻后处理步骤期间可能没有。的后处理通常涉及去除主机模板，上述模板需要有机溶剂。这样的溶剂的有机纳米线的结构和物理性质的，可能有有害的影响。然而，这些模板理想浩STS无机纳米线，如10，钴，镍，铜和金属多层膜11，在蚀刻工艺中去除的聚合物主体不受影响。上述方法的另一个潜在的挑战是在较高的温度下热稳定性差的基质。往往是必需的高温退火，以改善结晶性的有机纳米线，这表明良好的热稳定性，基质的必要性。 受控电化学氧化的铝（也被称为“铝阳极氧化）是一个著名的工业过程和常用于汽车，厨具，航空航天等行业的保护铝表面的腐蚀12。氧化的铝（或阳极氧化铝）的性质，在很大程度上依赖于阳极氧化所用的电解质的pH值。对于耐腐蚀性能的应用中，通常进行阳极氧化与WEA的Ķ酸（pH约为5-7），而产生一个紧凑的，无孔的，“阻挡型氧化铝膜12。但是，如果电解质是强酸性（pH &lt;4的），氧化物变成“多孔”由于局部溶解的H +离子的氧化物。整个氧化确定局部电场的局部浓度的H +离子，因此表面阳极氧化之前预图案化，在最后的多孔结构中提供了一些控制。的孔是圆柱形的，具有小直径（约10-200 nm），因此这些纳米多孔阳极氧化铝膜已被广泛用于在最近几年，用于合成的各种材料的纳米线2,3。 多孔阳极氧化铝模板提供更好的热稳定性，高孔密度，远距离孔隙秩序和优良的可调的孔径，长度，孔隙间分离和孔密度，如pH值，电解质和阳极氧化电压阳极氧化参数通过明智的选择2,3岁。由于这些原因，我们选择AAO模板矩阵主机的有机纳米线的生长。另外，无机氧化物（如氧化铝）有较高的表面能，从而有利于均匀的有机溶液（低表面能）在氧化铝表面13上的蔓延。此外，我们的目标是要发展这些纳米线阵列的导电和/或透明基板上直接。其结果是，孔隙被封闭的底端处，这需要额外的代价，因为我们在下面的描述。生长的纳米线内的通孔的模板并随后转移到所需的基板通常是不希望的，因为接口质量差，此方法甚至不是可行的长度较短的纳米线（或薄模板），由于薄的模板的机械稳定性差。 π共轭有机材料大致可分为两类：（一）长链的共轭聚合物，及（b）分子量小的有机硫<html> emiconductors。许多研究小组报道合成长链聚合物纳米线的AAO模板在过去的圆柱形孔洞内。有关此主题的全面审查在参8,14。然而，合成的纳米线具有重要商业价值的小分子有机物（如红荧烯，三-8 -羟基喹啉铝（ALQ 3）和PCBM AAO）是极为罕见的。红荧烯和Alq 3 AAO模板孔洞内的物理气相沉积已报道的几组4,15-17。但是，只有一薄层（约30纳米）的有机物可沉积于毛孔（〜50 nm的直径）和长时间的沉积阻止的孔隙入口4,16,17的倾向。在该方法中，如果孔的直径是足够大的（〜200 nm）的15，可以实现完整的填充孔隙。因此，重要的是要找到一种替代的方法，该方法是适用于在子100 nm范围内的细孔径。 “&gt;，已被用于其他一些小分子有机物的另一种方法是所谓的”模板润湿“法8,14。然而，在大多数报告厚的商业模板（〜50微米）的两侧的开放孔和大直径（〜200 nm）的使用，这种方法还没有在一个侧产生的纳米线收毛孔如前面提到的，大概是由于存在有残留的空气的口袋内的毛孔，防止毛孔内的溶液浸润。我们有先前报道的新方法，克服了这些挑战，并允许任何所需的基板上的任意尺寸的小分子有机纳米线阵列的生长。在下文中，我们将介绍详细的协议，潜在的局限性和未来的修改。

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagents</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T324-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>68% Nitric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A200-212</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>85% Phosphoric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A242-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>10% Chromic Acid</td>
			<td>RICCA Chemical Company</td>
			<td>2077-32</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>10% Oxalic Acid</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>FW.90.04</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C607-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aluminum Sheets</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>7429-90-5</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PCBM</td>
			<td>Nano-C</td>
			<td>Nano-CPCBM-BF</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Alq3</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>444561-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Rubrene</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>551112-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Equipment</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>FlexAL Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For deposition of TiO2</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PVD Sputter System</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For deposition of Au &amp; Al</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Flat Cell</td>
			<td>Princeton Applied Research</td>
			<td>K0235</td>
			<td>For anodization of Al</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>HERMLE Labnet</td>
			<td>Z206 A</td>
			<td>For deposition of organic nanowires</td>
		 </tr>
	 </tbody>
 </table>

ultrahigh density array of vertically aligned small-molecular organic nanowires on arbitrary substrates

在最近几年，已经出现π共轭有机半导体作为活性物质，在许多不同的应用，包括大面积的廉价显示器，光伏，打印和柔性电子产品和有机自旋阀。有机允许（一）成本低，低温处理及（b）电子，光学和自旋输运特性的分子水平的设计。这种特点是没有现成的无机半导体主流，这使得有机硅为主的电子市场中开拓利基。有机为基础的设备的第一代专注于薄膜的几何形状，通过物理气相沉积或溶液处理生长。然而，它已经实现了有机纳米结构可以用来增强上述的应用程序的性能，显着的努力探索有机纳米结构体的制造方法，已投入。 t“的一个特别有趣的一类有机纳米结构是垂直方向的有机纳米线，纳米棒，纳米管组织在其中的一个良好的刻板，高密度的磁盘阵列 。这种结构是高度灵活的，是理想的形态结构等各种应用作为化学传感器，瞬间偶极的nanoantennas，与径向异质结构的“核 - 壳”纳米线的光生伏打器件，和记忆装置的交叉点型的几何形状。这样的架构实现了一个模板导向的方法，在过去，这种方法已被用于生长金属和无机半导体纳米线阵列。最近的π-共轭聚合物纳米线生长于纳米多孔模板。然而，这些方法取得了有限的成功，在生长纳米线的重要技术的π-共轭的小分子量的有机物 ，如三8 -羟基喹啉铝（Alq 3的），红荧烯和甲基anofullerenes在不同的领域，包括有机显示器，太阳能电池，薄膜晶体管和自旋电子学，这是常用的。 最近，我们已经能够解决上述问题，通过采用一种新型的“离心辅助”的方法。因此，这种方法拓宽光谱的有机材料，可以在垂直排列的纳米线阵列图案。由于技术的Alq 3，红荧烯和螺亚甲基衍生物的重要性，我们的方法可以用来研究这些材料的纳米结构如何影响上述有机器件的性能。这篇文章的目的是描述上述协议的技术细节，证明这个过程是如何可以扩展到任意基板终于长出小分子有机纳米线，讨论的关键步骤，限制，可能修改，麻烦拍摄和未来的应用。

由图所示（ 图5和图6）证明，离心机辅助降连续铸造方法生产的纳米线。 ，制成的纳米线在AAO模板内的孔，在垂直方向对齐，均匀，底封端的彼此电隔离。纳米线的直径确定在模板中的孔的直径。他们可以成功地制作在几个不同的底物，从而导致许多设备后这些结构的潜在应用。 因为这些结果是在这样的高纵横比功能，按理说这种沉积方法也可以扩...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates at JoVE.com

Ultrahigh Density Array of Vertically Aligned Small-molecular Organic Nanowires on Arbitrary Substrates

我们报告一个简单的方法制造的超高密度垂直有序的小分子有机纳米线阵列。这种方法可以合成复杂的异质结构的混合纳米线的几何形状，可以廉价地在任意衬底上生长的。这些结构有机电子学，光电子学，化学传感，光电和自旋电子学中具有潜在的应用。

超高密度垂直对齐的任意基质的小分子有机纳米线阵列

In  recent years &pi;-conjugated  organic semiconductors have emerged as the active material in a number of  diverse applications including large-area, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Micropunching Lithography for Generating Micro- and Submicron-patterns on Polymer Substrates

Micropunching为微型和亚微米模式聚合物基板上生成的光刻

Conducting polymers have attracted great attention since the discovery of high conductivity in doped polyacetylene in 19771. They offer the advantages of ...

科研

工程学

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

控制的大小，形状和稳定性超分子聚合物在水

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

Monolayer Contact Doping of Silicon Surfaces and Nanowires Using Organophosphorus Compounds

Monolayer Contact Doping (MLCD) is a simple method for doping of surfaces and nanostructures1. MLCD results in the formation of highly controlled, ultra ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Seedless Growth of Bismuth Nanowire Array via Vacuum Thermal Evaporation

铋纳米线阵列通过真空热蒸发无核增长

Here a seedless and template-free technique is demonstrated to scalably grow bismuth nanowires, through thermal evaporation in high vacuum at RT. ...

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Extreme Nanowires and Other 1D Systems

至尊纳米线和其他维系统的共振拉曼光谱

This paper briefly describes how nanowires with diameters corresponding to 1 to 5 atoms can be produced by melting a range of inorganic solids in the ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

对于高伸缩的导线与银纳米线制作方法

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...

Effect of Bending on the Electrical Characteristics of Flexible Organic Single Crystal-based Field-effect Transistors

弯曲对基于晶体的柔性有机单场效应晶体管的电气特性的影响

The charge transport in an organic semiconductor depends highly on the molecular packing in the crystal, which influences the electronic coupling ...

Morphology Control for Fully Printable Organic&#8211;Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

Morphology Control for Fully Printable OrganicÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œInorganic Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer

基于一个钛醇盐和半导体聚合物为全可印刷有机 - 无机批量异质结太阳能电池形貌控制

The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...