Name: detecting somatic genetic alterations in tumor specimens by exon capture and massively parallel sequencing
Uploaded: 2013-10-18T19:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing at JoVE.com

Vi takker Dr. Agnes Viale og MSKCC Genomics Core Laboratoriet for teknisk bistand. Denne protokol blev udviklet med støtte fra Geoffrey Beene Cancer Research Center og Farmer Family Foundation.

1.. DNA og Reagensforberedelse Bemærk: Denne protokol beskriver den samtidige behandling og analyse af 24 prøver (fx 12 tumor / normal par), men kan tilpasses til mindre og større partier. DNA-prøver kan stamme fra FFPE eller frisk frosset væv, cytologiske prøver, eller blod. Typisk vil både tumor og normale væv fra den samme patient skal profileres sammen for at skelne mellem somatiske mutationer fra nedarvede polymorfier. Protokollen begynder umiddelbart efter DNA-ekstraktio...

<ol>
	<li>Stratton, M. R., Campbell, P. J., Futreal, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cancer+genome.">The cancer genome.</a> Nature. 458 (7239), 719-724 (2009).</li><li>Meyerson, M., Gabriel, S., Getz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+understanding+cancer+genomes+through+second-generation+sequencing.">Advances in understanding cancer genomes through second-generation sequencing.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 11 (10), 685-696 (2010).</li><li>Thomas, R. K., Baker, A. C., Debiasi, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+oncogene+mutation+profiling+in+human+cancer.">High-throughput oncogene mutation profiling in human cancer.</a> Nat. Genet. 39 (3), 347-351 (2007).</li><li>Macconaill, L. E., Campbell, C. D., Kehoe, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+critical+cancer+gene+mutations+in+clinical+tumor+samples.">Profiling critical cancer gene mutations in clinical tumor samples.</a> PLoS One. 4 (11), e7887 (2009).</li><li>Dias-Santagata, D., Akhavanfard, S., David, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+targeted+mutational+analysis+of+human+tumours:+a+clinical+platform+to+guide+personalized+cancer+medicine.">Rapid targeted mutational analysis of human tumours: a clinical platform to guide personalized cancer medicine.</a> EMBO Mol. Med. 2 (5), 146-158 (2010).</li><li>Macconaill, L. E., Van Hummelen, P., Meyerson, M., Hahn, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+implementation+of+comprehensive+strategies+to+characterize+cancer+genomes:+opportunities+and+challenges.">Clinical implementation of comprehensive strategies to characterize cancer genomes: opportunities and challenges.</a> Cancer Discov. 1 (4), 297-311 (2011).</li><li>Taylor, B. S., Ladanyi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+cancer+genomics:+how+soon+is+now.">Clinical cancer genomics: how soon is now.</a> J. Pathol. 223 (2), 318-326 (2011).</li><li>Gnirke, A., Melnikov, A., Maguire, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solution+hybrid+selection+with+ultra-long+oligonucleotides+for+massively+parallel+targeted+sequencing.">Solution hybrid selection with ultra-long oligonucleotides for massively parallel targeted sequencing.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 27 (2), 182-189 (2009).</li><li>Mamanova, L., Coffey, A. J., Scott, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target-enrichment+strategies+for+next-generation+sequencing.">Target-enrichment strategies for next-generation sequencing.</a> Nat. Methods. 7 (2), 111-118 (2010).</li><li>Craig, D. W., Pearson, J. V., Szelinger, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genetic+variants+using+bar-coded+multiplexed+sequencing.">Identification of genetic variants using bar-coded multiplexed sequencing.</a> Nat. Methods. 5 (10), 887-893 (2008).</li><li>Wagle, N., Berger, M. F., Davis, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+detection+of+actionable+genomic+alterations+in+clinical+tumor+samples+by+targeted,+massively+parallel+sequencing.">High-throughput detection of actionable genomic alterations in clinical tumor samples by targeted, massively parallel sequencing.</a> Cancer Discov. 2 (1), 82-93 (2012).</li><li>Li, H., Durbin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+accurate+short+read+alignment+with+Burrows-Wheeler+transform.">Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform.</a> Bioinformatics. 25 (14), 1754-1760 (2009).</li><li>Depristo, M. A., Banks, E., Poplin, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+variation+discovery+and+genotyping+using+next-generation+DNA+sequencing+data.">A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data.</a> Nat. Genet. 43 (5), 491-498 (2011).</li><li>Robinson, J. T., Thorvaldsdottir, H., Winckler, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+genomics+viewer.">Integrative genomics viewer.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 29 (1), 24-26 (2011).</li><li>Cibulskis, K., Lawrence, M. S., Carter, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensitive+detection+of+somatic+point+mutations+in+impure+and+heterogeneous+cancer+samples.">Sensitive detection of somatic point mutations in impure and heterogeneous cancer samples.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 31 (3), 213-219 (2013).</li><li>Larson, D. E., Harris, C. C., Chen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SomaticSniper:+identification+of+somatic+point+mutations+in+whole+genome+sequencing+data.">SomaticSniper: identification of somatic point mutations in whole genome sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 28 (3), 311-317 (2012).</li><li>Saunders, C. T., Wong, W. S., Swamy, S., Becq, J., Murray, L. J., Cheetham, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strelka:+Accurate+somatic+small-variant+calling+from+sequenced+tumor-normal+sample+pairs.">Strelka: Accurate somatic small-variant calling from sequenced tumor-normal sample pairs.</a> Bioinformatics. 28 (14), 1811-1817 (2012).</li><li>Albers, C. A., Lunter, G., Macarthur, D. G., Mcvean, G., Ouwehand, W. H., Din del Durbin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+indel+calls+from+short-read+data.">Accurate indel calls from short-read data.</a> Genome Res. 21 (6), 961-973 (2011).</li><li>Li, S., Li, R., Li, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+identification+of+indels+from+short+paired+reads.">Efficient identification of indels from short paired reads.</a> Genome Res. 23 (1), 195-200 (2013).</li><li>Sindi, S., Helman, E., Bashir, A., Raphael, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+geometric+approach+for+classification+and+comparison+of+structural+variants.">A geometric approach for classification and comparison of structural variants.</a> Bioinformatics. 25 (12), 222-230 (2009).</li><li>Chen, K., Wallis, J. W., Mclellan, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BreakDancer:+an+algorithm+for+high-resolution+mapping+of+genomic+structural+variation.">BreakDancer: an algorithm for high-resolution mapping of genomic structural variation.</a> Nat. Methods. 6 (9), 677-681 (2009).</li><li>Wang, J., Mullighan, C. G., Easton, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CREST+maps+somatic+structural+variation+in+cancer+genomes+with+base-pair+resolution.">CREST maps somatic structural variation in cancer genomes with base-pair resolution.</a> Nat. Methods. 8 (8), 652-654 (2011).</li><li>Drier, Y., Lawrence, M. S., Carter, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+rearrangements+across+cancer+reveal+classes+of+samples+with+distinct+patterns+of+DNA+breakage+and+rearrangement-induced+hypermutability.">Somatic rearrangements across cancer reveal classes of samples with distinct patterns of DNA breakage and rearrangement-induced hypermutability.</a> Genome Res. 23 (2), 228-235 (2012).</li><li>Wang, Z., Gerstein, M., Snyder, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-Seq:+a+revolutionary+tool+for+transcriptomics.">RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 10 (1), 57-63 (2009).</li><li>Roychowdhury, S., Iyer, M. K., Robinson, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Personalized+oncology+through+integrative+high-throughput+sequencing:+a+pilot+study.">Personalized oncology through integrative high-throughput sequencing: a pilot study.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 3 (111), 111ra121 (2011).</li><li>Kerick, M., Isau, M., Timmermann, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+high+throughput+sequencing+in+clinical+cancer+settings:+formaldehyde+fixed-paraffin+embedded+(FFPE)+tumor+tissues,+input+amount+and+tumor+heterogeneity.">Targeted high throughput sequencing in clinical cancer settings: formaldehyde fixed-paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumor tissues, input amount and tumor heterogeneity.</a> BMC Med. Genomics. 4, 68 (2011).</li></ol>

Vores IMPACT assay giver en høj tilpasning, høj on target rate, højt mål dækning og høj følsomhed til påvisning af mutationer, indels, og eksemplarnummer ombygninger. Vi har demonstreret evnen til vores IMPACT assay til DNA-sekvens fra både frisk frosset og arkiveres FFPE prøver af lav DNA input. Ved at udføre målrettet exon sekventering af vigtige cancer-associerede gener, kan man opnå meget dyb sekvens dækning for exons af disse mest kritiske gener dermed maksimere evnen til at detektere lavfrekvente mut...

Identifikationen af &quot;Driver&quot; tumor genetiske hændelser i vigtige onkogener og tumor suppressor gener spiller en afgørende rolle i diagnosticering og behandling af mange kræftformer 1. Storstilet forskningsindsats udnytte massivt parallelle &quot;næste generation&quot; sekventering har gjort det muligt at identificere mange af disse kræft-associerede gener i de seneste år 2. Men disse sekventering platforme kræver typisk store mængder af DNA isoleret fra friske frosne væv, og dermed udgør en stor begrænsning i karakterisere og analysere DNA-mutationer fra bevarede væv, såsom formalin-fikseret paraffin indlejret (FFPE) tumor prøver. Forbedret indsats for effektivt og pålideligt kendetegner &quot;handlingsrettede&quot; genomisk information fra FFPE tumor prøver vil muliggøre retrospektiv analyse af tidligere opsparede prøver og yderligere at fremme individualiserede tilgange til kræft ledelse. Traditionelt molekylær diagnostic laboratorier har påberåbt sig tidskrævende, lav-throughput metoder såsom Sanger sekventering og real-time PCR til DNA-mutation profilering. For nylig er der udviklet højere throughput metoder, der udnytter multiplex PCR eller massespektrometrisk genotypebestemmelse at undersøge tilbagevendende somatiske mutationer i vigtige cancer gener 3-5. Disse fremgangsmåder er imidlertid begrænset, idet kun predesignated &quot;hotspot&quot; mutationer analyseres, hvilket gør dem uegnede til detektering inaktiverende mutationer i tumorsuppressorgener. Massivt parallel sekventering giver flere fordele i forhold til disse strategier, herunder evnen til at afhøre hele exons for både almindelige og sjældne mutationer, evnen til at afsløre yderligere klasser af genomiske ændringer såsom kopiere antal gevinster og tab, og større følsomhed i heterogene prøver 6, 7 . Hele genomsekvensering repræsenterer den mest omfattende tilgang til mutation opdagelse, selvom det er relativtly dyrt og pådrager sig store beregningsmæssige krav til dataanalyse og opbevaring. Til kliniske anvendelser, hvor kun en lille brøkdel af genomet kan være af klinisk interesse, har to særlige nyskabelser i sekventering teknologi været transformative. Dels gennem hybridisering-baserede exon capture, kan man isolere DNA svarende til vigtige cancer-associerede gener for målrettet mutation profilering 8. Dels ved ligatur af molekylære stregkoder (dvs. DNA-sekvenser 6-8 nukleotider i længden), kan man samle hundredvis af prøver pr sekventering løbe og fuldt ud at drage fordel af den stadigt stigende kapacitet på massivt parallelle sekventering instrumenter 10. Når de kombineres, disse nyskabelser muligt tumorer skal profileres for lavere omkostninger og ved højere gennemløb, med mindre beregningsmæssige krav 11. Yderligere, ved at omfordele sekvens dækning til kun de gener mest kritiske til den særlige anvendelse, kan man Achieve større sekventering dybde for højere følsomhed for lav allelfrekvens begivenheder. Her beskriver vi vores påvirkning assay (Integrated Mutation profilering Actionable Cancer Mål), som udnytter exon fange på stregkode sekvens bibliotekspuljer ved hybridisering hjælp af brugerdefinerede oligonukleotider at indfange alle protein-kodende exons og vælg introns af 279 vigtige cancer-associerede gener (tabel 1 ). Denne strategi gør det muligt at identificere mutationer, indels, kopi nummer ændringer, og vælg strukturelle omlejringer involverer disse 279 gener. Vores metode er kompatibelt med DNA isoleret fra både frisk frosset og FFPE væv samt finnåls-aspirater og andre cytologiske prøver.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="812">
	<tbody> 
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NEBNext End Repair Module</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">E6050L</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NEBNext dA-Tailing Module</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">E6053L</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NEBNext Quick Ligation Module</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">E6056L</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Agencourt AMPure XP</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Beckman Coulter Genomics</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NEXTflex PCR-Free Barcodes &#8211; 24</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Bioo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">514103</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">HiFi Library Amplification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">KAPA Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">KK2612</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">COT Human DNA, Fluorometric Grade</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">05 480 647 001</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">NimbleGen SeqCap EZ Hybridization and Wash kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Roche NimbleGen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">05 634 261 001</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">SeqCap EZ Library Baits</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Roche NimbleGen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">QIAquick PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">28104</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Qubit dsDNA Broad Range (BR) Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Q32850</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity (HS) Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Q32851</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Agilent DNA HS Kit</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">5067-4626, 4627</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Covaris E220</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Covaris</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Magnetic Stand-96</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">AM10027</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:351px;">Illumina Hi-Seq 2000</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:79px;"> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detecting somatic genetic alterations in tumor specimens by exon capture and massively parallel sequencing

Bestræbelserne på at afsløre og efterforske vigtige onkogene mutationer har vist sig værdifuldt at lette den rette behandling til kræftpatienter. Etableringen af ​​high-throughput, har massivt parallelle &quot;næste generation&quot; sekventering hjulpet opdagelsen af ​​mange sådanne mutationer. For at forbedre klinisk og translationel nytte af denne teknologi, skal platforme være high-throughput, omkostningseffektive og forenelige med formalin-fikseret paraffin indlejret (FFPE) vævsprøver, der kan give små mængder af nedbrudt eller beskadiget DNA. Her beskriver vi udarbejdelse af stregkode og multiplexede DNA-biblioteker efterfulgt af hybridisering-baserede fangst af målrettede exons til påvisning af kræft-associerede mutationer i friske frosne og FFPE tumorer ved massivt parallel sekventering. Denne metode gør det muligt at identificere sekvensmutationer, antal kopier ændringer, og vælg strukturelle omlejringer involverer alle målrettede gener. Målrettet exon sekventering tilbyder tnyder godt af høj kapacitet, lave omkostninger, og dyb sekvens dækning og derved giver høj følsomhed til at detektere lavfrekvente mutationer.

En pulje på 24 stregkodede sekvens biblioteker (12 tumor-normal par) blev fanget ved hjælp af sonder, der svarer til alle protein-kodende exons af 279 kræft gener og sekventeret som 2 x 75 bp læser på en enkelt bane i en HiSeq 2000 flow-celle. Tumor og normale biblioteker blev samlet i forholdet 2:1. Prøve performancemetrikker for en pulje af frosne DNA-prøver tumor er vist i figur 1, herunder tilpasning rate, fragment størrelsesfordeling på target capture specificitet og betyder target dæknin...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing at JoVE.com

Detecting Somatic Genetic Alterations in Tumor Specimens by Exon Capture and Massively Parallel Sequencing

Vi beskriver fremstillingen af ​​stregkode DNA-biblioteker og efterfølgende hybridisering-baserede exon capture til påvisning af vigtige cancer-associerede mutationer i kliniske tumor prøver af massivt parallelle &quot;næste generation&quot; sekventering. Målrettet exon sekventering tilbyder fordelene ved høj kapacitet, lave omkostninger, og dyb sekvens dækning, hvilket således giver høj følsomhed til at detektere lavfrekvente mutationer.

Afsløring somatiske genetiske ændringer i tumor Prøver af Exon Capture og Massively Parallel sekventering

Efforts  to detect and investigate key oncogenic mutations have proven valuable to  facilitate the appropriate treatment for cancer patients. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

CD4+ T-Lymphocyte Capture Using a Disposable Microfluidic Chip for HIV

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that result from the reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state by forced expression of defined factors ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

Effektiv Generation Menneskelige induceret pluripotente stamceller fra humane somatiske celler med Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR &#8211; Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Linear Amplification Mediated PCR ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ Localization of Genetic Elements and Characterization of Unknown Flanking DNA

Lineær forstærkning Mediated PCR - Lokalisering af genetiske elementer og karakterisering af Ukendt flankerende DNA

Linear-amplification mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) has been developed to study hematopoiesis in gene corrected cells of patients treated by gene therapy with ...

Massively Parallel Reporter Assays in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Massively Parallel Reporter Analyser i dyrkede pattedyrceller

The genetic reporter assay is a well-established and powerful tool for dissecting the relationship between DNA sequences and their gene regulatory ...

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Fækal Glukokortikoid Analyse: Non-invasive Adrenal Overvågning i dyr fra hestefamilien

Adrenal activity can be assessed in the equine species by analysis of feces for corticosterone metabolites. During a potentially aversive situation, ...

Targeted RNA Sequencing Assay to Characterize Gene Expression and Genomic Alterations

Målrettet RNA Sekventering Assay til karakterisere genekspression og Genomisk Alterations

RNA sequencing (RNAseq) is a versatile method that can be utilized to detect and characterize gene expression, mutations, gene fusions, and noncoding ...

Simultaneous Measurement of Mitochondrial Calcium and Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Live Cells by Fluorescent Microscopy

Samtidig måling af Mitokondriel Calcium og mitokondriemembranen Potentiale i levende celler ved Fluorescent Microscopy

Apart from their essential role in generating ATP, mitochondria also act as local calcium (Ca2+) buffers to tightly regulate intracellular Ca2+ ...

Interactome-Seq: A Protocol for Domainome Library Construction, Validation and Selection by Phage Display and Next Generation Sequencing

Interactome-Seq: En protokol til Domainome bibliotek konstruktion, validering og udvælgelse af Phage Display og næste Generation Sequencing

Folding reporters are proteins with easily identifiable phenotypes, such as antibiotic resistance, whose folding and function is compromised when fused to ...