Name: simulation of the planetary interior differentiation processes in the laboratory
Uploaded: 2013-11-15T17:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

这项工作是由美国航空航天局授予NNX11AC68G和华盛顿卡内基研究所的支持。我感谢张驰为他协助收集数据。我还要感谢解剖学沙哈尔和Valerie Hillgren这个手稿的有益的评论。

1。准备原料和样品室<ol><li>制备两种类型的起始原料，天然硅酸盐橄榄石和金属铁粉末与10重量％的硫（金属/硅酸盐比例范围从4至30重量％），用于模拟中的固体硅酸盐基质的液体铁合金渗滤（1）的混合物在一个小的行星体，和（2）的均匀的微细接地纯铁和铁的硫化物，用于确定所述行星内芯结晶混合物的初始芯形成。 </li><li>磨下乙醇的起始材料，以精细的混合粉末在玛瑙研钵中一小时，并?...

<ol>
	<li>Wetherill, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+the+terrestrial+planets.">Formation of the terrestrial planets.</a> Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 18, 77-113 (1980).</li><li>Chambers, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Planetary+accretion+in+the+inner+Solar+System.">Planetary accretion in the inner Solar System.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 223, 241-252 (2004).</li><li>Greenwood, R. C., Franchi, I. A., Jambon, A., Buchanan, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+magma+oceans+on+asteroidal+bodies+in+the+early+Solar+System.">Widespread magma oceans on asteroidal bodies in the early Solar System.</a> Nature. 435, 916-918 (2005).</li><li>Mann, U., Frost, D. J., Rubie, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+wetting+ability+of+Si-bearing+liquid+Fe-alloys+in+a+solid+silicate+matrix-percolation+during+core+formation+under+reducing+conditions.">The wetting ability of Si-bearing liquid Fe-alloys in a solid silicate matrix-percolation during core formation under reducing conditions.</a> Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 167 (1-2), 1-7 (2008).</li><li>Terasaki, H., Frost, D. J., Rubie, D. C., &amp;Langenhorst, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percolative+core+formation+in+planetesimals.">Percolative core formation in planetesimals.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 273, 132-137 (2008).</li><li>Walte, N. P., Becker, J. K., Bons, P. D., Rubie, D. C., Frost, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid-distribution+and+attainment+of+textural+equilibrium+in+a+partially-molten+crystalline+system+with+a+high-dihedral-angle+liquid+phase.">Liquid-distribution and attainment of textural equilibrium in a partially-molten crystalline system with a high-dihedral-angle liquid phase.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 262, 517-532 (2007).</li><li>Terasaki, H., Frost, D. J., Rubie, D. C., Langenhorst, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interconnectivity+of+Fe-O-S+liquid+in+polycrystalline+silicate+perovskite+at+lower+mantle+conditions.">Interconnectivity of Fe-O-S liquid in polycrystalline silicate perovskite at lower mantle conditions.</a> Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors. 161, 170-176 (2007).</li><li>Halliday, A. N., Wood, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+did+Earth+accrete?.">How did Earth accrete?.</a> Science. 325, 44-45 (2009).</li><li>Yoder, C. F., Konopliv, A. S., Yuan, D. N., Standish, E. M., Folkner, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid+core+size+of+Mars+from+detection+of+the+solar+tide.">Fluid core size of Mars from detection of the solar tide.</a> Science. 300, 299-303 (2003).</li><li>Margot, J. L., Peale, S. J., Jurgens, R. F., Slade, M. A., Holin, I. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large+longitude+libration+of+Mercury+reveals+a+molten+core.">Large longitude libration of Mercury reveals a molten core.</a> Science. 316, 710-714 (2007).</li><li>Fei, Y., Bertka, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+interior+of+Mars.">The interior of Mars.</a> Science. 308, 1120-1121 (2005).</li><li>Williams, J. -. P., Nimmo, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+evolution+of+the+Martian+core:+Implications+for+an+early+dynamo.">Thermal evolution of the Martian core: Implications for an early dynamo.</a> Geology. 32, 97-100 (2004).</li><li>Smith, D. E., Zuber, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gravity+field+and+internal+structure+of+Mercury+from+MESSENGER.">Gravity field and internal structure of Mercury from MESSENGER.</a> Science. 336, 214-217 (2012).</li><li>Weber, R. C., Lin, P. -. Y., Garnero, E. J., Williams, Q., Lognonn&#233;, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seismic+detection+of+the+Lunar+core.">Seismic detection of the Lunar core.</a> Science. 331, 309-312 (2011).</li><li>Li, J., Fei, Y., Carlson, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+constraints+on+core+composition.">Experimental constraints on core composition.</a> Geochemistry of the Mantle and Core. , 521-546 (2007).</li><li>Bertka, C. M., Fei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mineralogy+of+the+Martian+interior+up+to+core-mantle+boundary+pressures.">Mineralogy of the Martian interior up to core-mantle boundary pressures.</a> Journal of Geophysical Research. 102, 5251-5264 (1997).</li><li>Tateno, S., Hirose, K., Ohishi, Y., Tatsumi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+structure+of+iron+in+Earth's+inner+core.">The structure of iron in Earth's inner core.</a> Science. 330, 359-361 (2010).</li><li>Prakapenka, V. B., Kubo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+flat+top+laser+heating+system+for+high+pressure+research+at+GSECARS:+application+to+the+melting+behavior+of+germanium.">Advanced flat top laser heating system for high pressure research at GSECARS: application to the melting behavior of germanium.</a> High Pressure Research. 28, 225-235 (2008).</li><li>Minarik, W. G., Ryerson, F. J., Watson, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Textural+entrapment+of+core-forming+melts.">Textural entrapment of core-forming melts.</a> Science. 272, 530-533 (1996).</li><li>Terasaki, H., Frost, D. J., Rubie, D. C., Langenhorst, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+oxygen+and+sulphur+on+the+dihedral+angle+between+Fe-O-S+melt+and+silicate+minerals+at+high+pressure:+Implications+for+Martian+core+formation.">The effect of oxygen and sulphur on the dihedral angle between Fe-O-S melt and silicate minerals at high pressure: Implications for Martian core formation.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 232, 379-392 (2005).</li><li>Fei, Y., Bertka, C. M., Finger, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-pressure+iron-sulfur+compound,+Fe3S2,+and+melting+relations+in+the+system+Fe-FeS+at+high+pressure.">High-pressure iron-sulfur compound, Fe3S2, and melting relations in the system Fe-FeS at high pressure.</a> Science. 275, 1621-1623 (1997).</li><li>Fei, Y., Li, J., Bertka, C. M., Prewitt, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+type+and+bulk+modulus+of+Fe3S,+a+new+iron-sulfur+compound.">Structure type and bulk modulus of Fe3S, a new iron-sulfur compound.</a> American Mineralogist. 85, 1830-1833 (2000).</li><li>Li, J., Fei, Y., Mao, H. K., Hirose, K., Shieh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sulfur+in+the+Earth's+inner+core.">Sulfur in the Earth's inner core.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 193, 509-514 (2001).</li><li>Chen, B., Li, J., Hauck, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-ideal+liquidus+curve+in+the+Fe-S+system+and+Mercury's+snowing+core.">Non-ideal liquidus curve in the Fe-S system and Mercury's snowing core.</a> Geophysical Research Letter. 35, L07201 (2008).</li><li>Buono, A. S., Walker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Fe-rich+liquidus+in+the+Fe-FeS+system+from+1+bar+to+10+GPa.">The Fe-rich liquidus in the Fe-FeS system from 1 bar to 10 GPa.</a> GeochimicaCosmochimicaActa. 75, 2072-2087 (2011).</li><li>Ito, E., Yamazaki, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure+generation+and+investigation+of+the+post-perovskite+transformation+in+MgGeO3by+squeezing+the+Kawai-cell+equipped+with+sintered+diamond+anvils.">Pressure generation and investigation of the post-perovskite transformation in MgGeO3by squeezing the Kawai-cell equipped with sintered diamond anvils.</a> Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 293 (1-2), 84-89 (2010).</li><li>Roberts, J. J., Kinney, J. H., Siebert, J., Ryerson, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fe-Ni-S+melt+permeability+in+olivine:+implications+for+planetary+core+formation.">Fe-Ni-S melt permeability in olivine: implications for planetary core formation.</a> Geophysical Research Letter. 34, L14306 (2007).</li><li>Wang, Y., Lesher, C., Fiquet, G., Rivers, M., Nishiyama, N., Siebert, J., Roberts, J., Morard, G., Gaudio, S., Clark, A., Watson, H., Menguy, N., Guyot, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-situ+high+P,+T+X-ray+microtomographic+imaging+during+large+deformation:+a+newtechnique+for+studying+mechanical+behavior+of+multi-phase+composites.">In-situ high P, T X-ray microtomographic imaging during large deformation: a newtechnique for studying mechanical behavior of multi-phase composites.</a> Geosphere. 7, 40-45 (2011).</li><li>Watson, H. C., Roberts, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Connectivity+of+core+forming+melts:+Experimental+constraints+from+electrical+conductivity+and+X-ray+tomography.">Connectivity of core forming melts: Experimental constraints from electrical conductivity and X-ray tomography.</a> Physics of Earth and Planetary Interiors. 186, 172-182 (2011).</li><li>Fei, Y., Ricolleau, A., Frank, M., Mibe, K., Shen, G., Prakapenka, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+an+internally+consistent+pressure+scale.">Toward an internally consistent pressure scale.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 9182-9186 (2007).</li></ol>

该技术的多砧实验已经非常成熟，产生稳定的压力和温度下的运行时间较长，并产生比较大的样品体积。它是一个强有力的工具来模拟行星的内部过程，特别是对于实验，如熔体渗透，需要一定的样品体积。该限制是可以达到的最大压力可达27 GPA与碳化钨（WC）砧，达到火星和水星的核心压力，但太低的压力而到达地球和金星的核心。可达到的最大压力可以通过使用膨胀烧结金刚石砧为26?...

类地行星，如地球，金星，火星和水星是有区别的行星齿轮机构组成的硅酸盐地幔和一个金属芯。现代化的行星形成模型表明，类地行星是从公里大小或更大的行星通过引力相互作用1-2月增长到火星大小的行星胚胎的碰撞形成的。该行星被容易区分已经一次的金属铁的合金达到了来自诸如短命的同位素如26 Al和60的Fe，冲击放射性衰变由于加热熔化温度和势能3的释放。重要的是要了解早期分化过程中通过硅酸盐基质如何液态金属渗出是很重要的。 行星分化可以进行通过高效液 - 液分离，或由液态金属中的固体硅酸盐基质渗滤，这取决于的大小与行星机构的内部温度。液态金属中的固体硅酸盐基质的渗滤很可能在初始分化的主导过程时的温度不高到足以在整个行星体融化。渗滤的效率依赖于二面角，通过固 - 固和固 - 液界面的界面能来确定。我们可以通过在铁合金和硅酸酯的混合物进行高压和高温实验在实验室中模拟这种过程。最近的研究4-7已经调查液体铁合金中的固体硅酸盐基质在高温高压下的润湿能力。他们用传统的方法来测量的淬灭液体和金属硅酸盐颗粒在抛光横截面之间明显的二面角的相对频率分布测定的真实二面角。传统的方法产生比较大的UNCertainties在所测量的二面角和根据采样的统计数据可能的偏差。在这里，我们提出了一种新的成像技术，通过FIB铣削和高分辨率场发射扫描电镜成像的组合形象化液态金属的硅酸盐基质分布在三维（3D）。新的成像技术提供了精确测定的二面角和液相的体积分数和连接的定量度量。 形成在相对 ​​短的时间（&lt;亿年）8地核，想必在液体状态在其早期历史。火星和水星也有基于来自火星环球探测无线电跟踪数据9和雷达的散斑图案绑在行星旋转10，分别为太阳能潮汐形变液体内核。热演化模型和核心材料的高压熔融实验进一步支持液体火星核心11-12。最近信使号飞船的数据提供了水星13的液芯的其他证据。即使是小月亮有可能根据最近的阿波罗月球地震14再分析小液芯。液态行星内核具有高吸积能量一致的行星形成的早期阶段。随后的冷却，会生成一些行星的固体内核的。地震资料显示，地球由一个液态外核和固态内核。内芯的形成具有核心由热合力对流和地球的磁场产生驱动的动力学具有重要意义。 内芯的凝固是由芯材料的熔融温度和芯部的热演化控制。芯形成地行星共享类似增生路径和芯的化学组成被认为是到bË占主导地位的铁，约10％重量轻元素，如硫（S），硅（Si），氧（O），碳（C）和氢（H）15。关键是要在相关的芯，如Fe-硫化亚铁，铁碳，铁的FeO，铁 - FEH，和Fe-FeSiat高压系统的熔化关系的知识，为了理解的组成行星内核。在这个研究中，我们将展示在多砧装置和金刚石砧细胞进行的实验中，模仿行星内核的条件。该实验提供了有关固态和液态金属之间的结晶序列和元件的分区信息，从而导致对于所述内芯和结晶的结晶内芯和液体从芯之间的光元件的分布的要求，更好地理解。为了延长熔的关系，以非常高的压力，我们已经开发了新的技术来分析从激光加热金刚石 - 一个恢复的淬火样品NVIL细胞实验。随着激光光斑加热精密FIB铣削，我们测定熔点使用影像与高分辨率扫描电镜和在亚微米的空间分辨率硅漂移探测器定量化学分析淬火结构的标准。 这里，我们概述了两组实验由金属的渗滤以模仿行星芯形成过程中的早期增生和内芯结晶由随后的冷却熔体在硅酸盐基质。仿真的目的是行星核心的进化过程中，了解两个重要的过程。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="352">
	<colgroup>
		<col span="4" style="width:66pt" width="88" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody> 
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;width:66pt" width="88">Multi-anvil apparatus</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Geophysical Lab</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Home Builder</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">Diamond-anvil cell</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Geophysical Lab</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Home Builder</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64" style="height:48.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">Laser-heating system</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">APS GSECARS</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Designed by beamline staff</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> Public beamline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43" style="height:32.25pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="43" style="height:32.25pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">FIB/SEM Crossbeam</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Carl Zeiss Ltd.</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Auriga</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64" style="height:48.0pt">
			<td class="xl63" height="64" style="height:48.0pt;border-top:none;
 width:66pt" width="88">Avizo 3D software</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">VSG</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88">Fire for materials science</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="border-top:none;border-left:none;width:66pt" width="88"> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simulation of the planetary interior differentiation processes in the laboratory

一种行星内部是高压和高温条件下，它具有层状结构。有迹象表明，导致了层状结构的两个重要的过程，（1）渗透液体金属在通过行星分化的固体硅酸盐基质，和（2）的内芯结晶通过随后行星冷却。我们进行高压和高温实验在实验室中模拟两个进程。渗流行星核心的形成取决于熔渗漉，这是由二面角（润湿）角控制的效率。渗滤模拟包括在高压下与靶温度下的铁 - 硫合金熔融将样品加热而保持硅酸盐固体，然后确定真实的二面角，以评估在通过3D可视化的结晶基质的液体迁移的样式。 3D体积呈现是通过用聚焦离子束（FIB）和钽切片回收的样品来实现每个切片与FIB / SEM横梁乐器之王SEM图像。第二组实验的目的是了解液体外芯和通过确定在高压的熔融温度和元件分隔实心内芯之间的内芯结晶和元素分布。熔点实验均在多砧装置进行多达27 GPa和延伸到与激光加热金刚石砧细胞更高的压力。我们已经开发的技术来恢复小加热样品经精密FIB铣削和获得激光加热点，显示融化的质地在高压下的高清晰度图像。通过分析共存的液相和固相的化学组成中，我们精确地确定液相线曲线，提供了必要的数据，以便了解内芯的结晶过程。

我们已经进行了一系列的使用圣卡洛斯橄榄石和铁的FeS金属合金具有不同的金属硅酸盐的比例的混合物的实验中，作为起始原料。金属中的S含量为10重量％S在这里，我们从显示在6 GPa和1800℃进行高压实验的一些有代表性的结果，利用良好校准的多砧组件15。在实验条件下，铁 - 硫化亚铁金属合金完全熔化和硅酸盐（圣卡洛斯橄榄石）保持结晶。该实验的目的是研究如何液态金属会通过渗?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory at JoVE.com

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

这里所描述的高压和高温实验模拟地球内部分化过程。该过程是由高分辨率三维成像和定量化学分析和可视化更好地理解。

模拟行星内部分化过程中的实验室

A planetary interior is under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and it has a layered structure. There are two important processes that led to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Revealing Dynamic Processes of Materials in Liquids Using Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy

在液体中使用液体池透射电子显微镜揭示材料的动态过程

The recent development for in situ transmission electron microscopy, which allows imaging through liquids with high spatial resolution, has attracted ...

科研

工程学

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

火焰在实验的先进光源：全新洞察烟灰形成过程

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

Laboratory Drop Towers for the Experimental Simulation of Dust-aggregate Collisions in the Early Solar System

实验室落塔的粉尘聚集在碰撞早期太阳系的实验模拟

For the purpose of investigating the evolution of dust aggregates in the early Solar System, we developed two vacuum drop towers in which fragile dust ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

通过与核反应分析深度剖面的表面和界面层和颗粒材料氢含量的定量

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Simulation of Human-induced Vibrations Based on the Characterized In-field Pedestrian Behavior

基于该特征场行人行为人类引起的振动模拟

For slender and lightweight structures, vibration serviceability is a matter of growing concern, often constituting the critical design requirement. With ...

Knowledge Based Cloud FE Simulation of Sheet Metal Forming Processes

板料成形过程的知识基于云的有限元模拟

The use of Finite Element (FE) simulation software to adequately predict the outcome of sheet metal forming processes is crucial to enhancing the ...

Wicking Tests for Unidirectional Fabrics: Measurements of Capillary Parameters to Evaluate Capillary Pressure in Liquid Composite Molding Processes

吸湿排汗试验单向织物：毛细管参数的标准评价在液体复合成型工艺毛细管压力

During impregnation of a fibrous reinforcement in liquid composite molding (LCM) processes, capillary effects have to be understood in order to identify ...

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

超细晶和纳米晶材料的表征采用透射菊池衍射

One of the challenges in microstructure analysis nowadays resides in the reliable and accurate characterization of ultra-fine grained (UFG) and ...

Study of Siphon Breaker Experiment and Simulation for a Research Reactor

研究堆虹吸断路器试验与仿真研究

Under the design conditions of a research reactor, the siphon phenomenon induced by pipe rupture can cause continuous outward flow of water. To prevent ...

Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Metals at the US Army Research Laboratory

美国陆军研究实验室散装纳米晶金属的加工

Given their potential for significant property improvements relative to their large grained counterparts, much work has been devoted to the continued ...