Name: high throughput microfluidic rapid and low cost prototyping packaging methods
Uploaded: 2013-12-23T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the financial support from NSERC and the Canada Research Chair in Smart Medical Devices, and are grateful for the various tools supplied by CMC Microsystems and ReSMiQ. Thanks are due to Laurent Mouden, for his contributions in this work.

1. Removable PDMS-based Interconnector for Low-pressure Microfluidic Applications15-16
<ol>
	<li>Preparation 
	This section describes different steps to prepare the glass and PDMS in order to produce the interconnector.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare the PDMS: Mix the PDMS and curing agent with (10:1) ratio.</li>
		<li>Ensure that the oven temperature is stabilized at a constant temperature of 80 &#176;C. Depending on the oven, use a measurement device to sense the temperature of the oven and then...

<ol>
	<li>Pamme, N., Wilhelm, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+sorting+of+magnetic+cells+via+on-chip+free-flow+magnetophoresis.">Continuous sorting of magnetic cells via on-chip free-flow magnetophoresis.</a> Lab Chip. 6, 974-980 (2006).</li><li>Ghallab, Y., Badawy, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensing+methods+for+dielectrophoresis+phenomenon:+from+bulky+instruments+to+lab-on-a-chip.">Sensing methods for dielectrophoresis phenomenon: from bulky instruments to lab-on-a-chip.</a> IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 4, 5-15 (2004).</li><li>Hwang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CMOS+Microelectrode+Array+for+Electrochemical+Lab-on-a-Chip+Applications.">CMOS Microelectrode Array for Electrochemical Lab-on-a-Chip Applications.</a> IEEE J. Sensors. 9, 609-615 (2009).</li><li>D&#252;rr, M., Kentsch, J., M&#252;ller, T., Schnelle, T., Stelzle, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microdevices+for+manipulation+and+accumulation+of+micro-+and+nanoparticles+by+dielectrophoresis.">Microdevices for manipulation and accumulation of micro- and nanoparticles by dielectrophoresis.</a> Electrophoresis. 24, 722-731 (2003).</li><li>Chuang, C. H., Huang, Y. W., Wu, Y. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dielectrophoretic+chip+with+multilayer+electrodes+and+micro-cavity+array+for+trapping+and+programmably+releasing+single+cells.">Dielectrophoretic chip with multilayer electrodes and micro-cavity array for trapping and programmably releasing single cells.</a> Biomed. Microdev. 14, 271-278 (2012).</li><li>Xie, L., Premachandran, C., Chew, M., Chong, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Disposable+Bio-Microfluidic+Package+With+Reagents+Self-Contained+Reservoirs+and+Micro-Valves+for+a+DNA+Lab-on-a-Chip+(LOC)+Application.">Development of a Disposable Bio-Microfluidic Package With Reagents Self-Contained Reservoirs and Micro-Valves for a DNA Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Application.</a> IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 32, 528-535 (2009).</li><li>J. Beebe, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+hydrogel+structures+for+autonomous+flow+control+inside+microfluidic+channels.">Functional hydrogel structures for autonomous flow control inside microfluidic channels.</a> Lett. Nat. 404, 588-590 (2000).</li><li>Howlader, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Room-temperature+microfluidics+packaging+using+sequential+plasma+activation+process.">Room-temperature microfluidics packaging using sequential plasma activation process.</a> IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 29, 448-456 (2006).</li><li>Farris, S., Vitek, J., Giroux, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+hardware+complications:+The+role+of+electrode+impedance+and+current+measurements.">Deep brain stimulation hardware complications: The role of electrode impedance and current measurements.</a> Mov. Disord. 23, 755-760 (2008).</li><li>Nelson, M. J., Pouget, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+Electrode+Properties+Create+a+Problem+in+Interpreting+Local+Field+Potential+Recordings.">Do Electrode Properties Create a Problem in Interpreting Local Field Potential Recordings.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 103, 2315-2317 (2010).</li><li>Han, K. H., Frazier, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+aspects+of+packaging+and+integration+technology+for+microfluidic+systems.">Reliability aspects of packaging and integration technology for microfluidic systems.</a> IEEE Trans. Dev. Mat. Rel. 5, 452-457 (2005).</li><li>Ye, X., Kim, W. S., Rubakhin, S. S., Sweedler, J. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+nitric+oxide+by+4,5-diaminofluorescein+without+interferences.">Measurement of nitric oxide by 4,5-diaminofluorescein without interferences.</a> Analyst. 129, 1200-1205 (2004).</li><li>Hwang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CMOS+Microelectrode+Array+for+Electrochemical+Lab-on-a-Chip+Applications.">CMOS Microelectrode Array for Electrochemical Lab-on-a-Chip Applications.</a> IEEE J. Sensors. 9, 609-615 (2009).</li><li>Kaler, K. V. I. S., Dalton, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cost+effective,+re-configurable+electrokinetic+microfluidic+chip+platform.">A cost effective, re-configurable electrokinetic microfluidic chip platform.</a> Sens. Actuators B Chem. 123, 628-635 (2007).</li><li>Miled, M. A., Sawan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interconnecting+Microtubes+in+Microfluidic+Applications.">Interconnecting Microtubes in Microfluidic Applications.</a> CMC application note. , (2012).</li><li>Galliano, A., Bistac, S., Schultz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+and+friction+of+PDMS+networks:+molecular+weight+effects.">Adhesion and friction of PDMS networks: molecular weight effects.</a> J. Colloid Interface Sci. 265, 372-379 (2003).</li><li>Miled, M. A., Sawan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removable+PDMS-based+Interconnector+for+Low-pressure+Microfluidic+Applications.">Removable PDMS-based Interconnector for Low-pressure Microfluidic Applications.</a> CMC application note. , (2012).</li><li>Miled, M. A., Sawan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Assembly+Technique+for+Reusable+Microfluidic+Chips+with+Electrical+Interface.">An Assembly Technique for Reusable Microfluidic Chips with Electrical Interface.</a> CMC application note. , (2012).</li><li>Li, S., Chen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polydimethylsioxane+fluidic+interconnects+for+microfluidic+systems.">Polydimethylsioxane fluidic interconnects for microfluidic systems.</a> IEEE Trans. Adv. Packag. 26, 242-247 (2003).</li><li>Lee, E., Howard, D., Liang, E., Collins, S., Smith, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removable+tubing+interconnects+for+glass-based+micro-fluidic+systems+made+using+ECDM.">Removable tubing interconnects for glass-based micro-fluidic systems made using ECDM.</a> J. Micromech. Microeng. 14, 535-541 (2004).</li><li>Kua, C. H., Lam, Y. C., Yang, C., youcef-Toumi, K., Rodriguez, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+of+dielectrophoretic+force+for+moving+dielectrophoresis+electrodes.">Modeling of dielectrophoretic force for moving dielectrophoresis electrodes.</a> J. Electrostat. 66, 514-525 (2008).</li><li>Saarela, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Re-usable+multi-inlet+PDMS+fluidic+connector.">Re-usable multi-inlet PDMS fluidic connector.</a> J. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 114, 552-557 (2006).</li><li>Pattekar, A., Kothare, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+microfluidic+interconnectors+for+high+temperature+and+pressure+applications.">Novel microfluidic interconnectors for high temperature and pressure applications.</a> J. Micromech. Microeng. 13, 337-345 (2003).</li><li>Gray, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+interconnection+technologies+for+integrated+microfluidic+systems.">Novel interconnection technologies for integrated microfluidic systems.</a> J. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 77, (1999).</li><li>Miled, M. A., Sawan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrode+robustness+in+artificial+cerebrospinal+fluid+for+dielectrophoresis-based+LoC.">Electrode robustness in artificial cerebrospinal fluid for dielectrophoresis-based LoC.</a> IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Conf. , 1390-1393 (2012).</li></ol>

The PDMS interconnector is intended for low-pressure applications, liquid leakage into the chip access hole when the PDMS interconnector is subsequently placed on the access hole must be prevented. Therefore, the recommended thickness of PDMS is less than 2 mm. A greater thickness can induce a weak adhesion of the PDMS to the microfluidic chip surface and is not recommended. An unsuccessful trial was made using a thickness of 4 mm. This work focuses on the adherence of the PDMS interconnector to the glass while syringe p...

Recent progresses in microfabrication have led to more complex microfluidic devices including a large number of electrodes and different types of control algorithms. However, these advances highlighted new challenges in packaging. Furthermore, Lab-on-Chip (LoC) is a multidisciplinary concept where microfluidic devices, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microelectronic chips among other parts are connected together. Consequently it is impossible to develop a packaging process without considering different constraints of LoC components such as microelectronics circuitry sensitivity and protection, tubing, and mechanical aspects. In addition, packaging the components of a given LoC is closely related to the application1,2. As an example, in optical applications, the transparence of the device is crucial, especially for testing purposes. Thus, it is important to monitor system behavior by keeping the device observable. In applications related to cell or particle manipulations, using low-voltage techniques is more attractive, with the emergence of new microfabrication technologies which facilitate reduced electrode dimensions (from few a micrometers to submicron scale3-5) but considerably increase the number of electrodes to 100 or more.
On the other hand, LoCs dedicated for chemical and biological analysis require long-term observation. Thus, the system packaging and test bench must avoid biological contamination as well as any failure in the electronic devices of LoC in addition to keeping the system observable.
In recently published papers, microfluidic and MEMS are the main parts of a LoC, but other modules may be used for the monitoring of the system. Consequently, testing and validating microfluidic architectures became a challenging issue with the new microfabrication approaches and the high complexity and throughput architectures. Up to now there are no standard testing platforms or supports for microfluidic system, as it is the case for microelectronics dies.
Researchers proposed different packaging techniques for specific uses, such as Xie et al.6&#160;who designed a bio-microfluidic packaging including a microelectronics chip to control DNA separation in microfluidic channels. Beebe et al.7&#160;designed a microfluidic channel with integrated fluid reservoirs and stimuli-responsive hydrogel valves to manipulate fluid samples. Other systems propose the use of electrolytic bubble-based flow sensors to detect pressures through an electrical field to generate air bubbles and measure corresponding pressure8.&#160;The sensing system measures the impedance of the bubble and then determines the pressure, which requires special packaging designed to avoid introducing any interference into the measurements. In another work, a room temperature microfluidic packaging method was introduced based on sequential plasma activation process9. Despite the fact that this process could lead to a strongly assembled device, it has limitations when it is used for prototyping purpose or when the device is used several times. The latter may imply frequent replacement of some parts of the system. Moreover, Lee et al. introduced a new packaging technique, called Biolab-on-IC, based on using magnetic fields for individual magnetic bead manipulation, where the microfluidic architecture is designed on the top of the integrated circuit10. In addition, the reliability of packaging and integration of microfluidic systems, considering the system size, optical aspects, and connection parts, are critical issues as detailed by Han and Frazier11. This latter work reflects a typical approach for LoC systems, where several parameters must be precisely fixed and measured during the packaging.
Consequently, microfluidic packaging is a challenging issue for new a generation of microfluidic devices. Packaging includes heterogeneous parts such as tubing, electrical connections and microfluidic support. For tubing, the main issue is the very limited space available to connect the tubes to access the microfluidic holes. The diameter of the current commercially available connectors is in the range of 6 mm; however, the distance between the two access holes is becoming smaller with the reduction of overall system dimensions12-13. Therefore, we have proposed a tubing technique based on PDMS. This tubing process is specially elaborated for the prototyping phase. In fact, owing to the chemical constraint, changing the connection tube after each usage is mandatory to avoid and minimize liquid leakage inside the microstructure and to clean the microchannels. For these purposes, the described process in this paper is particularly applicable for a fast prototyping design.
On the other hand, electrical connections are critical for microfluidic devices that utilize direct or indirect electrical manipulation or measurement. Due to the wide range of microfluidic applications, device dimensions, shape, and number of electrical contacts may vary considerably. Therefore, a versatile method is required, which can be used for different applications. Kaler&#160;et al.&#160;reported results from their microfluidic rapid prototyping platform, which is based on zero insertion force (ZIF) connectors14. Instead of these later connectors, the presented methods use an anisotropic adhesive conductive film, which can be easily adapted to any shape.
Many researchers do not take into consideration the testing constraints when designing their microfluidic device. In microelectronics, there is many supports used for prototyping purpose and testing, which are called IC holders. These are mainly designed to reduce prototyping and testing times, and offer researchers and engineers an easy way to replace devices in case of failure. Similar to microelectronics, we are also proposing a new testing package for microfluidic devices limited to a 45 mm x 90 mm device size.
Our proposed techniques are targeting to cover a large number of microfluidic devices and applications. These methods can be adapted, extended and upgraded to other applications. We aim to provide one of the first versatile packaging methods for microfluidic devices that are optimized for microfluidic manipulations. For example, one end application for devices packaged with these techniques is separation of polystyrene and carboxyl modified microspheres with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Nevertheless, they can be used in other applications with different solutions.
In the remainder of this article, three different tubing techniques, 2 electrical connection methods and one microfluidic packaging method are presented and compared.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="643">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:207px;">Epoxy 731</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Epotek</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:157px;">731</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PDMS</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>SYLGARD&#160;184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adhesive conductive film</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV Epoxy</td>
			<td>Epotek</td>
			<td>OG159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropump</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>PHD Ultra</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCB</td>
			<td>Advanced Circuits</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plexiglass</td>
			<td colspan="2">Ecole Polytechnique</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adhesive conductive film</td>
			<td>3M&#160;</td>
			<td align="right">9703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high throughput microfluidic rapid and low cost prototyping packaging methods

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging techniques.
The one-time use packaging technique employs UV-based and temperature curing epoxies to connect microtubes to access holes, wire-bonding for integrated circuit connections, and silver epoxy for electrical connections. This method is based on a robust assembly technique that can support relatively high pressure close to 1 psi and does not need any support to strengthen the microfluidic architecture.
Reusable packaging techniques consist of PDMS-based microtube interconnectors and anisotropic adhesive films for electrical connections. These devices are more sensitive and fragile. Consequently, Plexiglas support is added to the microfluidic structure to improve the electrical contact when anisotropic adhesive films are used, and also to strengthen the microfluidic architecture. In addition, a micromanipulator is needed to maintain tubes while using a thin PDMS layer to connect them to the access holes. Different PDMS layer thicknesses, ranging from 0.45-3 mm, are tested to compare the best adherence versus injection rates. Applied injection rates are varied from 50-300 &#956;l/hr for 0.45-3 mm PDMS layers, respectively. These techniques are mainly applicable for low-pressure applications. However, they can be extended for high-pressure ones through plasma-oxygen process to permanently seal the PDMS to glass substrates. The main advantage of this technique, besides the fact that it is reusable, consists of keeping the device observable when the microchannel length is very short (in the range of 3 mm or lower).

Figure 3 illustrates a detailed schematic of the proposed packaging technique. The packaging solution was tested with several PDMS thicknesses and sizes to characterize a transparent and efficient packaging process for hybrid microelectronics/microfluidic microsystems as shown in Figures 4 and 5. The dimensions of the designed PDMS interconnector layer are 6 mm x 6 mm and it is used to connect two access holes. However, with major commercially available connectors, it is...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods at JoVE.com

High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods

In this article we describe different techniques for microfluidic rapid prototyping platforms. The proposed techniques are based on ultraviolet (UV) sensitive and temperature curing epoxies, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based tubing, wire-bonding, and anisotropic adhesive films. The assembling procedures presented are developed for both one-time use devices as well as reusable microfluidic systems.

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Low-Cost Cryo-Light Microscopy Stage Fabrication for Correlated Light/Electron Microscopy

सहसंबद्ध लाइट / इलेक्ट्रॉन माइक्रोस्कोपी के लिए कम लागत माइक्रोस्कोपी क्रायो लाइट स्टेज निर्माण

The coupling of cryo-light microscopy (cryo-LM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) poses a number of advantages for understanding cellular 
dynamics ...

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

Microfluidic छोटी बूंद प्लेटफार्मों के लिए प्रतिदीप्ति तरीकों का पता लगाने

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

High-throughput Protein Expression Generator Using a Microfluidic Platform

उच्च throughput प्रोटीन अभिव्यक्ति मंच microfluidic नहीं एक जनरेटर का उपयोग

Rapidly increasing fields, such as systems biology, require the development and implementation of new technologies, enabling high-throughput and ...

High Throughput Single-cell and Multiple-cell Micro-encapsulation

उच्च Throughput एकल - कक्ष और एकाधिक - कक्ष सूक्ष्म encapsulation

Microfluidic encapsulation methods have been previously utilized to capture cells in picoliter-scale aqueous, monodisperse drops, providing confinement ...

Rapid and Low-cost Prototyping of Medical Devices Using 3D Printed Molds for Liquid Injection Molding

तरल इंजेक्शन मोल्डिंग के लिए 3 डी मुद्रित का उपयोग कर molds मेडिकल उपकरणों के तेजी से और कम लागत प्रोटोटाइप

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using ...

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

Use of a High-throughput In Vitro Microfluidic System to Develop Oral Multi-species Biofilms

एक उच्च throughput का प्रयोग करें<em&gt; इन विट्रो</em&gt; Microfluidic प्रणाली ओरल बहु प्रजातियों Biofilms विकसित करने के लिए

There are few high-throughput in vitro systems which facilitate the development of multi-species biofilms that contain numerous species commonly detected ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

उच्च throughput एकल सेल अलगाव और संस्कृति के लिए एक microfluidic मंच

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Rapid Subtractive Patterning of Live Cell Layers with a Microfluidic Probe

एक microfluidic जांच के साथ लाइव सेल परतों की रैपिड Subtractive patterning के

The microfluidic probe (MFP) facilitates performing local chemistry on biological substrates by confining nanoliter volumes of liquids. Using one ...

An Ultrahigh-throughput Microfluidic Platform for Single-cell Genome Sequencing

एकल-कक्ष जीनोम sequencing के लिए एक Ultrahigh-प्रवाह Microfluidic प्लेटफ़ॉर्म

Sequencing technologies have undergone a paradigm shift from bulk to single-cell resolution in response to an evolving understanding of the role of ...

Design of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Bioink and Food Melt Extrusion 3D Printer

एक ओपन-सोर्स, कम लागत वाले बायोइंक और फूड मेलएक्सल एक्सट्रूशन 3डी प्रिंटर का डिजाइन

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an increasingly popular manufacturing technique that allows highly complex objects to be fabricated with no retooling ...