Name: a seed coat bedding assay to genetically explore in vitro how the endosperm controls seed germination in arabidopsis thaliana
Uploaded: 2013-11-09T21:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

这项工作是由瑞士国家科学基金会资助和日内瓦州的支持。

一旦空气呼吸器被组装时，胚胎的生长被监控超过数天。因此，空气呼吸器的种子解剖过程和组装之前，需要消毒的种子，以避免将来的污染，可以防止种皮材料对胚胎生长的影响，正确的评估。 1。种子消毒<ol><li>倒入50-60微升成熟和拟南芥干种子在1.5 ml离心管中，并准备一个70％的乙醇溶液。 </li><li>加入1毫升70％的乙醇溶液至含有种子的微量离心管中，并在1,200 rpm...

<ol>
	<li>Debeaujon, I., Leon-Kloosterziel, K. M., Koornneef, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+the+testa+on+seed+dormancy,+germination,+and+longevity+in+Arabidopsis.">Influence of the testa on seed dormancy, germination, and longevity in Arabidopsis.</a> Plant Physiol. 122, 403-414 (2000).</li><li>Baroux, C., Spillane, C., Grossniklaus, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+origins+of+the+endosperm+in+flowering+plants.">Evolutionary origins of the endosperm in flowering plants.</a> Genome Biol. 3, reviews1026 (2002).</li><li>Debeaujon, I., Lepiniec, L., Pourcel, L., Routaboul, J. -. M., Bradford, K., Nonogaki, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Seed development, dormancy and germination. , 25-43 (2007).</li><li>Finch-Savage, W. E., Leubner-Metzger, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seed+dormancy+and+the+control+of+germination.">Seed dormancy and the control of germination.</a> New Phytol. 171, 501-523 (2006).</li><li>Bethke, P. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Arabidopsis+aleurone+layer+responds+to+nitric+oxide,+gibberellin,+and+abscisic+acid+and+is+sufficient+and+necessary+for+seed+dormancy.">The Arabidopsis aleurone layer responds to nitric oxide, gibberellin, and abscisic acid and is sufficient and necessary for seed dormancy.</a> Plant Physiol. 143, 1173-1188 (2007).</li><li>Lee, K. P., Piskurewicz, U., Tureckova, V., Strnad, M., Lopez-Molina, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+seed+coat+bedding+assay+shows+that+RGL2-dependent+release+of+abscisic+acid+by+the+endosperm+controls+embryo+growth+in+Arabidopsis+dormant+seeds.">A seed coat bedding assay shows that RGL2-dependent release of abscisic acid by the endosperm controls embryo growth in Arabidopsis dormant seeds.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 19108-19113 (2010).</li><li>Reed, J. W., Nagatani, A., Elich, T. D., Fagan, M., Chory, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phytochrome+A+and+Phytochrome+B+Have+Overlapping+but+Distinct+Functions+in+Arabidopsis+Development.">Phytochrome A and Phytochrome B Have Overlapping but Distinct Functions in Arabidopsis Development.</a> Plant Physiol. 104, 1139-1149 (1994).</li><li>Shinomura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Action+spectra+for+phytochrome+A-+and+B-specific+photoinduction+of+seed+germination+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Action spectra for phytochrome A- and B-specific photoinduction of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 8129-8133 (1996).</li><li>Lee, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatially+and+genetically+distinct+control+of+seed+germination+by+phytochromes+A+and+B.">Spatially and genetically distinct control of seed germination by phytochromes A and B.</a> Genes Dev. 26, 1984-1996 (2012).</li><li>Lee, K. P., Lopez-Molina, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+seed+germination+in+the+shade.">Control of seed germination in the shade.</a> Cell Cycle. 11, 4489-4490 (2012).</li><li>Piskurewicz, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gibberellic+acid+signaling+repressor+RGL2+inhibits+Arabidopsis+seed+germination+by+stimulating+abscisic+acid+synthesis+and+ABI5+activity.">The gibberellic acid signaling repressor RGL2 inhibits Arabidopsis seed germination by stimulating abscisic acid synthesis and ABI5 activity.</a> Plant Cell. 20, 2729-2745 (2008).</li><li>Piskurewicz, U., Tureckova, V., Lacombe, E., Lopez-Molina, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Far-red+light+inhibits+germination+through+DELLA-dependent+stimulation+of+ABA+synthesis+and+ABI3+activity.">Far-red light inhibits germination through DELLA-dependent stimulation of ABA synthesis and ABI3 activity.</a> EMBO J. 28, 2259-2271 (2009).</li><li>Debeaujon, I., Koornneef, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gibberellin+requirement+for+Arabidopsis+seed+germination+is+determined+both+by+testa+characteristics+and+embryonic+abscisic+acid.">Gibberellin requirement for Arabidopsis seed germination is determined both by testa characteristics and embryonic abscisic acid.</a> Plant Physiol. 122, 415-424 (2000).</li><li>Sun, T. P., Kamiya, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Arabidopsis+GA1+locus+encodes+the+cyclase+ent-kaurene+synthetase+A+of+gibberellin+biosynthesis.">The Arabidopsis GA1 locus encodes the cyclase ent-kaurene synthetase A of gibberellin biosynthesis.</a> Plant Cell. 6, 1509-1518 (1994).</li><li>Alonso, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+insertional+mutagenesis+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Genome-wide insertional mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Science. 301, 653-657 (2003).</li><li>Rook, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+sucrose-induction+mutants+reveal+the+modulation+of+sugar-induced+starch+biosynthetic+gene+expression+by+abscisic+acid+signalling.">Impaired sucrose-induction mutants reveal the modulation of sugar-induced starch biosynthetic gene expression by abscisic acid signalling.</a> Plant J. 26, 421-433 (2001).</li></ol>

这里所描述的种皮床上用品法（SCBA）程序原则上适用于其中拟南芥种子发芽受阻（或延迟），并在那里胚乳被怀疑实施这一逮捕任何情况下。后者可通过除去种皮（外种皮和胚乳），并观察到胚胎生长前进速度相对于所观察到的，当胚胎是由种皮包围得以证实。发芽可能被阻止响应于特定环境的物理参数（ 例如 ，水或潜在的光质）或在特定的遗传背景（ 例如，不存在GA合成?...

在拟南芥成熟种子的种皮是由种皮，母体来源的死组织的外层，和胚乳，直接围绕胚胎1活组织的单细胞层。胚乳和胚胎均来自不同的施肥事件：胚乳是三倍体组织有两个产妇和一个父亲的基因组，而胚胎是一个产妇和一个父亲的基因组2二倍体组织。 传统上分配给该胚乳的主要功能是，营养组织。然而，它正变得越来越明显的是，胚乳也起着控制种子发芽的核心作用。这个概念在休眠的情况下成为了第一个明显的，由新产生的种子表现出的特质。休眠种子不能发芽，尽管有利发芽条件的存在。种子成熟期后失去他们的休眠，成为nondormanT， 即它们会发芽，当暴露在有利的条件下催芽。在许多植物物种，其中包括模式植物拟南芥 ，种皮是绝对必要的，以防止休眠种子的萌发，因为种皮去除触发胚胎生长和绿化3,4。在拟南芥中 ，贝思克等人观察到，除去种皮，同时保持周围的胚乳5胚乳萌发后仍然压抑。这些观察结果强烈表明，胚乳，种皮施加的镇压活动在胚胎内的组织。然而，种皮去除的实验并不一定有助于澄清发芽镇压活动由种皮所提供的性质，也不确定实现它的基因。 我们最近推出了种皮床上用品法（SCBA），其中种皮和胚在物理上分开，但保持着密切PROXIMITY使得由胚乳提供的发芽压制性的活性得以维持6。空气呼吸器允许组合使用休眠，nondormant，和转基因种皮和胚料。其结果是，在遗传途径控制发芽并在胚乳和胚具体操作可以被解剖。空气呼吸器被用于休眠的 ​​情况下，显示的胚乳释放激素脱落酸（ABA）对胚胎来抑制其生长6。此外，我们还可以使用空气呼吸器，以确定在胚乳操作的信号通路和胚胎组织，以促进休眠。 胚乳控制发芽的作用考虑承受远红（FR）的光脉冲nondormant种子的情况下得到进一步加强。在种子吸胀初期帧中继光脉冲是已知的抑制发芽7,8。当从种子中除去种皮FR光脉冲无法抑制发芽，强烈的建议，胚乳也可以抑制nondormant 9种子的萌发。值得注意的是，SCBA也可以用来概括发芽的FR-依赖性抑制。这可以表明，种子萌发的FR-依赖性抑制也有来自胚乳9阿坝释放的过程。此外，SCBA允许识别在胚乳和胚来控制nondormant种子萌发响应于光线索9,10操作不同的光信号转导途径。 因此，空气呼吸器似乎是一个可靠的技术来探索种子萌发的控制范围内胚乳的功能。这也是一个强大的工具， 在体外 ，以评估是否涉嫌基因控制发芽的胚乳，胚或两者的组织工作。下面我们详细组装一台空气呼吸器所需的各个步骤。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>To refer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer Comfort</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>5355 000.011</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG, Hamburg, Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacusafe Comfort</td>
			<td>INTEGRA Biosciences AG</td>
			<td>158 310</td>
			<td>Integra Biosciences AG, Zizers, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish plate (100 mm x 20 mm)</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH</td>
			<td>664 102</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Frickenhausen, Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murashige and Skoog</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M5524</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3671</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar (plant agar)</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie B.V.</td>
			<td>P1001</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie, Haarlem, Netherlands</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont forceps #5</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH</td>
			<td>11251-10</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools GmbH, Heidelberg Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe needle</td>
			<td>BD Micro-Fine</td>
			<td>324827</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ USA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh (SEFAR NYTEX)</td>
			<td>SEFAR AG</td>
			<td>03-50/31</td>
			<td>Sefar AG, Heiden, Switzerland</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Growth chamber</td>
			<td>CLF Plant Climatics</td>
			<td>Percival I-30BLLX</td>
			<td>CLF plant Climatics, Wertingen, Germany</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paclobutrazol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>46046</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a seed coat bedding assay to genetically explore in vitro how the endosperm controls seed germination in arabidopsis thaliana

拟南芥胚乳由周边的成熟胚和播放，以防止休眠种子的萌发，或由远红光（FR）的光脉冲照射nondormant种子的重要作用单细胞层。为了进一步洞察底层由胚乳施加的发芽压制性活性的分子遗传机制，一个“种皮寝具”测定法（SCBA）被设计。空气呼吸器是一种剥离的过程实际上从种子，因此可以监视胚胎的生长种皮的下层上分离种皮和胚。值得注意的是，空气呼吸器重新组成种皮发芽镇压活动在种子休眠和萌发的FR-依赖的控制的情况下。由于空气呼吸器允许组合使用休眠，nondormant和转基因种皮和胚材料的遗传途径控制的萌发和专门运erating在胚乳和胚可以被解剖。下面我们详细的程序来组装一个自给式呼吸器。

以前的工作表明，突变体种子无法合成GA无法发芽，作为高ABA积累在种子11,12的结果。但是，不能发芽，需要种皮，因为它的去除触发胚胎生长13。这有力地表明，种子不能合成赤霉素的胚乳被释放ABA阻止胚胎发育。因此，我们预计种子大衣不能合成GA阻止胚胎在呼吸器的增长不像种皮不能合成赤霉素和脱落酸。这里我们使用GA1-21（Salk的插入线Salk_109115）携带一个T-DNA插入破?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana at JoVE.com

A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

种皮床品检测到基因探索<em&gt;体外</em&gt;如何控制胚乳种子萌发的<em&gt;拟南芥</em

我们目前的程序，从拟南芥种子组装种皮床上用品法（SCBA）。空气呼吸器被证明是一个强大的工具，基因和体外探索胚乳控制种子发芽的种子的休眠和反应轻线索如何。空气呼吸器是适用的原则，在胚乳被怀疑影响胚胎生长任何情况下。

The Arabidopsis endosperm consists of a single cell layer surrounding the mature embryo and playing an essential role to prevent the germination of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

Use of Arabidopsis eceriferum Mutants to Explore Plant Cuticle Biosynthesis

使用拟南芥eceriferum突变体探索植物角质层的生物合成

The plant cuticle is a waxy outer covering on plants that has a primary role in water conservation, but is also an important barrier against the entry of ...

科研

生物学

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

Determination of DNA Methylation of Imprinted Genes in Arabidopsis Endosperm

印记基因的DNA甲基化的测定拟南芥胚乳

Arabidopsis thaliana is an excellent model organism for studying epigenetic mechanisms. One of the reasons is the loss-of-function null mutant of DNA ...

A High-content Imaging Workflow to Study Grb2 Signaling Complexes by Expression Cloning

一个高含量的成像流程研究Grb2的信号复合体的表达克隆

Signal  transduction by growth factor receptors is essential for cells to maintain  proliferation and differentiation and requires tight control. Signal  ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

不同光照条件下的拟南芥生长行为分析

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

A Simple Dry Sectioning Method for Obtaining Whole-Seed-Sized Resin Section and Its Applications

获得全种子尺寸树脂部分的简单干截块方法及其应用

The morphology, size and quantity of cells, starch granules&#160;and protein bodies in seed determine the weight and quality of seed. They are ...

Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L.

复合盐胁迫对辣椒种子萌发的影响及耐盐性分析

To determine the salt tolerance and physiological mechanism of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at the germination stage, the Hongtianhu 101 and Xinxiang 8 ...

Spatiotemporal Investigation of ERL1 Dynamics via Confocal Imaging

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells (Video) | JoVE 

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane ...

Investigating Zinc Transport Mechanism in Mammalian Cells with FluoZin-3 Assay

Characterizing Mammalian Zinc Transporters Using an In Vitro Zinc Transport Assay

Exploring Cellular Zinc Regulation Through ZnT1 Functionality (Video) | JoVE

使用 体外 锌转运测定表征哺乳动物锌转运蛋白

Transition metals such as Zn2+ ions must be tightly regulated due to their cellular toxicity. Previously, the activity of Zn2+ transporters was measured ...

An Improved Method to Measure Pollen Hydration Profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana (Video) | JoVE 

拟南芥的高分辨率、单粒、体内花粉水合生物测定

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is ...

Pollen Hydration Assay in Arabidopsis thaliana: Raw Data Acquisition and its Measurements

Pollen Hydration Assay in Arabidopsis thaliana: Raw Data Acquisition and its Measurements (Video) | JoVE 

拟南芥中的花粉水合测定：原始数据采集及其测量