Name: transabdominal ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis in reeves' muntjac deer
Uploaded: 2014-01-07T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer at JoVE.com

作者要感谢珍妮特·海斯-克鲁格和凯利·安德森管理蒙特雅克殖民地，艾伦·杨博士向我们介绍了蒙特雅克和Cervid解决方案公司的克莱夫·特德福德先生为这个项目提供种子蒙贾克。这项工作得到了NIH赠款R01AI093634的支持。

1. 程序准备
所述所有动物程序都已由科罗拉多州立大学动物护理和使用机构委员会（实验室动物护理评估和认证协会）审查和批准，该协会是国际认可机构。
<ol><li>在检查之前，使用适当的静剂或麻醉方案固定动物，以提供放松，并允许适当的定位。一个处理者限制鹿，而另一个人给动物施用安定。 注： 作者已经找到以下组合，以提供有效的静剂在这个物种：丁?...

<ol>
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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+ultrasonic+scanning+in+the+diagnosis+of+pregnancy+and+the+estimation+of+gestational+age+in+cattle.">Real-time ultrasonic scanning in the diagnosis of pregnancy and the estimation of gestational age in cattle.</a> Vet Rec. 117 (1), 5-8 (1985).</li><li>Sergeev, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+ultrasound+imaging+for+predicting+ovine+fetal+age.">Real-time ultrasound imaging for predicting ovine fetal age.</a> Theriogenology. 34 (3), 593-601 (1990).</li><li>Aiumlamai, S., Fredriksson, G., Nilsfors, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+ultrasonography+for+determining+the+gestational+age+of+ewes.">Real-time ultrasonography for determining the gestational age of ewes.</a> Vet. 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J., Chapple, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pregnancy+diagnosis+of+fallow+deer+by+ultrasonography.">Pregnancy diagnosis of fallow deer by ultrasonography.</a> Aust. Vet. J. 64 (8), 257-258 (1987).</li><li>Willard, S. T., Sasser, R. G., Jaques, J. T., White, D. R., Neuendorff, D. A., Randel, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+pregnancy+detection+and+the+hormonal+characterization+of+embryonic-fetal+mortality+in+fallow+deer+(Dama+dama).">Early pregnancy detection and the hormonal characterization of embryonic-fetal mortality in fallow deer (Dama dama).</a> Theriogenology. 49 (4), 861-869 (1998).</li><li>Willard, S. T., Petty, S. J., Sasser, R. G., White, D. L., Randel, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pregnancy+detection+and+the+effects+of+age,+body+weight,+and+previous+reproductive+performance+on+pregnancy+status+and+weaning+rates+of+farmed+fallow+deer+(Dama+dama).">Pregnancy detection and the effects of age, body weight, and previous reproductive performance on pregnancy status and weaning rates of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama).</a> J. Anim. Sci. 77 (1), 32-38 (1999).</li><li>Lenz, M. F., English, A. W., Dradjat, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+ultrasonography+for+pregnancy+diagnosis+and+foetal+ageing+in+fallow+deer.">Real-time ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and foetal ageing in fallow deer.</a> Aust. Vet. J. 70 (10), 373-375 (1993).</li><li>White, I. R., McKelvey, W. A., Busby, S., Sneddon, A., Hamilton, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+pregnancy+and+prediction+of+fetal+age+in+red+deer+by+real-time+ultrasonic+scanning.">Diagnosis of pregnancy and prediction of fetal age in red deer by real-time ultrasonic scanning.</a> Vet. Rec. 124 (15), 395-397 (1989).</li><li>Bingham, C. M., Wilson, P. R., Davies, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+ultrasonography+for+pregnancy+diagnosis+and+estimation+of+fetal+age+in+farmed+red+deer.">Real-time ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and estimation of fetal age in farmed red deer.</a> Vet. Rec. 126 (5), 102-106 (1990).</li><li>Wilson, P. R., Bingham, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+pregnancy+diagnosis+and+prediction+of+calving+date+in+red+deer+using+real-time+ultrasound+scanning.">Accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis and prediction of calving date in red deer using real-time ultrasound scanning.</a> Vet. Rec. 126 (6), 133-135 (1990).</li><li>Revol, B., Wilson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonography+of+the+reproductive+tract+and+early+pregnancy+in+red+deer.">Ultrasonography of the reproductive tract and early pregnancy in red deer.</a> Vet. Rec. 128 (10), 229-233 (1991).</li><li>Revol, B., Wilson, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foetal+ageing+in+farmed+red+deer+using+real-time+ultrasonography.">Foetal ageing in farmed red deer using real-time ultrasonography.</a> Anim. Reprod. Sci. 25 (3), 241-253 (1991).</li><li>Yanagawa, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fetal+age+estimation+of+Hokkaido+sika+deer+(Cervus+nippon+yesoensis)+using+ultrasonography+during+early+pregnancy.">Fetal age estimation of Hokkaido sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) using ultrasonography during early pregnancy.</a> J. Reprod. Dev. 55 (2), 143-148 (2009).</li><li>Savela, H., Vahtiala, S., Lindeberg, H., Dahl, R. E., Beckers, J. F., Saarela, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+accuracy+of+ultrasonography,+progesterone,+and+pregnancy-associated+glycoprotein+tests+for+pregnancy+diagnosis+in+semidomesticated+reindeer.">Comparison of accuracy of ultrasonography, progesterone, and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein tests for pregnancy diagnosis in semidomesticated reindeer.</a> Theriogenology. 72 (9), 1229-1236 (2009).</li><li>Vahtiala, S., Sakkinen, H., Dahl, E., Beckers, J. F., Ropstad, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrasonography+in+early+pregnancy+diagnosis+and+measurements+of+fetal+size+in+reindeer+(Rangifer+tarandus+tarandus).">Ultrasonography in early pregnancy diagnosis and measurements of fetal size in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus).</a> Theriogenology. 61 (4), 785-795 (2004).</li><li>Chapman, N. G., Harris, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+the+seasonal+antler+cycle+of+adult+Reeves'+muntjac+(Muntiacus+reevesi)+is+not+associated+with+reproductive+quiescence.">Evidence that the seasonal antler cycle of adult Reeves' muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) is not associated with reproductive quiescence.</a> J. Reprod. Fertil. 92 (2), 361-369 (1991).</li><li>Chapman, D. I., Chapman, N. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Chapter 2. Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. , 19-29 (2002).</li><li>Huang, F., Cockrell, D. C., Stephenson, T. R., Noyes, J. H., Sasser, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+serum+pregnancy+test+with+a+specific+radioimmunoassay+for+moose+and+elk+pregnancy-specific+protein+B.">A serum pregnancy test with a specific radioimmunoassay for moose and elk pregnancy-specific protein B.</a> J. Wildl. Manag. 64, 492-499 (2000).</li></ol>

该协议描述了在里维斯的蒙特雅克鹿怀孕诊断中应用跨性别超声波。与其他超声波研究一致，适当的设备和技术熟练程度对于成功进行蒙贾克多伊的生殖检查至关重要。仔细审查哺乳动物的基本解剖学、诊断超声波的物理原理以及腹部内脏典型的超声学外观将有助于减少误诊。此外，选择适当的转导器和熟悉仪器和扫描仪控制对于获得高质量的图像和准确的解释至关重要。
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超声检查是牛1、绵羊2、3、山羊4、马5、伴侣动物6、7等家畜种孕期诊断方法。这种成像方式也被确定为一个有价值的工具，以怀孕检测和胎儿年龄估计在几个品种的圈养颈椎，包括休养鹿8-11，红鹿12-16，北海道西卡鹿17，驯鹿18，19。在许多情况下，超声学产生的准确率高于其他妊娠检测机制，如血清孕酮或妊娠相关糖蛋白分析9，18。此外，生殖道的超声学可视化可以提供有关胎儿生存能力、妊娠年龄和发育异常的识别的其他信息，否则将难以评估。超声学用于评估生殖状态表明，这种方法应适应其他使用活性繁殖程序的物种。
里维斯的蒙特雅克鹿（蒙蒂亚库斯里韦西）是原产于东南亚20岁的小种。虽然这些动物的繁殖周期在它们的本领地并不明显，但对英格兰南部部分地区的野性种群的研究已经加深了对它们繁殖模式的了解。与大多数认证不同，里维斯的蒙特雅克似乎全年繁殖，没有明显的季节性讨好高峰20-22。雌性小鹿通常在怀孕210天后生下一只小鹿，并在24小时20-22小时内可靠地进入产后雌性。这是否不设想在这个产后期间将返回到埃斯特鲁斯约24-25天后20。在俘虏的情况下，繁殖通常是通过住房与一个或多个完整的男性实现的。该系统产生令人满意的受孕率，对人员要求很少的技术技能，但确切的育种日期很难确定，如果不是不可能的话。
蒙特雅克是细胞遗传学研究中常用的，因为不同物种23的双体染色体数量广泛，卡约蒂奇多样化率高。这些动物目前正在作为普里昂病发病机理和传播的模型进行调查，特别感兴趣的是研究慢性浪费病（CWD）在子宫颈的垂直传播。蒙古人在若干不同研究应用中的重要性表明，应建立改进的生殖技术，以补充目前的调查程序。具体来说，评估妊娠期的非侵入性机制有可能阐明不同实验条件下生殖性能和胎儿生长发育的关键变化。此外，在无法确定繁殖日期的情况下，开发实时胎儿测量参考值对于估计妊娠年龄具有潜在的价值。先前的研究已经描述了使用胎儿测量的机制，如冠冠长度（CRL）、胸部深度（CD）和头部长度（HL），以估计11-14、16，17等物种妊娠的大致阶段。此外，其中一些研究还建立了指导方针，描述何时可以识别特定的发展里程碑，如骨骼矿化或胎儿心跳。虽然这些数据可能有助于指导muntjac的生殖超声波分析，但大多数其他被研究的认证物种的体型要大得多，妊娠期更长，降低了这些研究对muntjac应用的转化价值。
此处概述的协议描述了女性蒙贾克的跨性别超声波扫描，用于诊断和监测怀孕。此协议的成功执行可促进胎儿早期妊娠检测和胎儿生长发育评估。该技术在研究繁殖、 子宫发育 或以小型子宫颈模型垂直传播传染病的研究方面具有宝贵的应用，也可用于圈养繁殖手术的临床目的。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="547">
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:187px;">Butorphanol tartrate (Torbugesic) (0.45 mg/kg)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">NADA 135-780</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:187px;">Azaperone tartrate (0.035 mg/kg)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ZooPharm</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:187px;">Medetomidine HCl (0.04 mg/kg)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ZooPharm</td>
			<td style="width:64px;"></td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:187px;">Ultrasound contact gel</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Medline, Mundelein, Illinois</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">MDS092005</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:187px;">Atipamezole hydrochloride (Antisedan) (0.25 mg/kg)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Orion Corporation, Espoo, Finland</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">NADA 141-033</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Table 2 Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:187px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="201">
			<td height="201" style="height:201px;width:187px;">V-trough (optional)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Animal may be supported in dorsal recumbency on a standard examination table or other surface without the use of a V-trough</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:187px;">Electrical clippers or razor blades for hair removal</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Oster, McMinnville, Tennessee</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">78005-140</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:187px;">Ultrasound system: Ibex Pro portable ultrasound</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">E.I. Medical Imaging, Loveland, CO</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">Ibex Pro</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:187px;">5-10 MHz transducer: CL3.8 5-2.5 MHz 60 mm curved linear array</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">E.I. Medical Imaging, Loveland, CO</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:64px;">290420</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">3 ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Covidien</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:64px;">1.18E+09</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">22 G needles</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Covidien</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:64px;">8.88E+09</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transabdominal ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis in reeves' muntjac deer

里维斯的蒙特雅克鹿（蒙蒂亚库斯·里韦西）是原产于东南亚的小型认证物种，目前正在被调查为普里昂病传播和发病机理的潜在模型。垂直传播是研究传染病（包括普里昂病）的研究人员感兴趣的一个领域，这些调查需要有效的方法来评估母体感染对生殖性能的影响。超声检查是诊断妊娠和评估胎儿健康的一个成熟的工具，在许多动物物种1-7，包括几个品种的养殖证明8-19，但这种技术还没有在里维斯的蒙贾克鹿描述。在这里，我们描述了跨位超声波的应用，以检测怀孕在蒙贾克做，并评估胎儿生长和发展在整个妊娠期。使用此程序，怀孕的动物早在多巴克配对后 35 天就被识别出来，这是定期安全监测怀孕的有效方法。这项工作的未来目标将包括建立正常的胎儿测量参考，以估计妊娠年龄，确定诊断妊娠不同阶段怀孕的技术的敏感性和特殊性，以及确定不同实验条件下胎儿生长发育的变化。

使用此处描述的协议，可以使用微创技术在里夫的蒙特雅克鹿中诊断和监测怀孕。作者可以检测到怀孕的最早时间点是在观察到的交配行为之后大约35天。
在妊娠的早期阶段，通过可视化一个被确定为胆汁腹部缺氧空间的充满液体的子宫来诊断怀孕。在子宫内，发育中的胚胎以超选择卵巢结构出现，几乎没有可识别的特征（图1）。随着妊娠的进展，胎儿结构变得...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer at JoVE.com

Transabdominal Ultrasound for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Reeves' Muntjac Deer

跨地超声波被描述为评估里维斯蒙贾克鹿生殖状态的有效、非侵入性手段。这些方法可用于实现妊娠早期诊断和评估胎儿存活率。这项技术的未来应用包括估计妊娠年龄和母体疾病对胎儿发育的影响。

里维斯的蒙特雅克鹿怀孕诊断的跨性别超声波

Reeves' muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) are a small cervid species native to southeast Asia, and are currently being investigated as a potential model of ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis

鱼的胚胎植入前基因诊断

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is an established alternative to pre-natal diagnosis, and involves selecting pre-implantation embryos from a ...

科研

医学

Intraoperative Ultrasound in Spinal Surgery

脊柱外科术中超声

Since the 1980s, there have been several reports for the use of intraoperative ultrasound as a useful adjunct in spinal surgery. However, with the advent ...

Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis

一种计算机辅助心血管分析诊断平台的研究

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death throughout the world. The total risk of developing CVD is determined by the combined effect ...

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

国际专家共识与新生儿肺功能超声诊断与超声引导性胸腔手术建议

Pneumothorax (PTX) represents accumulation of the air in the pleural space. A large or tension pneumothorax can collapse the lung and cause hemodynamic ...

Measurement of Myocardial Lactate Production for Diagnosis of Coronary Microvascular Spasm

测量心肌乳酸生成用于诊断冠状动脉微血管痉挛

In about a quarter of patients with angina and non-obstructive coronary arteries, no epicardial spasm is noted on coronary arteriography during an angina ...

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

嗜碱性粒细胞活化试验用于过敏诊断

The basophil activation test (BAT) is a complementary in vitro diagnostic test that can be used in addition to clinical history, skin test (ST), and ...

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy in Malignant Biliary Obstruction

内镜超声引导下胆道引流：内镜超声引导下肝胃造瘘术治疗恶性胆道梗阻

Patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction often require biliary drainage to decompress the biliary system. Endoscopic Retrograde ...

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

In Vitro Apical-Out Enteroid Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

体外 坏死性小肠结肠炎的顶端出肠样模型

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease affecting preterm infants, characterized by intestinal inflammation and necrosis. Enteroids have ...

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Review of Ultrasound Parameters for Predicting Difficult Airways

床旁超声：预测困难气道的超声参数综述

Airway management remains a crucial part of perioperative care. The conventional approach to assessing potentially difficult airways emphasizes the LEMON ...